Spatial Analysis of Environmental Hazards

Spatial Analysis of Environmental Hazards

Estimation of methane emission from the risers of urban gas network in the metropolis of Mashhad and evaluation of its economic and environmental effects

Authors
HamidReza Parastesh
Khosro Ashrafi
Mohammad Ali Zahed
Abstract




Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2022. Natural gas explained. https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/natural-gas/use-of-natural-gas.php#:~:text=The%20United%20States%20used%20about,of%20U.S.%20total%20energy%20consumption

Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2022. Natural Gas Consumption by End Use. https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_cons_sum_dcu_nus_a.html

IEA. 2020. Gas 2020. https://www.iea.org/reports/gas-2020/2021-2025-rebound-and-beyond

Cinq-Mars, TJ.; T. Kropotova, M. Morgunova, A. Tallipova, and S. Yunusov. 2020. Leak Detection and Repair in the Russian Federation and the United States: Possibilities for Convergence. Stanford US-Russia Forum Journal.

Weller, ZD.; DK. Yang, and JC. von Fischer. 2019. An open source algorithm to detect natural gas leaks from mobile methane survey data. PLoS One,14(2):e0212287.

SHAHEDI, AS.; MJ. ASSARIAN, O. KALATPOUR, E. ZAREI, and I. MOHAMMADFAM. 2016. Evaluation of consequence modeling of fire on methane storage tanks in a gas refinery.

Costello, KW. 2014. Lost and unaccounted-for gas: Challenges for public utility regulators. Util Policy,29:17–24.

Arpino, F.; M. Dell’Isola, G. Ficco, and P. Vigo. 2014. Unaccounted for gas in natural gas transmission networks: Prediction model and analysis of the solutions. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering,17:58–70.

Weller, Z.D.; SP. Hamburg, and JC. von Fischer. 2020. A national estimate of methane leakage from pipeline mains in natural gas local distribution systems. Environmental science & technology, 54(14):8958-8967.

Meland, E.; NF. Thornhill, E. Lunde, and M. Rasmussen. 2012. Quantification of valve leakage rates. AIChE journal, 58(4):1181-1193.

Wagner, H. 2004. Innovative techniques to deal with leaking valves. Technical Papers of ISA, 454:105-117.

Kaewwaewnoi, W.; A. Prateepasen, and P. Kaewtrakulpong. 2010. Investigation of the relationship between internal fluid leakage through a valve and the acoustic emission generated from the leakage. Measurement, 43(2):274-282.

Zhu, SB.; ZL. Li, SM. Zhang, and HF. Zhang. 2019. Deep belief network-based internal valve leakage rate prediction approach. Measurement, 133:182-192.

Panahi, S.; A. Karimi, and R. Pourbabaki. 2020. Consequence modeling and analysis of explosion and fire hazards caused by methane emissions in a refinery in cold and hot seasons. Journal of Health in the Field.

Plant, G.; EA. Kort, C. Floerchinger, A. Gvakharia, I. Vimont, and C. Sweeney. 2019. Large fugitive methane emissions from urban centers along the US East Coast. Geophysical research letters, 46(14):8500–8507.

Akhondian, M.; S. MirHasanNia. 2017. Biodiversity of microalgae, a potential capacity in biological and environmental technologies. Journal of Human Environment and Health Promotion,41:39–70.

Defratyka, SM.; JD. Paris, C. Yver-Kwok, JM. Fernandez, P. Korben, and P. Bousquet. 2021. Mapping urban methane sources in Paris, France. Environmental Science & Technology,55(13):8583-8591.

Mohammadi Ashnani, M.; T. Miremadi, A. Danekar, M. Makhdoom Farkhonde, and V. Majed. 2020. The Policies of Learning Economy to Achieve Sustainable Development. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology,22(2):253–274.

Gioli, B.; P. Toscano, E. Lugato, A. Matese, F. Miglietta, A. Zaldei, and FP. Vaccari. 2012. Methane and carbon dioxide fluxes and source partitioning in urban areas: The case study of Florence, Italy. Environmental Pollution,164:125-131.

