@article{ 
author = {Dargahian, Fatemeh and Khosroshahi, Mohammad and Lotfinasabasl, Sakineh},  
title = {Potential dangers of drought in Shadegan wetland and Identify areas affected by dust from it}, 
abstract ={Potential dangers of drought in Shadegan wetland and Identify areas affected by dust from it   Introduction Shadegan wetland is located at the end of Jarahi watershed. This wetland is one of the most important international wetlands registered in the Ramsar Convention, which is currently undergoing ecological changes and is still on the red list of the Montero Ramsar list. This wetland is extremely important due to its high biodiversity and various functions such as flood control, air conditioning and soil erosion control, habitat of various plants and animals and providing livelihood for a part of human societies. One of the most important functions of the wetland, according to the findings of the present study, is the important role of Shadegan wetland in preventing the production and control of fine dust. There are 143 wetlands in Iran, of which 25 are registered in the Ramsar Convention. Shadegan wetland is one of the wetlands of Ramsar Convention, which in the last decade, a large area of ​​it has become dry and has become a center of dust. In this research, it is important to know that in case of drying of Shadegan wetland, which areas in which seasons will be more affected by dust due to atmospheric currents. Data and methodology In this study, the boundary of the wetland was determined based on the highest water advance line during a 30-year statistical period (1988-2017). According to satellite images, the border of the wetland has been determined to be about 164,000 hectares based on the rainiest year and month. Wetland area changes were used to monitor the water level of Shadegan Wetland through Landsat TM, ETM + and OLI satellite data from 1998 to 2017 in the period of June. Three stages of preprocessing, processing and post-processing were performed on the images and supervised classification by support vector machine (SVM) method was used and the images were classified into three classes of water, vegetation and without cover or soil. On the other hand, the classification accuracy for the images was calculated using two indicators, overall accuracy and kappa. To calculate the dry area of ​​the lagoon, floor changes without cover were calculated. The most important cities around Shadegan wetland, which in case of wetland drought may be most affected by wetland dust due to proximity and proximity, and have socio-economic importance and the center of the province and port status, were identified. In this study, the cities of Ahvaz, Abadan and Mahshahr were identified and studied as areas affected by wetland dust during drought. In order to study the role of drying of Shadegan wetland in the dust of the surrounding areas, seasonal and annual dust mites were prepared and drawn. Data on the direction and speed of hourly winds along with the dust were used. Then, using WR-PLOT software, in addition to the annual long-term total rainfall, the seasonal distribution of the direction and speed of events was extracted and the rainfall related to each season was plotted and analyzed, and areas affected by drought in different seasons of the year. Wetlands with greater impact were identified.   Result The trend of 30-year changes in the soil cover of Shadegan wetland is increasing in total, so that according to the freshwater area of the wetland, which was obtained in this study 164 thousand hectares, 22960 square kilometers has been added to the dry area of the wetland during these 30 years. The largest soil area of the wetland in 1994 was about 87.4% of the total area of the wetland. The lowest soil area of the wetland in 1998 was about 19%. Sugarcane projects have entered the wetland from the north of Shadegan Zahab Wetland since 2002, but due to widespread drought, it has not been able to increase vegetation and reduce the soil area of the wetland. During the long-term statistical period, spring is the predominant period of pollination in Ahvaz western synoptic station and secondarily in the northwest. The southeast direction is of third importance, but nevertheless, the dryness of the north and northeast parts of the wetland can affect the south and southeast of Ahvaz in this season in Abadan synoptic station. Drought on the west side of the wetland is not a threat to the city of Abadan. In Mahshahr synoptic station, the predominant direction of long-term seasonal rainfall is northwest. In case of drought, Shadegan wetland will be affected from the northwest. During the long-term statistical period, the summer season was dominated by dust and affected in three stations, such as the spring season, with the difference that in this season, dust is more abundant. During the long-term statistical period, autumn is the predominant direction for flowering and is affected in three stations such as spring and summer, but in this season, the southeast and south directions are more intense and frequent than spring and summer. During the long-term statistical period, winter is the predominant period of pollination in Ahvaz synoptic station, west and secondarily, northwest. The southeast and south directions are of third importance, but in this season, the southeast and south directions are more intense and frequent than other seasons. In this season, due to the expansion of the westerly wind to the lower offerings, unstable atmospheric systems enter Khuzestan from the south and southeast and bring dust with them from areas such as western and southern Iraq and northern Saudi Arabia, and to the southeast. Northwest and passing through the dry parts of the lagoon and the active dust center of the southeast of Ahvaz, the metropolis of Ahvaz will face problems caused by dust in this season. Due to the cold weather and the inversion phenomenon, the dust of this season, which is associated with wetland and inland resources, has a greater impact on the field of view and causes great damage to the equipment and infrastructure facilities by subsiding on the city of Ahvaz. Conclusion Drying of wetlands due to various climatic or human factors can lead to increased dust activities. When a wetland dries out, the salts that settle in it become sources of dust. Wetland fine-grained sediments with air velocity less than the erosion threshold due to small diameter and large volume enter the air streams and are dispersed in the air. Active dust centers in the southern half of Khuzestan province have the largest area in the whole country. Shadegan wetland is bounded on the north by the dust center of the south and southeast of Ahvaz with an area of ​​185043.3 hectares and on the west by the center of the south of Horalazim and north of Khorramshahr with an area of ​​258916.4 hectares and on the east by the dust center of Mahshahr - Omidieh Hindijan with an area of ​​254654.4. Shadegan wetland joins the southeastern center of Ahvaz in case of drought from the north and northeast, as if parts of it, known as Hor Mansoureh, have become part of the southeastern center of Ahvaz in the last decade due to several droughts. Is. From the west, parts of it are connected to the dust center north of Khorramshahr and join it if the drought continues. It is connected to Mahshahr-Omidieh and Hindijan centers from the east. In recent years, parts of the wetland and dust centers have overlapped. If the wetland continues and dries, for natural and managerial reasons, more parts of the wetland will dry up and become dust centers and affect important population, political and port cities of Khuzestan Data and will face irreparable social and economic losses.   Keywords: Dust center, dust, wind direction and speed, Shadegan wetland, Right of water  },  
