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Mr. Hamidreza Parastesh, Dr. Khosro Ashrafi, Dr. Mohammad Ali Zahed,
Volume 9, Issue 3 (12-2022)
Volume 9, Issue 3 (12-2022)
Abstract
Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2022. Natural gas explained. https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/natural-gas/use-of-natural-gas.php#:~:text=The%20United%20States%20used%20about,of%20U.S.%20total%20energy%20consumption
Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2022. Natural Gas Consumption by End Use. https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_cons_sum_dcu_nus_a.html
IEA. 2020. Gas 2020. https://www.iea.org/reports/gas-2020/2021-2025-rebound-and-beyond
Cinq-Mars, TJ.; T. Kropotova, M. Morgunova, A. Tallipova, and S. Yunusov. 2020. Leak Detection and Repair in the Russian Federation and the United States: Possibilities for Convergence. Stanford US-Russia Forum Journal.
Weller, ZD.; DK. Yang, and JC. von Fischer. 2019. An open source algorithm to detect natural gas leaks from mobile methane survey data. PLoS One,14(2):e0212287.
SHAHEDI, AS.; MJ. ASSARIAN, O. KALATPOUR, E. ZAREI, and I. MOHAMMADFAM. 2016. Evaluation of consequence modeling of fire on methane storage tanks in a gas refinery.
Costello, KW. 2014. Lost and unaccounted-for gas: Challenges for public utility regulators. Util Policy,29:17–24.
Arpino, F.; M. Dell’Isola, G. Ficco, and P. Vigo. 2014. Unaccounted for gas in natural gas transmission networks: Prediction model and analysis of the solutions. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering,17:58–70.
Weller, Z.D.; SP. Hamburg, and JC. von Fischer. 2020. A national estimate of methane leakage from pipeline mains in natural gas local distribution systems. Environmental science & technology, 54(14):8958-8967.
Meland, E.; NF. Thornhill, E. Lunde, and M. Rasmussen. 2012. Quantification of valve leakage rates. AIChE journal, 58(4):1181-1193.
Wagner, H. 2004. Innovative techniques to deal with leaking valves. Technical Papers of ISA, 454:105-117.
Kaewwaewnoi, W.; A. Prateepasen, and P. Kaewtrakulpong. 2010. Investigation of the relationship between internal fluid leakage through a valve and the acoustic emission generated from the leakage. Measurement, 43(2):274-282.
Zhu, SB.; ZL. Li, SM. Zhang, and HF. Zhang. 2019. Deep belief network-based internal valve leakage rate prediction approach. Measurement, 133:182-192.
Panahi, S.; A. Karimi, and R. Pourbabaki. 2020. Consequence modeling and analysis of explosion and fire hazards caused by methane emissions in a refinery in cold and hot seasons. Journal of Health in the Field.
Plant, G.; EA. Kort, C. Floerchinger, A. Gvakharia, I. Vimont, and C. Sweeney. 2019. Large fugitive methane emissions from urban centers along the US East Coast. Geophysical research letters, 46(14):8500–8507.
Akhondian, M.; S. MirHasanNia. 2017. Biodiversity of microalgae, a potential capacity in biological and environmental technologies. Journal of Human Environment and Health Promotion,41:39–70.
Defratyka, SM.; JD. Paris, C. Yver-Kwok, JM. Fernandez, P. Korben, and P. Bousquet. 2021. Mapping urban methane sources in Paris, France. Environmental Science & Technology,55(13):8583-8591.
Mohammadi Ashnani, M.; T. Miremadi, A. Danekar, M. Makhdoom Farkhonde, and V. Majed. 2020. The Policies of Learning Economy to Achieve Sustainable Development. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology,22(2):253–274.
Gioli, B.; P. Toscano, E. Lugato, A. Matese, F. Miglietta, A. Zaldei, and FP. Vaccari. 2012. Methane and carbon dioxide fluxes and source partitioning in urban areas: The case study of Florence, Italy. Environmental Pollution,164:125-131.
Moriizumi, J.; K. Nagamine, T. Iida, and Y. Ikebe. 1998. Carbon isotopic analysis of atmospheric methane in urban and suburban areas: fossil and non-fossil methane from local sources. Atmospheric Environment, 32(17):2947-2955.