Moriizumi, J.; K. Nagamine, T. Iida, and Y. Ikebe. 1998. Carbon isotopic analysis of atmospheric methane in urban and suburban areas: fossil and non-fossil methane from local sources. Atmospheric Environment, 32(17):2947-2955.

Zazzeri, G.; D. Lowry, RE. Fisher, JL. France, M. Lanoisellé, CSB. Grimmond, and EG. Nisbet. 2017. Evaluating methane inventories by isotopic analysis in the London region. Scientific reports, 7(1):1-13.

Wever, JL.; GJL. Van Orizande, WB. Rademaker, and GJ. Van Schagen. 2002. Applicability of the Hi-Flow sampler in reducing methane emissions from a technical/economical point of view. Feasibility study; Toepasbaarheid Hi-Flow sampler bij reductie methaanemissie op technisch/economische gronden. Haalbaarheidsstudie.

Bacharach INC. 2015. Hi flowR sampler for natural gas leak rate measurement.

Connolly, JI.; RA. Robinson, and TD. Gardiner. 2019. Assessment of the Bacharach Hi Flow® Sampler characteristics and potential failure modes when measuring methane emissions. Measurement, 145:226–233.

Khorasan Razavi Gas Company. 2019. Determining the statistical population and sample size of field measurements to estimate normal emission inventory Greenhouse gases in the gas network of Khorasan Razavi province.























































Estimation of methane gas leakage from Mashhad urban landfills and evaluation of economic and environmental effects

Abstract

This study, which was conducted in 8 urban gas areas of Mashhad; At first, descriptive statistics of the state of Mashhad urban gas regulators and different leakage modes were presented; In order to analyze the collected data and investigate the causes of leakage, the relationship between 5 variables and the amount of leakage from gas regulators was tested with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) V.26 software; These 5 variables are: regulator equipment/connections, regulator operation age, regulator service type (domestic, industrial and commercial), urban area and different seasons of the year.

The results of the analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the type of equipment/connections and leakage. (P-Value = 0.0001). Also, a significant difference was observed among other variables of the research (the operation age of the regulator, the type of regulator service (domestic, industrial and commercial), the urban area and different seasons of the year) with the leakage rate (P-Value=0.0001); The pressure drop due to the greater demand of gas consumption in the winter season has reduced the amount of leakage compared to other seasons; The influence of the age of distribution network equipment/connections due to wear and tear and longer life will aggravate the amount of methane gas leakage; Also, the amount of leakage in commercial places had a significant difference with other types of uses; Being in an urban area has also increased the amount of methane gas leakage compared to other areas; The type and quality of equipment and connections as the main and influential factor in methane gas leakage should be considered by managers and officials in this field of work.

Keyword: Methane, Riser, Urban area, Environmental effects, Economy Effects, Gas, Emission