Keywords = {Dust center, dust, wind direction and speed, Shadegan wetland, Right of water},
volume = {8},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {1-14}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.2.1},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3174-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3174-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2021}  
}

@article{ 
author = {kefayati, narges and ghorbani, khalil and abdollahzade, Gholam Hossei},  
title = {Regional leveling of drought vulnerability in Golestan province}, 
abstract ={Regional leveling of drought vulnerability in Golestan province Narges Kefayati*1-  Khalil Ghorbani2- Gholamhossein Abdollahzadeh 3-   1- PhD student of irrigation and drainage, Department of Water Engineering, College  Of Water   Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources,Gorgan,Iran. (Corresponding Author)* 2- Associated Professor, Department of Water Engineering, College  Of Water   Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resourcesm, Gorgan, Iran. 3- Associated Professor, Department of Agricultural Promotion and Training, Faculty of Agricultural Management, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources   Abstract Drought is one of the natural phenomena that causes a lot of damage to human life and natural ecosystems. In general, drought is a lack of rainfall compared to normal or what is expected, when it is longer than a season or a period of time and is insufficient to meet the needs. Drought causes damage to the agricultural sector. The vulnerability of the agricultural sector in each region depends on three factors: the degree of drought exposure, the degree of sensitivity to drought and the capacity to adapt to drought. A review of previous studies indicates the diversity of indicators and methods used to assess vulnerability, which indicates the importance of the issue. Institutions responsible for agricultural management can only manage drought properly if they have the appropriate tools to measure the vulnerability of the agricultural sector to drought. Therefore, the first step in drought studies is to identify vulnerable areas and assess the vulnerability of areas. Vulnerability measurement in geographical dimensions and measurement of indicators by main vulnerability components have received less attention. Based on this, the present study has investigated drought vulnerability in Golestan by scientific method and by combining the three mentioned components and has compared the exposure situation, sensitivity level and level of drought adaptation capacity among the cities of Golestan province. Golestan province as one of the important agricultural hubs is highly dependent on the amount of annual rainfall. Due to fluctuations in rainfall and drought in some parts of the province, there have been 4 outbreaks and as a result, 7-12 and 10 days of drought have occurred, which has caused severe damage to the livelihood of farming families. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare drought vulnerability among cities in Golestan province by three components (exposure, sensitivity and adaptation). First, by reviewing the sources, the effective indicators on drought vulnerability are identified separately by the three components and judged by experts (faculty members of water engineering, agriculture and plant breeding, agricultural extension and education, and agricultural economics and experts of water engineers). 55 appropriate indicators in three main dimensions of vulnerability, namely: a) exposure (14 indicators), b) sensitivity (26 indicators) and c) compatibility (17 indicators) were developed and data related to the indicators were collected. The weights of the indices were extracted by Shannon entropy model and by the TOPSIS method the combined index was compiled separately into three vulnerability components. The final result of the combined index was combined with the GIS layers of the cities of Golestan province, and the level of vulnerability of the cities was determined separately for the desired components. The results showed that in terms of exposure to Bandar-e-Gaz, Bandar-e-Turkmen and Aq Qala are in the first to third ranks, respectively, and are exposed to drought. Azadshahr, Galikesh and Bandar-e-Turkmen counties are in the first to third ranks with the highest sensitivity to drought, respectively. The cities of Gomishan, Galikesh and Maravah Tappeh are the most adapted to drought, respectively. Finally, the results of calculating the total vulnerability index showed that the cities of Marwah Tappeh and Bandar-e-Turkmen are the most vulnerable areas to drought in Golestan province. The findings of this study showed that rainy areas can be more exposed to drought at the same time than other areas and there is no direct relationship between rainfall and drought exposure. This confirms the findings of other studies such as Kramker et al. And O'Brien et al. On the other hand, the findings of this study showed that there is no direct relationship between rainfall and vulnerability to drought and the most  rainy areas of a region at the same time can be the most vulnerable to drought. This is in line with the findings of Tanzler et al. And Salvati et al. On the relationship between rainfall and drought vulnerability. Due to the fact that the rainy areas of this province are more exposed to drought than other areas and farmers in these areas have shown a higher degree of sensitivity to drought and are more vulnerable to drought than other areas, it is recommended Measures should be taken to reduce the sensitivity and increase the adaptation capacity of farmers in these areas.   Keywords: Drought, Vulnerability, Exposure, Sensitivity, Compatibility, Regional Leveling},  
Keywords = {: Drought, Vulnerability, Exposure, Sensitivity, Compatibility, Regional Leveling},
volume = {8},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {15-32}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.2.15},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3198-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3198-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2021}  
}

@article{ 
author = {karimi, Mostafa and Heidari, Sousan and Rafati, Somayeh},  
title = {The trend of atmospheric water cycle components (precipitation and precipitable water) in catchments of Iran}, 
