@article{ 
author = {Badri, Seyed Ali and Karimzadeh, Hossain and Saadi, Sima and Kazemi, Nasri},  
title = {Analysis of Rural Settlements Resilience against Earthquake (Case Study: Marivan County)}, 
abstract ={Analysis of Rural Settlements Resilience against Earthquake Case Study: Marivan County   Iran is a seismic prone country located over the Himalayan-Alpine seismic belt. Striking earthquakes during the past years and decades are strong proofs for vulnerability of rural areas in this country; loss of lives, damage to buildings, even demolishing villages have been experienced in Iran rural areas. All these fatal effects are evidences to make villages more resilience and strengthen their structures because in the case of vulnerable structures, earthquake can be tremendously destructive. Therefore, losses of live and property can be avoided through making resilience rural social, economic and physical structure like construction of buildings that sway rather than break under the stress of an earthquake. Making villages resilience are directly related to saving rural residents lives and their property. Briefly, reaching or maintaining rural areas capacities to an acceptable level are the main purpose of this study by analyzing mentioned structures. This study conducted in Marivan rural settlements which exposed to earthquake. According to Morgan Table, 310 samples responded to the questionnaires. The samples of this study were selected by chance from 6 districts and 18 villages. The main methods for analysis of collected data were Dimatel, ANP and Statictical analysis by SPSS. The results of ANP and Dimatel analyses led to the determination of relation among the factors. It should be noted we used Delfi method for this part. Moreover, for the final part ANOVA analysis is used by the authors.  All around the world, countries have different approaches to deal with hazards in order to mitigate fatal affects. In fact, the goal of all management practices is to reduce hazard impacts. Iran faces a variety of hazards because of placing in a special geographical position; in this regard earthquake is the most important one. Resiliency approach can improve the flexibility of rural settlements through strengthen the capabilities of them and reduce their vulnerability. In the present study, analysis of rural settlements resilience against earthquake has been investigated. The results show that the resiliency is lower than the average in the studied villages. Also, there was a significant difference among the studied villages in terms of the resiliency against earthquake. The findings are consistent with the results of Nouri and Sepahvand in 2016 and Rezaei et al., in 2014. Considering the analysis of data and ANP analysis of the internal and external factors in a general and separate way, the studied villages of Marivan city can be considered as non-resilience structures; in this regard, the most important reason is the inappropriate condition in the internal factors of rural settlements. The poor quality of construction and the inadequate structure of buildings must be considered, as well. Another obvious reason is the existence of eroded texture in this area. According to external factors, relief does not cover rural areas and led to reduce the resilience of rural settlements. Investigating the resilience of rural settlements based on external factors not only indicates the inappropriate situation of rural structure in this analysis, but also it proves a more favorable situation than internal factors. The findings show that structure and the amount of structure confinement in decrease the tissue texture of rural settlements play a profound role; changing these factors requires a long time and long-term planning. Regarding the post hoc test, variance analysis suggests the highest resiliency in Zarivar with an average of 2.99 and the lowest survival rate in KhavumirAbad rural district with an average of 1.87. Moreover, according to the one-sample T-Test, the socio-cultural dimension with a mean of 3.05 has the best situation in terms of resiliency against earthquake in the studied villages. For improving resiliency in the studied villages, authors’ suggests are including: managing and organizing preparation measures and response along with effective actions to reduce the risks of earthquake and providing a crisis management department; strengthen scientific and research studies to identify and reduce the risks; applying the rules to retrofit the buildings and increasing the safety factors in new construction; mapping the vulnerabilities in rural areas; increasing people participation and preparing them to deal with an emergency situation caused by an earthquake.   Keywords: Resiliency, Rural Settlements, Earthquake, Marivan County    },  
Keywords = {Resiliency, Rural Settlements, Earthquake, Marivan County},
volume = {6},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {1-16}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.6.1.1},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2744-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2744-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Hatami, J and Sabetghadam, S and Ahmadi-Givi, F},  
title = {Investigation of the daily minimum visibility meteorological conditions using RVR data at IKA airport during 2013-2014}, 
