Spatial Analysis of Environmental Hazards

Spatial Analysis of Environmental Hazards

Spatial Analysis in Geography Studies

Author
Bohloul Alijani
10.18869/acadpub.jsaeh.2.3.1
Abstract
Spatial analysis as the main approach of geography was reviewed and searched through its historical development. The results of this exploratory research showed that this approach was born after the Second World War due to the overall interest of geographers to develop universal theories and laws. The advocators of this field believed that the old regional geography was not able to develop a scientific and applied knowledge. The main motivation of the development of the spatial analysis was the quantitative revolution of the 1960’s which was triggered by the article published by Shaeffer in 1953. This was followed by some prominent geographers such as Bungeh, Ulman, Barry, Hagget, Chorley and others. Bungeh and Harvey strengthened the philosophical foundation of spatial analysis and others such as Hagget , Chorley and Hajestrand published important books in the field of quantitative geography. The main objective of spatial analysis is to analyze the distributions through the identification of their global and local structures and reasoning these structures by their spatial relationship with other distributions. In this regard it uses quantitative data and mathematical language to achieve the spatial theories and laws.

The spatial analysis studies the spatial distributions and structures. These are the entities that are not subject to the human interpretation and thinking. This approach is true in the both physical and human geography. The knowledge it tries to achieve is the theories and laws about the spatial distributions. The methodology of spatial analysis is the quantitative methods such as experiment and survey. Thus in terms of ontology the entities of spatial analysis are independent of human mind and objective. The spatial characteristics of distributions are not constructed but discovered. The methodology used in spatial analysis is quantitative and objective including some methods such as experiment and survey. In 1980 and onward, human geography tried to move toward qualitative methods such hermeneutics but during 21st century all branches of geography are using quantitative methods more frequently than qualitative ones; but the use of the combined version of quantitative and qualitative methods is becoming more frequent day by day.