abstract ={The role of environmental and climatic environment on the transport and emission of carbon monoxide pollutants Iran in 2018   Introduction Air pollution, as one of the most important environmental hazards in urban areas, is closely related to weather conditions. Today, pollution in metropolitan areas has become an important issue that requires the study and presentation of practical solutions to improve living conditions in this area. Therefore, understanding the relationship between synoptic systems and air pollutants helps a lot in how to solve environmental problems and future planning. Therefore, in this study, compression algorithms of carbon monoxide emission and transfer from domestic and foreign sources were analyzed. For this purpose, GEOS-5 / GMAO / NASA satellite images were used. The results showed that the highest amount of pollution from the seasonal point of view is related to the cold and early morning seasons and the lowest is related to the early afternoon and hot season of the year. And Khuzestan are densely populated carbon monoxide cores. Low pressures of the eastern Mediterranean play an important role in reducing pollutants in the southwest of the country and in the south of the country, under the influence of atmospheric currents from the topographic cut of Bandar Abbas, air streams polluted with carbon monoxide are able to penetrate into the interior to the southern half of Kerman. Increased by low pressure systems in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The Zagros Mountains also play an important role in preventing the entry of pollutants produced by western neighbors into Iran. In summer, Iran is polluted by carbon monoxide carriers by monsoon currents from central and southern Africa to Iran and has caused a lot of pollution.                                                                 materials and Method The geographical location we study in this study is Iran. Iran is the 16th largest country in the world. Iran is located in the northern hemisphere, the eastern hemisphere in Asia and in the western part of the Iranian plateau and is one of the Middle Eastern countries. Meridian 5 44 passes east of the westernmost point of Iran and meridian 18 63 passes east of the easternmost point of Iran. 1648195 sq km is bordered by Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan and Pakistan to the east, Turkey and Iraq to the west, the Persian Gulf and the Sea of ​​Oman to the south. Iran is one-fifth the size of the United States and almost three times France. . Iran is a mountainous country. More than half of the country is covered by mountains and heights, and less than 1/4 of it is arable land. In general, Iran's heights can be divided into four mountain ranges: North, West, South and Central Mountains. East divided, which is therefore the twenty-third highest mountain in the world.                                         This study is based on the method of environmental analysis to focus on circulation, so that based on the concentration of carbon monoxide in 2018, synoptic patterns of this phenomenon have been identified. Satellite imagery of surface carbon monoxide was then obtained from three GEOS-5 / GMAO / NASA organizations. Also for synoptic analysis, MSLP and WS satellite images were received and analyzed from GFS / NCEP / US National Weather Service organizations and also one of the sensors used for pollutant studies is MOPITT. The MOPITT sensor is a tool for measuring troposphere pollution that can detect atmospheric pollution. This sensor is the first satellite sensor designed for use in gas correlation spectroscopy and is part of NASA's Operational Program (ESE), which has been operating since 1999 and is installed on three satellites Terra, Aura, Aqua Depending on the type of mission in space, it acts as an orbiter. This sensor measures only two variables of methane and carbon monoxide in the atmosphere of the troposphere of the atmosphere, for which purpose 3 bands and 8 channels for measuring monoxide with a size of 62.4 microns (using 4 channels), 33.2 It uses microns (using 2 channels) and methane measuring 26.2 microns (using 2 channels). The MOPITT sensor is specifically designed to measure carbon monoxide. The geographical boundaries of the study area were also selected to include all atmospheric systems affecting the study area.                                                                                                                                           Conclusion The meteorological condition and the physical and dynamic properties of the atmosphere can play an important role in the level of air protection. The main factor that can cause the scattering and transmission of air forces is the use of the ground and the levels of reception of the atmosphere, and the synoptic systems as a service provider providing services for upward movement and distribution of air pollutants, as well as the definition of chalk. As a decision made in this field, Iran can use its images in this field in 2018 2018, MSLP, WS will provide you with GFS / NCEP / US National Weather Service. With great intensity you can go to Tehran and southwest to destroy yourself and access your officials. In the imagination carbon monoxide is possible and used in the southwest of the country. Now in your country and change the status of lists proposed by Coriolis, increase the high pressure of carbon monoxide in Mr. Tropical from the Middle East and Iran. This program allows you to modify your suggested lists. Carbon monoxide pollutants sent to a drawer in the international province of the country and available in Bandar Abbas, a road nest free from high mountains and as a corridor company you can get from this par of the air pollution as carbon monoxide through the air to this one Use the land up to the Kerman province.                                                                           Keywords: Carbon monoxide, Compression systems, Monson, Atmospheric pollution, Topography  },  
Keywords = {precipitation, precipitable water, humidity, variability, Man-Kendall test, ERA5},
volume = {8},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {33-54}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.2.33},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3176-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3176-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2021}  
}

@article{ 
author = {hejazi, asadollah and naseri,},  
title = {Zoning the possibility of landslides downstream of Sanandaj Dam}, 