abstract ={ Investigation of the daily minimum visibility meteorological conditions using RVR data at IKA airport during 2013-2014 Hatami, J. 1, Sabetghadam, S. 2*, Ahmadi-Givi, F. 3 1M.Sc. Student, Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran 2Assistant Professor, Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran 3Associate Professor, Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran   Abstract Atmospheric visibility is defined as the greatest distance at which an observer can see a black object viewed against the horizon sky, which is usually known as visual range. It shows the degree to which the atmosphere is transparent to visible light, therefore its impairment results from light scattering and absorption that can originate from natural or anthropogenic sources.  Visibility is an important atmospheric parameter in landing and takeoff of an aircraft. Reduced visibility due to snow, rain, fog, and haze is an important consideration in the landing and takeoff of aircraft. Visibility and the related quantity Runway Visible Range (RVR) are meteorological parameters that are crucial for the operations at an airport. The Runway Visible Range is defined as the range over which the pilot of an aircraft on the centre line of a runway can see the runway surface marking or lights delineating the runway or identifying its centre line. A large number of aviation accidents are happened cause many passengers to die. Today, safety is very important in aviation. In fact, it is a competitive factor among aviation companies. Measuring the exact visual range is one of the most important factors in flight security. According to the international standards, whenever the visual range is less than a certain threshold for runways, take-off and landing will not be authorized, and pilots will be ordered land on an alternative airport that costs airlines a lot of expenses.    One of the methods in determining the runway visual range is to use instruments such as transmisometer and forward scaterometer to measure the amount of scattering and absorption of light by the atmosphere. A transmissometer measures the extinction of light over an atmospheric path between an emitter and a receiver and it  is directly related to the extinction. A forward scatter meter measures the amount of light scattered by a small measurement volume. RVR instruments usually locate at three places across each runway that is mandatory for operation in international airports.     For the first time in Iran, data obtained from the RVR system from Imam Khomeini International Airport are applied in this study to examine the circumstances under which the runway visual range reached its minimum during two years 2013 and 2014. The high accuracy of these devices is a valuable factor for researchers to get more precise results. The data used include visibility range, temperature, dew point temperature, humidity, wind speed and wind direction, which are measured using the RVR system.  The main part of this study concentrates on fast decreases of RVR, meaning a decrease of visibility to below 1500 m which takes more than 10 minutes. Therefore some cases of RVR data have been investigated in more detail utilizing one-minute observations are presented. For these cases, some meteorological parameters are investigated before and after  this fast decrease of RVR occurred. These parameters as well as RVR are plot to find out what happened before and during each specific event.     Results show that the critical low visibilities were mainly occurred in May and March and no cases of low visibility were seen between July to September. This can be due to the impact of more atmospheric systems and variable weather conditions in the relatively cold months. The highest visibilities were mostly occurred in July-September, due to the weakness of atmospheric systems and their less frequency of occurrences. Low visibility days were usually accompanied by dust, fog, mist and precipitation events.During 2013 and 2014, categorizing the weather events that may lead to the decrease of visibility to less than 1500 meter, shows that the 45 percent of the cases with the low visibilities caused by by dust, 35 percent by haze, 15 percent by fog and 5 percent caused by haze.     For the critical cases, case studies show that the high relative humidity and the change of wind direction were also favored in the occurrence of low visual range. Case studies of the events suggest that these factors differ from one another based on how they are formed. After the fast decreases of RVR, the relative percentage of RVR events show an increasing in relative humidity especially during fog and precipitation.   Keywords: runway visual range, scattering and absorption of light, low visibility.      },  
Keywords = {runway visual range, scattering and absorption of light, low visibility.},
volume = {6},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {17-30}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.6.1.2},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2863-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2863-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Nazari, Abdol Hamid and Taleshi, Mostafa and Mirzaali, Mohamm},  
title = {Analysis and Measurement of Environmental Resilience of Villages in Gorganrud Watershed against Flood (Golestan province, Iran)}, 
abstract ={Analysis and Measurement of Environmental Resilience of Villages in Gorganrud Watershed against Flood (Golestan province, Iran)   Abstract Environmental hazards are inevitable phenomena that always place serious risks on the development of human societies, especially rural development. In the recent years, however, significant changes have been made in crisis management approaches, and the prevailing view has shifted from the "reduction of vulnerability" approach to "resilience improvement". Resilience is a new concept often used in the face of unknowns and uncertainties. Therefore, along with this change of attitude, it is important to examine and analyze natural hazards in terms of resilience. According to global statistics, floods, as one of the most devastating natural disasters, have caused the greatest losses and casualties to human settlements, which is true both in our country and in Golestan province. Investigations show that only in the statistical period of 1991-2014, 106 rainfall cases have led to the occurrence of floods in this province. These floods have damaged natural resources, the environment and