Keywords
Methane
Riser
Urban area
environmental effects
Economy Effects
Gas
Emission
Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2022. Natural gas explained. https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/natural-gas/use-of-natural-gas.php#:~:text=The%20United%20States%20used%20about,of%20U.S.%20total%20energy%20consumption
Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2022. Natural Gas Consumption by End Use. https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_cons_sum_dcu_nus_a.html
IEA. 2020. Gas 2020. https://www.iea.org/reports/gas-2020/2021-2025-rebound-and-beyond
Cinq-Mars, TJ.; T. Kropotova, M. Morgunova, A. Tallipova, and S. Yunusov. 2020. Leak Detection and Repair in the Russian Federation and the United States: Possibilities for Convergence. Stanford US-Russia Forum Journal.
Weller, ZD.; DK. Yang, and JC. von Fischer. 2019. An open source algorithm to detect natural gas leaks from mobile methane survey data. PLoS One,14(2):e0212287.
SHAHEDI, AS.; MJ. ASSARIAN, O. KALATPOUR, E. ZAREI, and I. MOHAMMADFAM. 2016. Evaluation of consequence modeling of fire on methane storage tanks in a gas refinery.
Costello, KW. 2014. Lost and unaccounted-for gas: Challenges for public utility regulators. Util Policy,29:17–24.
Arpino, F.; M. Dell’Isola, G. Ficco, and P. Vigo. 2014. Unaccounted for gas in natural gas transmission networks: Prediction model and analysis of the solutions. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering,17:58–70.
Weller, Z.D.; SP. Hamburg, and JC. von Fischer. 2020. A national estimate of methane leakage from pipeline mains in natural gas local distribution systems. Environmental science & technology, 54(14):8958-8967.
Meland, E.; NF. Thornhill, E. Lunde, and M. Rasmussen. 2012. Quantification of valve leakage rates. AIChE journal, 58(4):1181-1193.
Wagner, H. 2004. Innovative techniques to deal with leaking valves. Technical Papers of ISA, 454:105-117.
Kaewwaewnoi, W.; A. Prateepasen, and P. Kaewtrakulpong. 2010. Investigation of the relationship between internal fluid leakage through a valve and the acoustic emission generated from the leakage. Measurement, 43(2):274-282.
Zhu, SB.; ZL. Li, SM. Zhang, and HF. Zhang. 2019. Deep belief network-based internal valve leakage rate prediction approach. Measurement, 133:182-192.
Panahi, S.; A. Karimi, and R. Pourbabaki. 2020. Consequence modeling and analysis of explosion and fire hazards caused by methane emissions in a refinery in cold and hot seasons. Journal of Health in the Field.
Plant, G.; EA. Kort, C. Floerchinger, A. Gvakharia, I. Vimont, and C. Sweeney. 2019. Large fugitive methane emissions from urban centers along the US East Coast. Geophysical research letters, 46(14):8500–8507.
Akhondian, M.; S. MirHasanNia. 2017. Biodiversity of microalgae, a potential capacity in biological and environmental technologies. Journal of Human Environment and Health Promotion,41:39–70.
Defratyka, SM.; JD. Paris, C. Yver-Kwok, JM. Fernandez, P. Korben, and P. Bousquet. 2021. Mapping urban methane sources in Paris, France. Environmental Science & Technology,55(13):8583-8591.
Mohammadi Ashnani, M.; T. Miremadi, A. Danekar, M. Makhdoom Farkhonde, and V. Majed. 2020. The Policies of Learning Economy to Achieve Sustainable Development. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology,22(2):253–274.
Gioli, B.; P. Toscano, E. Lugato, A. Matese, F. Miglietta, A. Zaldei, and FP. Vaccari. 2012. Methane and carbon dioxide fluxes and source partitioning in urban areas: The case study of Florence, Italy. Environmental Pollution,164:125-131.
Moriizumi, J.; K. Nagamine, T. Iida, and Y. Ikebe. 1998. Carbon isotopic analysis of atmospheric methane in urban and suburban areas: fossil and non-fossil methane from local sources. Atmospheric Environment, 32(17):2947-2955.
Zazzeri, G.; D. Lowry, RE. Fisher, JL. France, M. Lanoisellé, CSB. Grimmond, and EG. Nisbet. 2017. Evaluating methane inventories by isotopic analysis in the London region. Scientific reports, 7(1):1-13.
Wever, JL.; GJL. Van Orizande, WB. Rademaker, and GJ. Van Schagen. 2002. Applicability of the Hi-Flow sampler in reducing methane emissions from a technical/economical point of view. Feasibility study; Toepasbaarheid Hi-Flow sampler bij reductie methaanemissie op technisch/economische gronden. Haalbaarheidsstudie.
Bacharach INC. 2015. Hi flowR sampler for natural gas leak rate measurement.
Connolly, JI.; RA. Robinson, and TD. Gardiner. 2019. Assessment of the Bacharach Hi Flow® Sampler characteristics and potential failure modes when measuring methane emissions. Measurement, 145:226–233.
Khorasan Razavi Gas Company. 2019. Determining the statistical population and sample size of field measurements to estimate normal emission inventory Greenhouse gases in the gas network of Khorasan Razavi province.