abstract ={Zoning the possibility of landslides downstream of Sanandaj Dam 1-Introduction The purpose of this study is to select the best model and identify landslide risk areas in the downstream basins of Sanandaj Dam. Every year, mass movements in the region cause damage to roads, power lines, natural resources, farms and residential areas, and increase soil erosion. Kurdistan province, with its mostly mountainous topography, high tectonic activity, diverse geological and climatic conditions, has the most natural conditions for mass movements. According to the available statistics, this province is the third province in terms of landslides after Mazandaran and Golestan. (Naeri, &Karami, 2018). The Gheshlagh River Basin is a mountainous region with a north-south trend. In terms of construction land, it is located on the structural zone of Sanandaj-Sirjan. The study area with an area of 970.7 square kilometers is located downstream of Sanandaj Dam. The city of Sanandaj is being studied within the region. Due to the type of climate and morphological processes, effective parameters are provided for landslides in the geography of the region. 2-Methodology In this study, 9 effective factors for landslides, including slope, slope direction, fault distance, road distance, waterway distance, lithology, land use and precipitation were used. Using Google Landsat 8 ETM satellite imagery, Google Earth software identified 237 slip points. Then, the coordinates of the slip points were transferred to the Arc GIS software and a map of the landslide distribution area in this environment was prepared. Also, in this study, 89 non-slip points were prepared for use in the training and testing stages of Persephone neural network inside slopes less than 5 degrees. Artificial neural networks are made up of a large number of interconnected processing elements called neurons that act to solve a coordinated problem and transmit information through synapses. Neural networks begin to learn using the pattern of data entered into them. Learning models, which is actually determining their internal parameters, is based on the law of error correction. In this method, by correcting the error regularly, the best weights that create the most correct output for the network are identified. The neurons are in the form of an input layer, an output layer, and an intermediate layer. ahp includes a weighting matrix based on pairwise comparisons between factors and determines the level of participation of each factor in the occurrence of landslides. In this model, a large number of factors can be involved and the weight of each factor can be obtained using expert opinion. 3-Results According to the results of the high-risk class neural network model, which occupies 31% of the basin area, it is the widest risk zone in the region. The middle class also accounts for more than 29 percent of the area, followed by the low-risk class. The results of the AHP model show that the middle class, with 32% of the area, has the highest dispersion in the region, the low-risk class and then the high-class are in the next position. The AHP model was used to prioritize the parameters affecting the landslide. The parameters of slope, lithology and land use play the most important role in the occurrence of landslides, respectively, and have the least role for slope direction, distance from fault and height. The results of the models used are consistent with the reality of the region's wide-risk hazards, and high-risk areas based on the models used are mostly located in the west and southwest of the basin. These areas correspond to the mountain unit and the steep slope. Based on the results of AHP model, the impact of human factors in the occurrence of landslides is weaker than the natural factors of the region and human factors play a stimulating and aggravating role in primary factors. Five methods for error detection were used to evaluate the models used 4-Discussion and conclusion  .Due to the sensitivity of unstable slopes in the region, any planning to change the use and construction that increases the weight of the load on unstable slopes should be done in terms of geomorphological and geological conditions of the region. Keywords: hazard zoning, landslide, neural network, AHP. Sanandaj Gheshlagh Watershed  },  
Keywords = {hazard zoning, landslide, neural network, AHP, Sanandaj Gheshlagh Watershed},
volume = {8},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {55-70}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.2.55},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3175-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3175-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2021}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Pourbeyranvand, Shahrokh},  
title = {Seismic risk investigation by Strain rate variation study in central Alborz by using GPS data}, 
abstract ={Seismic risk investigation by Strain rate variation study in central  Alborz by using GPS data Abestract   The Alborz Mountains, South of Caspian Basin and separates Central Iran from Eurasia.  Talesh and Kopeh Dagh bound the Alborz as major thrust belts in the west and east respectively. The tectonic evolution of this important region is still unsolved and there are many questions to answer, such as the origin of the Alborz Mountains as well as its crustal structure. The Alborz is of great important in natural and most particular, seismic hazard investigations, because of the existence of Tehran megacity. This importance resulted in development of a relatively dense network of GPS stations in this regions and adjacent areas. The Alborz Mountains formed successively during the collision of Central Iran with Eurasia in the Late Triassic (Cimmerian Orogeny) and the collision of Arabia with Eurasia. Tectonic activity in this belt is currently thought to be controlled by two motions with different velocities, the 5 mm/yr northward convergence of central Iran to Eurasia causing a compression from 7 Ma and the 4 mm/yr left‐lateral shear northwestward motion of the South Caspian Basin resulting in a left lateral transpressive tectonic environment in the Alborz . Since middle Pleistocene transtensional motion is also observed in the region because of acceleration of SCB motion toward North West. GPS studies in the Zagros started in 2000 and are continuing by gradual expansion of the permanent GPS network and several GPS campaigns and temporary stations. These studies have significantly improved our understanding of the surface deformation in the Alborz. In this study the interpolation of GPS velocity vectors in a rectangular grid and calculation of the strain at the center of each grid cell, were used for the study of the strain rate variations in the central Alborz. We used velocity vectors from Djamur et al. (2010) to estimate the strain rate field in the Alborz. To avoid edge-effects in the strain calculation, we only showed the results for the central part of the dataset. The GPS velocities are interpolated onto a rectangular north-south grid of 0.2 by 0.2 degrees and strains are calculated at the center of each grid cell, following the methodology of Haines et al. (1998) and Beavan & Haines (2001). The study of the strain rate variations can help in understanding the tectonic settings of the region and the obtained results, combined with other geodetic, geological and seismological studies, already performed in the region, can provide a comprehensive insight into the geodynamic evolution of the range. The results showed spatial variations in principle strain rate axes directions and areal strain rate or dilation, which in combination with seismicity data, reveals important information about the fault movement mechanisms in the area. Observed anomalies in dilation, showed important correlations with seismicity, subsidence and uplift, dip slip and strike slip movements on the faults in the region and confirmed deformation partitioning which takes place due to tectonic forces, acting on pre-existing faults and weak fracture planes. The partitioning of the deformation causes dominant strike slip motion in some parts of the Central Alborz, while shortening occurs dominantly on other parts of the mountain range. These different parts are spatially separated in the region and correlate with the seismicity with regard to the faulting mechanisms expected from the orientation of the major faults and the directions of strain rate axes.   Key words: areal strain rate Central Alborz, deformation partitioning, dilation, faulting mechanisms, GPS, seismic ris  },  