the prevalence of environmental pollution; In addition, other natural and human factors have contributed to the heightened risk of flood damage. But if it was planned for the restoration of villages, then the damage could be reduced. Therefore, this research was conducted with the general purpose of determining the relationships between environmental factors and factors of rural communities of Gorganrud watershed on their resilience and numerical values. Finally, the residual spatial analysis of rural limited settlements was studied. Accordingly, the research questions are as follows: a) What is the relationship between environmental factors and factors in the villages of Gorganrud watershed in Golestan province with the resilience of the communities living in them in the face of flood? b) What are the resiliency values ​​of these communities in the environmental dimension and which zones? This is an applied research with descriptive-analytical method. A library of researcher-made questionnaires was used for collecting data using library resources. The statistical population consisted of 106 villages with 22,942 households. First, 31 villages were selected by cluster sampling. Then, using Cochran formula, 318 families were selected as sample size and selected by simple random sampling method. Also, for assessing the validity of the questionnaire, using Delphi collective wisdom methods, it was determined by using historical studies and opinions of experts in rural areas. The reliability of the questionnaires was also determined by using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient in the pre-test method. The value for the household questionnaire was ra1=0.841 and ra2=0.862, respectively. All steps for statistical analyzes have been performed by Excel and SPSS software. Additionally, the development of mapping, risk-taking, risk and resilience was also done with the help of ArcGIS software and the weight of each criterion was determined by the Super Decision tool; Then, using the weighted and linear overlapping methods, each of the sub-criteria of the main indexes was multiplied in its weights. The study area is divided into two distinct sections in terms of geological and geomorphological structure. The southern and eastern parts of it are the ripples of the eastern Alborz mountains, which are taller in the southern part and extend along the east-west direction. Also, the northern part of the studied basin is the Gorgan plain, in which the main branch of Gorganrud flows from east to west and all branches of the south and east are drained. Following the general slope of the main branch and its long-standing walls in the mid-east, it is usually not flooded; but as far as the west is concerned, its slope is very low and one of the flood plains is considered as the basin. The results of the research show that there is a significant relationship between the environmental factors of the studied basin villages and the resilience of the communities inhabited by them in the face of floods. Also, the average environmental resilience of the whole region was lower than the average (2.76 average), rural households in the sub-basins of TilAbad and ChehelChai with an average of 3.24 and 3 had relatively good environmental resilience, But most of the rural households in the sub-basins of Ghurechai and Lower of Gorganrud, Mohammad Abad-Zaringol, Madarsoo and Sarisoo, with an average of 2.89 to 1.85, had a poor environmental resilience. In addition, According to the flood risk resilience map, it can be said that of the total 31 sample villages studied, about 29 percent of sample villages have "medium upward" resilience in facing flood risks; conversely, most of these villages (71%) also have relatively low degree of resilience. Also, comparing the findings of this study with the results of most other researches, such as the studies of Olshansky and Kartes (1998) regarding the necessity of considering the environmental factors of settlements, observing the necessary environmental standards and the necessity of using proper land use management tools to reduce risk hazards and improve resilience, Center of Emergency Management Australia (2001) on the need to consider the state of the infrastructure, including the level of communications and accesses, biological conditions, including the status of pollution, as well as geographical characteristics, such as distances and proximity, climate, topography, as well as the general results of studies by Rafiean et al. (2012) in special selection of the most suitable model of resilience based on the combination of carter and socioeconomic model due to the simultaneous attention of this model to its geographical features and its comprehensiveness, as well as attention to the local communities' participation, Rezaei (2010), Shokri Firoozjah (2017) and Anabestani et al. (2017) Regarding the low value of the calculated population, the resiliency number of the society is consistent and consistent with the lack of attention to infrastructure issues, locations, etc., which is below the baseline (3). As a result, all of the aforementioned components of the resilience of inhabitants of sample societies have been affected by its environmental dimension, which is often due to insufficient attention and insufficient handling of them, which reduces resilience of rural residents to flood risks.   Keywords: Environmental hazards, Flood, Vulnerability, Resilience, Spatial analysis, Golestan Gorganrud basin.  },  
Keywords = {Environmental hazards, Flood, Vulnerability, Resilience, Spatial analysis, Golestan Gorganrud basin.},
volume = {6},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {31-50}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.6.1.3},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2904-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2904-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Bazgeer, Saeed and Abbasi, Faezeh and AsadiOskoue, Ebrahim and Haghighat, Masoud and Rezazadeh, Parviz},  