The introduction of Geographic Information System as the operational environment for spatial analysis works the approach has become more widespread and dominant. Geographers are now able to analyze more spatial data and discover more spatial theories to solve the spatial problems. GIS is the main tool for spatial analysis and by introducing the science of geostatistics has improved the scientific and applied power of spatial analysis. The application of quantitative geography including geostatistics and GIS requires improved knowledge of mathematics, geometry and statistics; the main language of today geography. The spatial analysis covers the important topics of geography including spatial distributions, regions, spatial relations especially the relation between human and environment, spatial structures, spatial reasoning, interpolation, and the most important topic of spatial planning. The spatial analysis is the only scientific field to define and develop spatial planning. With correct and logic spatial planning there won’t be any environmental hazards. Because in any region all human settlements and activities are planned according the potentials of the region.
Keywords
Spatial analysis
Geographic Information System
Geostatistics
quantitative geography
Space
spatial relations
spatial structures
Abler, R. F., Adams, J. S. and Gould, P. R. 1971: Spatial organization: the geographer’s view of the world. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Anselin, L. 1993. Exploratory spatial data analysis and Geographic information systems. Research paper 9329. Regional Research Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA.
Anselin, L., Florax, R. J. G. M. and Rey, S. J., (eds). 2004. Advances in spatial econometrics: methodology, tools and applications. Berlin: Springer.
Barnes, T.J. 2011. Spatial Analysis. In: Agnew, J.A. and D. N. Livingstone (eds.). 2011. The SAGE Hand book of geographic knowledge. SAGE Publications, London.
Beck, R.1967. Spatial meaning and the properties of the environment. In Environmental Perception and Behavior. Research Paper No. 109, ed. D. Lowenthal, 18–29. Chicago: Department of Geography, University of Chicago.
Berry, B.J.L. and D. F. Marble, (Eds.). 1968. Spatial Analysis: A reader in geography. Prentice- Hall Incorporations, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
Bunge, W., 1966. Theoretical Geography. Second Edition. Lund Studies in Geography.
Series C: General and Mathematical Geography, No. 1. Lund, Sweden: Gleerup.
Chorley, R.J. and P. Haggett, (eds). 1967. Models in Geography. London: Methuen.
Curry, M.R.2005. Toward a geography of a world without maps: Lessons from Ptolemy and postal codes. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 95: 680–691.
Fotheringham,A.S., C. Brunsdon, and M. Charlton. 2000. Quantitative geography: Perspectives on data analysis. Sage publications, London.
Fotheringham, A.S., C. Brunsdon, and M. Charlton, 2004. Geographically Weighted Regression. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Gethis, A. 2008. A History of the Concept of Spatial Autocorrelation: A Geographer’s Perspective. Geographical Analysis, 40:297–309.
Golledge, R. G. 2002. The Nature of Geographic Knowledge. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 92(1): 1–14.
Goodchild, M. F., and L. Anselin. 2000. Spatially integrated social science: Building the research infrastructure. Paper presented in honor of Reginald Golledge at the Association of American Geographers, Pittsburgh, PA.
Goodchild, M.F. 1988. A spatial geographical perspective on GIS. International Journal of Geographical Information System, 1: 327-334.
Goodchild, M.F. and D.G. Janelle, 2004. Thinking spatially in the social sciences. In
M.F. Goodchild and D.G. Janelle, editors, Spatially Integrated Social Science. New
York: Oxford University Press, pp. 3-22. Gregory, S. 1963. Statistical methods and the geographer. London: Longman.
Haggett, P. (2001): Geography: A Global Synthesis. Prentice Hall, Harlow, 833 pp.
Haggett, P. 1965. Locational analysis in human geography. London: Edward Arnold.
Haggett, P. 1990: The geographer’s art. Oxford: Balckwell.
Hartshorne, R. 1939. The Nature of Geography: A Critical Survey of Current Thought in the Light of the Past. Association of American Geographers, Lancaster, PN. USA.
Harvey, D. 1969. Explanation in Geography. Arnold, London.
Johnston, R. 2008. Sixty Years of Change in Human Geography. In: Proceedings of the History of Postwar Social Science Seminars, London School of Economics, 25 April 2006, edited by Backhouse and Fontaine.
Johnston, R. J. 1994. Spatial Analysis. in R.J. Johnston, D. Gregory and D. M. Smith (eds), The Dictionary of Human Geography. Blackwell, Oxford.
King, L.J., 1969. Statistical Analysis in Geography. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Krige, D.G. 1966. Two dimensional weighted moving average trend surfaces for ore-evaluation. Journal of the South Africa Institute of Mining and Mtallurgy, 66:13-38.
Law, J. 2004: After method: mess in social science research. London: Routledge.
Mathews, J.A. and Herbert, D.T.(eds). 2004. Unifying geography: Common heritage, shared future. Routledge, London.
Miller, H.J. 2008. Geographic theory and geospatial knowledge discovery. IEEE International Conference on Data Mining. Pisa, Italy – 18 December 2008.
Morrill, R. L. (1974): The Spatial Organization of Society. Duxbury Press, North Scituate, 267 pp.
Morrill, R. L. 1970: The spatial organization of society. Belmont CA: Wadworth.
National Science Foundation (NSF). 2011. Geography and spatial sciences (GSS) Program and strategic plan, 2011-2015
Pattison, W.D.1963. The Four Traditions of Geography. Journal of Geography, 63: 211-216.
Schaefer, F.K. 1953. Exceptionalism in geography: A methodological examination. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 43 ( 3): 226-249.
Richardson, D. 2005. Bringing Geography Back to Harvard. AAG Newsletter of the Association of American Geographers. December 2005.
Smith, N. 1987. Academic War over the Field of Geography: The Elimination of Geography at Harvard, 1947–1951. Annals of the Association of American Geographers,77: 155-172.
Doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8306.1987.tb00151.x
Tobler, W. R. 1970. A computer movie simulating urban growth in the Detroit region. Economic Geography, 46:234–40.
Wilson, A.G. and R.J. Bennet. 1985. Mathematical methods in human geography and planning. Wiley, London.