Keywords = {areal strain rate Central Alborz, deformation partitioning, dilation, faulting mechanisms, GPS, seismic risk.},
volume = {8},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {71-82}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.2.71},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3131-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3131-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2021}  
}

@article{ 
author = {jahantigh, Hossein and Dolatshahi, zeynab and zareicheghabalaki, zahra and toulabinejad, meysam},  
title = {Factors affecting the depth of the boundary layer turbulence West of Iran in the summer and winter seasons (Case Study:  Kermanshah Upper Air Station)}, 
abstract ={Introduction The daily cycle of radiant heating from sunrise and sunset leads to the daily cycle of tangible and hidden heat fluxes between the earth's surface and the atmosphere. These fluxes, which cannot directly reach the whole atmosphere, are confined to the shallow layer near the surface, called the boundary layer of the atmosphere. . The processes that take place in this layer are important in various aspects such as the dynamics of fluxes and atmospheric systems, surface radiation, the hydrological cycle, and air pollution research. The thickness of the boundary layer of the atmosphere varies with time and place, and its size varies from a few hundred meters to several kilometers on land under different conditions. This thickness depends on various factors such as the type of atmospheric systems and their structure, surface fluxes, steep vertical arrangement and wind direction and surface cover. The depth of the boundary layer can be calculated by different methods. This depth, which indicates the thickness of the turbulence zone near the surface, is usually called the depth of the mixed layer or the depth of the mixture. The methods used to determine the boundary layer of the atmosphere or the depth of the mixed layer are commonly used to investigate air pollution. Estimating the depth of the mixed layer is one of the most important parameters in the pollutant diffusion model. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the causes of monthly fluctuations in the height of the western border layer of the country with respect to the barley station above Kermanshah.   Materials and methods Data on inversions of Kermanshah meteorological station during February and August 2012; Obtained from the Meteorological Organization of the country. Also, the data related to the vertical barley survey in this station, which were collected by radio sound, were used and the statistics of daily vertical barley survey above the Kermanshah synoptic station were obtained from the climatic database of the University of Wyoming. After obtaining information about vertical barley survey in Kermanshah station, Skew-T diagram, indicators and profile information of atmospheric conditions were drawn to recognize the dynamic and thermodynamic status of the atmosphere during the selected days in RAOB software environment. Then, in order to study the lower atmosphere more accurately, the changes in the vertical index of potential temperature, using daily radiosound data, the curves of potential temperature changes in terms of altitude were plotted. Then, using Huffer's computational method, days with critical inversion at potential temperature were found. Then, using geopotential height, wind and vertical ascent (omega) data, the synoptic causes of boundary layer depth fluctuations (mixed) and the effective factors were investigated.   Results and discussion The main purpose of this study is to implement Hafter's proposed model to investigate the monthly fluctuations of the height of the boundary layer of Kermanshah station. The results of using Hafter method in estimating the depth of the mixed layer of the city and its daily changes for Kermanshah station in August and February 2012. In this regard, the effective factors in minimizing and maximizing the mixed layer in every two months (August and February), including: the synoptic situation in the study area on selected days, heat transfer, humidity, vertical arrangement and wind speed were investigated.   Conclusion The results showed that in August, the depth of the layer during the month was between 3680 to 10292 meters. In this month, temperature subsidence, type of synoptic systems and vertical wind arrangement have directly played a significant role in the growth or weakening of the layer. Considering the comparison of the role of effective factors in maximizing and minimizing the depth of the boundary layer in August, it can be concluded that all factors have a positive role in maximizing the depth of the mixed layer; while the vertical wind arrangement plays an essential role in minimizing the layer depth in this month. In February, the depth of the mixed layer was about 2273 to 7017 meters and significant fluctuations in the values ​​of the depth of the mixed layer were observed during the month. In this month, temperature subsidence, vertical wind arrangement and synoptic systems have been effective in changing the depth of the mixed layer. Comparing the results obtained from both months, it can be said that the amount of surface flux is higher in summer than in winter; thus, the average depth of the mixed layer in August has almost doubled to February. In general, it can be concluded that the depth fluctuations of the mixed layer in winter due to the passage of different systems and the occurrence of atmospheric instabilities, have more changes than in summer.  },  
Keywords = {the mixed layer, Hafter model, arrangement of wind, temperature advection, Kermanshah},
volume = {8},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {83-100}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.2.83},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3197-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3197-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2021}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Seravani, Changiz and Abdollahzadeh, Gholamhossein and Sharifzadeh, Mohammad Sharif and Ghorbani, Khalil},  