Zazzeri, G.; D. Lowry, RE. Fisher, JL. France, M. Lanoisellé, CSB. Grimmond, and EG. Nisbet. 2017. Evaluating methane inventories by isotopic analysis in the London region. Scientific reports, 7(1):1-13.
Wever, JL.; GJL. Van Orizande, WB. Rademaker, and GJ. Van Schagen. 2002. Applicability of the Hi-Flow sampler in reducing methane emissions from a technical/economical point of view. Feasibility study; Toepasbaarheid Hi-Flow sampler bij reductie methaanemissie op technisch/economische gronden. Haalbaarheidsstudie.
Bacharach INC. 2015. Hi flowR sampler for natural gas leak rate measurement.
Connolly, JI.; RA. Robinson, and TD. Gardiner. 2019. Assessment of the Bacharach Hi Flow® Sampler characteristics and potential failure modes when measuring methane emissions. Measurement, 145:226–233.
Khorasan Razavi Gas Company. 2019. Determining the statistical population and sample size of field measurements to estimate normal emission inventory Greenhouse gases in the gas network of Khorasan Razavi province.
Estimation of methane gas leakage from Mashhad urban landfills and evaluation of economic and environmental effects
Abstract
This study, which was conducted in 8 urban gas areas of Mashhad; At first, descriptive statistics of the state of Mashhad urban gas regulators and different leakage modes were presented; In order to analyze the collected data and investigate the causes of leakage, the relationship between 5 variables and the amount of leakage from gas regulators was tested with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) V.26 software; These 5 variables are: regulator equipment/connections, regulator operation age, regulator service type (domestic, industrial and commercial), urban area and different seasons of the year.
The results of the analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the type of equipment/connections and leakage. (P-Value = 0.0001). Also, a significant difference was observed among other variables of the research (the operation age of the regulator, the type of regulator service (domestic, industrial and commercial), the urban area and different seasons of the year) with the leakage rate (P-Value=0.0001); The pressure drop due to the greater demand of gas consumption in the winter season has reduced the amount of leakage compared to other seasons; The influence of the age of distribution network equipment/connections due to wear and tear and longer life will aggravate the amount of methane gas leakage; Also, the amount of leakage in commercial places had a significant difference with other types of uses; Being in an urban area has also increased the amount of methane gas leakage compared to other areas; The type and quality of equipment and connections as the main and influential factor in methane gas leakage should be considered by managers and officials in this field of work.
Keyword: Methane, Riser, Urban area, Environmental effects, Economy Effects, Gas, Emission
Email Kamal Omidvar, Email Rohollah Yousefi Ramandi, Email Hajar Toofani,
Volume 11, Issue 3 (12-2024)
Volume 11, Issue 3 (12-2024)
Abstract
Air pollution can have serious negative effects on human health, including cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Monitoring and controlling air pollutants is very important to protect public health and the environment. Like many developing countries, Iran is facing air pollution, especially in its big cities and industrial cities. One of the powerful tools in air pollution monitoring is remote sensing methods. The aim of this study is to use relatively high-resolution satellite data to monitor air quality and air pollution using Sentinel-5 (Sentinel-5P) sensor images. In this study, a comprehensive monitoring based on the values of some of the most important air pollutants (including AI, O3, NO2, SO2, CH4 and CO) has been done using Sentinel-5 satellite images for Iran in 2019-2023. The results of this research showed that the emission of carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide gases had a decreasing trend (in the months of June as an example of the examined month), but nitrogen dioxide gas, methane gas, ozone gas and aerosols had an increasing trend during the month. from June 2021 to 2023. In general, air pollution is more serious in the northern parts of the country, especially in big cities and several large urban gatherings. In this study, it was investigated how the levels of six air pollutants in Iran vary and differ from June 2019 to 2023. Another important result of this research is that the total amount of air pollution in 2020-2023 has faced an increasing trend compared to 2019. Also, the monitoring by Sentinel-5 satellite images shows that in recent years, Tehran has had the most polluted air in terms of carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and suspended particles (dust). Also, changes in the concentration of pollutants do not follow a specific pattern. It was also found that the GEE system is able to process a large amount of data in a very short time with high accuracy.
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