title = {Vulnerability assessment of households to flood risk in the rural areas: case study of Aqqala and Gomishan Counties}, 
abstract ={Zoning map Vulnerability of Flood Spreading areas (Case study: Musian Flood spreading station in Ilam province)       Introduction One of the flood plain hazards is a change in the pattern of surface flows due to natural factors or human activities. Changes in the stream pattern are the changes that occur due to the surface stream patterns in terms of the shape of the drains, drainage form and quantitative morphological indices of the basin. These changes ,by formation of flood, submersibility, erosion, longitudinal and transverse displacements of rivers and streams, environmental degradation, etc., have a great deal of risk and harm to residents of the land adjacent to the watersheds, including the demolition of residential buildings,  valuable agriculture lands, facilities, river structures, buildings and relation routes, etc. There are several watersheds in the Musian Plain Basin that regularly change the direction of surface streams and, while displacing large volumes of sediments of erosion-sensitive structures, degrades crops, rural dwellings, connection paths, facilities, Irrigation canals obstruction, water supply and a lot of financial and physical damage to the residents of the region. Therefore, in order to solve these problems, in 1997, the Dehloran flood spreading plan was carried out at a level of 5000 hectares from the Basin of Musian Plain. Although some of the changes in the dynamics of the region, such as stream pattern, flood control, supllying groundwater aquifers, etc., have been caused by the implementation of this plan, but the problem of the concentration of watersheds behind the embankments composed of sensitive formations ,and the release of these areas will have many financial and even physical losses. Therefore, with the implementation of this research, it is attempted to identify the domain and risks that threaten the lowlands and to identify the appropriate measures to prevent them from happening with the zoning and inspection of the vulnerable areas of the Musain Plain.     Methodology This study was conducted in five stages to prepare a vulnerability map of the flood spreading area of ​​Mosian plain. First, the implementation phases of the flood distribution plan were separated. In the second stage, information layers of effective factors in changing the flow pattern and concentration of surface currents behind the flood spreading structures were prepared. These layers included elevation, slope, and direction classes, which were prepared based on the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) extracted from the 1: 50,000 topographic maps of the Armed Forces Geographical Organization, as well as the layers of geological formations and land use changes. The lands were prepared based on the maps of the Geological Survey of Iran and the processing of Landsat satellite images of eight OLI sensors in 2013, respectively, by the method of determining educational samples. In the third stage, each class of effective factors in changing the flow pattern (mentioned layers) was given a score based on the range of zero to 10. The basis of the scores of the classes of each factor was according to the number of classes and the average of the total classes of that factor. The fourth stage in the GIS environment was created by combining the weight layers created, the vulnerability layer of the study area (quantitative map of vulnerability areas) of the basin. Then, by analyzing the vulnerability layer (filtering), the pixels and small units were removed or merged into larger units. The last (fifth) step was to classify the quantitative layer and then extract the qualitative map of the vulnerability zoning according to the range of scores based on the five very low, low, medium, severe and very severe classes. A summary of the research steps is shown in the form of a diagram.   Results and Discussion The results showed that the most important threat and danger factor is the concentration of waterways behind erosion-sensitive embankments. Also, the study area in terms of vulnerability includes three classes with medium risk, high and very high and covers 16, 62 and 22% of the area, respectively. Flood and upland Spreading areas, risk areas and lowland lands are the most vulnerable parts of the basin in terms of floods and sedimentary deposits.   Conclusion Based on the results obtained by combining the information layersof the factors influencing the stream pattern change, the zoning map of vulnerable areas of the region was created in 5 classes. Except for very few and very small classes that are not present in the region, there are other cases at the basin level: Medium class:Includes about 16% of the basin. The existing watersheds in this part are ranked 1th class, and some of them are entering the rivers of Dojraj and Chiqab in the eastern and western parts. The formations of this part are often Bakhtyari and limitedly Aghajari. The floors have a height of 100 to 400 meters and the gradient is from 0-2 percent to 20 percent. Medium class: About 62% of the basin level. The watersheds that flow in this section are in 1to 5 class. The formations of this part are often alluvial and bakhtiari of lahbori sections. It has a height of less than 100 meters to 300 meters and a gradient of 2-0 percent to 20 percent. very intense: it covers about 22% of the basin's surface. The existing watersheds are of of class 2 and 3. The formations of this part are often alluvial and bakhtiari of lahbori sections. They have height classes of 100 to 300 meters and the gradient is 5-2 percent and is limited to 5 to 10 percent in the slopes.   Keywords: Vulnerability, Aquifer, zoning, Satellite imagery, Environmental hazards, Musian},  
Keywords = {Vulnerability, Flood risk, Flood adaptation, Flood sensitivity, Golestan province.},
volume = {8},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {101-118}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.2.101},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3232-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3232-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2021}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Ahmadi, Mahmoud and Alibakhshi, Zahr},  
title = {The assessment of hot spots changes in Tehran and satellite based on land use and its role in urban heat hazards}, 
abstract ={Evaluation of hot spots changes in Tehran city and satellite based on land use and its role in urban heat hazards Expanded abstract Problem statement: Urbanization and human activities affect the urban climate and clearly affect the air temperature close to the surface. In Tehran and its satellite, factors such as climatic region, season, time of day and wind regimes, topography, urban environments, population density, residents' activity, vegetation structure and urban physical form play an important role in the formation of urban heat islands. The purpose of this research is to determine the type of spatial distribution of heat islands of Tehran metropolis and satellite cities using land use and land cover. Replacing natural land cover with impervious surfaces due to urban development has negative environmental, social and economic impacts, in addition to beneficial aspects. Most of the albedo belong to the built areas and the bare land and the smallest of the Albedo belong to the aquatic areas and vegetation. In this research, the hypothesis is whether the suburbs may have higher temperatures than urban areas depending on the type of land use? In fact, it is examined the spatial distribution of the heat island of Tehran and its satellites, in which the use of land and land cover are analyzed as a factor contributing to the creation, intensification or reduction of the thermal island. Methodology: Extraction and preparation of imagery data through the Landsat 7 Satellite ETM + sensor over the years 2001-2015 and selection of June as the hottest month of the study area. These images were extracted from Route 164 and Row 35 of the USGS. An assessment was carried out through the accuracy of ground surface temperature data by Landsat satellite images and obtained temperatures from the weather stations in the area based on the Taylor diagram. In order to investigate the spatial structure of the cells obtained in each map, each containing surface temperature and heat island extraction, it used the methods of world spatial autocorrelation (high and low clustering, spatial correlation) and local (Cluster and Outlier analysis, hot spot analysis). The high and low clustering statistics show how the concentration of high or low values ​​in the region. In the next step, the results of analysis of Anselin Local Moran and hot spots were compared in map format. Hot spots were analyzed in all studied regions and in all 7 cities. The area of ​​hot spots was investigated over the course of 15 years and the results were presented in table and diagram form. Land use was surveyed for every 7 county. In the last section were studied, the relationship between hot spots in each city and type and land use changes over 15 years. Surface spatial analysis of the surface temperature of the area showed that the cells follow a cluster pattern and their trend towards clustering. Any kind of land cover and land use will create special features in a place that can be increased or decreased with a specific microclimate. Explaining and results: After selecting the years 2001, 2005, 2010, and 2015 as the sample and survey of the temperature of each land use in that year, it was determined that artifact, pasture, bare lands, forest, aquatic areas, agriculture and green spaces were respectively have the highest to the lowest temperature in the area. On the other hand, in the area of heat island in a region are Rabat Karim, Ray, Islamshahr, Tehran, Shahriar, Karaj and Shemiranat, respectively. In spite of the reduction of aquatic areas and even bare lands, because of the large impact of green space or agricultural land was reduced the extent of heat islands during the statistical period, and on the contrary, the reduction of green space and agricultural land in places where even their forest areas have grown, has increased the levels of heat islands. This suggests that the dispersion and extent of green spaces has a more effective role in reducing the heat island compared with the creation of limited forest and planted surfaces in one place. Hence, in Tehran despite the significant growth of artifacts, due to the increasing growth of green space, the heat islands has been reduced compare with the Ray, Robatkarim and Islamshahr cities, which are exactly on its suburbs.   Keywords: Heat Island, hot spots, land use, Tehran, satellite cities.    },  
Keywords = {Heat island, hot spots, land use, Tehran, satellite cities},
volume = {8},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {119-134}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.2.119},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2982-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2982-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2021}  
}

@article{ 
author = {EsfandiaryDarabad, Fariba and Layeghi, Sedigheh and Mostafazadeh, Raoof and Haji, Khadijeh},  
title = {The zoning of flood risk potential in the Ghotorchay watershed with ANP and WLC multi-criteria decision making methods}, 
abstract ={The zoning of flood risk potential in the Ghotorchay watershed with ANP and WLC multi-criteria decision making methods     Extended Abstract Introduction Flood is one of the most complex and natural destructive phenomena that have many damage every year. The northwestern region of the country, due to its semi-arid and mountainous climate and thus of high rainfall variability, is one of the areas exposed to destructive floods. Flood risk zoning is an essential tool for flood risk management. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to determine the flood risk zones in the Ghotorchay watershed by using the analytical network process (ANP).   Methodology In this research,, with geographic information system (GIS), satellite images, synoptic station data, analytical network process and the combination of layers, the flood potential of has been modeled in the Ghotorchay watershed. The final map of flood risk based on a combination of factors and climatic and physical elements including land use, geology, vegetation, topography, slope and land capability was prepared. The weight of each criterion was determined by ANP method and used by weighted linear composition (WLC) method for spatial modeling and incorporation of layers.   Results The results of flood risk zoning showed that the Qal layers from geology, slopes of less than 3 precent, land capacity of units 5, 6 and 7, and as well as poor vegetation cover were identified as flood zones. The results obtained from the analytical network process model indicate the fact that part of the watershed is affected by the risk of flooding with the very high potential, which is mainly located in the downstream of watershed. For this reason, the streams of rank 3 and 4 are considered as flood zones and flood guide areas to the downstream areas. Also, river networks of 5 and higher ranks are in the range of floodplains or river coastal and usually have surface and extensive floods.   Conclusion The flood prone areas and providing effective solutions for flood management is one of the main steps in reducing flood damage. Therefore more precise management and control of basins with multiple dams, embedding flood alert systems in flood plain areas and performing basic measures is one of the most urgent measures to prevent, improve and control this natural disaster. Key words: Analytical network process, Biological protection, Floodplain, Flood risk assessment, Ghotorchay  },  
Keywords = {Analytical network process, Biological protection, Floodplain, Flood risk assessment, Ghotorchay},
volume = {8},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {135-150}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.2.135},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3191-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3191-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2021}  
}

@article{ 
author = {jafari, mohammadreza and Asgari, Shamsullah},  
title = {Zoning map Vulnerability of Flood Spreading areas (Case study: Musian Flood spreading station in Ilam province)}, 
abstract ={One of the causes of environmental hazards is the change in the pattern of surface water flow in floodplains following the construction of flood Spreading networks. The purpose of this study is to prepare a zoning map of vulnerable areas of the flood Spreading station of Musian plain  in Ilam province after the implementation of the aquifer project in this plain. To prepare this map, five factors influencing the change in flow pattern including elevation, slope, flow direction, geological formations, and landuse change were examined. Then, in the GIS environment, each class of the mentioned factors was given a score of zero to 10 based on the range and the corresponding weight layers were created. Then, by combining the created weight layers, the vulnerability zoning map of the area was created based on 5 classes: very low, low, medium, high and very high. The results showed that the most important threat and danger factor is the concentration of waterways behind erosion-sensitive embankments. Also, the study area in terms of vulnerability includes three classes with medium risk, high and very high and covers 16, 62 and 22% of the area, respectively. Flood and upland Spreading areas, risk areas and lowland lands are the most vulnerable parts of the basin in terms of floods and sedimentary deposits.},  
Keywords = {Vulnerability, Aquifer, zoning, Satellite imagery, Environmental hazards, Musian},
volume = {8},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {151-164}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.2.151},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3145-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3145-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2021}  
}

@article{ 
author = {khaleghi, somaiyeh and hosseinzadeh, mohammad mahdi and fatolahatikandi, payam},  
title = {Simulation of Kaleibar Chai River Changes Using CAESAR Model}, 
abstract ={River channel changes, bank erosion and sedimentation are the natural processes of the alluvial rivers that destroy the agricultural land and damage to human installations around the river. In the present study, the CAESAR model was used to assess the changes of the Kaleibar Chai River in order to measure the variation of 3 km of its main channel.CAESAR is a cellular automata model for river system evolution. CAESAR  is a cellular model  that uses a regular mesh of grid cells to represent the river catchment studied. Every cell has properties of elevation, water discharge and depth, vegetation cover, depth to bedrock and grain  size.  It  is  based  upon  the  cellular  automaton  concept,  whereby  the repeated  iteration of a series of  rules on each of  these cells determines  the behaviour of the whole system. CAESAR has a set of rules for a hydrological model, hydraulic model (flow routing), fluvial erosion and deposition and slope erosion  and  deposition.  For  every  model  iteration,  cell  properties  (e.g. elevation) are updated according to the rules, and the interaction between an individual cell and its neighbours. For example, the amount of fluvial erosion in a cell may depend upon the depth of water in the cell and the slope between that cell and its neighbours. For modeling, the input data such as topography (DEM), daily discharge (year 2012) and sediment grain size were prepared and then channel modifications were simulated. Channel changes were identified before and after the simulation by plotting profiles of each cross-sections and were analyzed sensitive to erosion and sedimentation.Six cross-sections were selected before and after simulation. Results showed that the channel geometry has changed. The width and depth and form of the channel have changed. And only the mean depth of the channels was changed in sections 1, 2, 6 and 4. The erosion was dominated in the cross- sections 1, 2, and 3 (the initial part of the main channel). Then the sedimentation was dominated in the cross- sections 4, 5 and 6.  },  
Keywords = {Erosion and sedimentation, CAESAR, Kaleibar Chai River.},
volume = {8},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {165-178}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.2.165},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3054-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3054-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2021}  
}

@article{ 
author = {karampoor, mostafa and khamoshian, yeganeh and heidari, Hamed and amraei, fatemeh},  
title = {The role of environmental and climatic factors on the transmission and emission of carbon monoxide in Iran in 2018}, 
abstract ={Air pollution, as one of the most important environmental hazards in urban areas, is closely related to weather conditions. Today, pollution in metropolitan areas has become an important issue that requires the study and presentation of practical solutions to improve living conditions in this area. Therefore, understanding the relationship between synoptic systems and air pollutants helps a lot in how to solve environmental problems and future planning. Therefore, in this study, compression algorithms of carbon monoxide emission and transfer from domestic and foreign sources were analyzed. For this purpose, GEOS-5 / GMAO / NASA satellite images were used. The results showed that the highest amount of pollution from the seasonal point of view is related to the cold and early morning seasons and the lowest is related to the early afternoon and hot season of the year. And Khuzestan are densely populated carbon monoxide cores. Low pressures of the eastern Mediterranean play an important role in reducing pollutants in the southwest of the country and in the south of the country, under the influence of atmospheric currents from the topographic cut of Bandar Abbas, air streams polluted with carbon monoxide are able to penetrate into the interior to the southern half of Kerman. Increased by low pressure systems in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The Zagros Mountains also play an important role in preventing the entry of pollutants produced by western neighbors into Iran. In summer, Iran is polluted by carbon monoxide carriers by monsoon currents from central and southern Africa to Iran and has caused a lot of pollution},  
Keywords = {Keywords: Carbon monoxide, Compression systems, Monson, Atmospheric pollution, Topography},
volume = {8},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {179-190}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.2.179},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3154-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3154-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2021}  
}