title = {Assessing the Homogeneity of Temperature and Precipitation Data in Iran with Climatic Approach}, 
abstract ={Assessing the Homogeneity of Temperature and Precipitation Data in Iran with Climatic Approach   Extended Abstract: Qualitative evaluation and validation of atmospheric parameters such as precipitation and temperature are the most important condition for statistical analysis in climatic and hydrological researches. In addition, the meteorological and climatological data have a crucial role in transportation, agriculture, urbanization and health services.  Therefore, it is clear that using wrong data source for atmospheric investigations is the first hazard in natural hazards analysis. This study aimed to investigate the homogenization of minimum and maximum temperatures and precipitation data for 36 weather stations over different climatic classes in Iran. The Standard Normal Homogeneity Test (SNHT), (Alexanderson and Moberg, 1997), Pettit test (Pettit, 1979), Cumulative Deviation test (Buishand, 1982) and Worsley’s Likelihood Ratio test (Worsley, 1979) were carried out to study homogenization of minimum and maximum temperatures and precipitation data (1966-2015). The results revealed that 91.5 % and 88.5 % of minimum and maximum temperatures data, respectively, were in non-homogenized category. Although, Isfahan, Saghez and Gorgan for minimum temperature and Bandar-e Anzali, Sharekord, Kashan and Saghez for maximum temperature showed a homogenized condition with 5 % level of significance. The results showed most of the weather stations (28 out of 36 stations) had homogenized precipitation data. Even though, seven stations including Birjandd, Kerman, Kermanshah, Saghez, Sanandaj and Tabriz had homogenized precipitation data. The Urmia weather station was in doubtful class. That is precipitation data of Urmia weather station were homogenized by two tests results and were non-homogenized with other two tests of homogenization. The spatial distribution of trend variations of minimum temperature average was between -2.8 to 2.8 degree Celsius over the country. Moreover, maximum and minimum variations of minimum temperature occurred in northeast and northwest of the country, respectively. There were a significantly increasing trend (p<0.01) in most of the regions. The results also indicated that the significant variations happened for maximum temperature in most of the weather stations, mainly in northern half of the country. The minimum temperature jump was mostly found in 1985, 1994 and 1998 years during the study period (1966-2015). The maximum variations of minimum temperature were in Mashhad, Shahroud, Ahvaz, Yazd and Semnan weather stations with 2.8, 2.3, 2.2, 2 and 2 degrees Celsius, respectively, jump for above mentioned years during 1966-2015. In addition, the minimum change in minimum temperature was occurred in Birjand, Urmia and Bandar Abbas with a jump of 0.6 degrees Celsius. It should be mentioned that, unlike other stations, the Khorramabad (Lorestan Province) and Fasa (Fars Province) had a decreasing trend for minimum temperature. It changed from 10.3 to 8.3 and from 11.8 to 10.2 degrees Celsius in Khorramabad and Fasa, respectively. The results showed that the commencement of maximum temperature jump for most of the weather stations happened in 1998 with 1.1 degrees’ Celsius change. According to our study, a remarkable decrease in precipitation data was occurred in west and northwest of the country. There was a depletion of 80 to 150 millimeters from 1998 in Tabriz, Sanandaj, Saghez and Kermanshah weather stations during study period (1966-2015). Besides, 25 to 45 millimeters reduction in precipitation was found in south and southeast of the Country which has arid climate including Birjand (South Khorasan Province), Zabol (Sistan and Baluchestan Province) and Kerman. It was revealed that the variations of minimum temperature were larger than maximum temperature which was in agreement with results obtained by Rafati and Karimi, 2018. The results showed that the start of increasing maximum temperature in most of the weather stations was in 1998. It could be due to increasing the global temperature which is in accordance with results found by Steirou and Koutsoyiannis, 2012. The results revealed that about 80 % of precipitation data of weather stations were homogenized. These results were in agreement with results obtained by Hosseinzadeh Talaee et al., 2013. The results indicated that tests of homogenization for minimum and maximum temperatures and precipitation data could use in different climate over the country. Therefore, it could not allocate a single test to a particular climate type. In conclusion, it should be noted that before any analysis pertaining to environmental hazards, the calibration and maintenance of the weather instruments should be carried out periodically. In addition, the metadata and station history for relocation of the weather station should be checked. The relocation can create great changes in meteorological parameters due to elevation, latitude, longitude and land use/land cover differences between two sites.   Key Words: Homogeneity tests, Climate Data, Weather Station, Metadata      },  
Keywords = {Homogeneity tests, Climate Data, Weather Station, Metadata},
volume = {6},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {51-70}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.6.1.4},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2860-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2860-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Moghimi, Sajedeh and MonsefiParapari, Danial},  
title = {Site selection for Temporary Earthquake Shelter Compounds, Using Analytic Hierarchy Process and Weighted Linear Combination based on GIS; Case Study: Shahrood}, 
abstract ={  ite selection for Temporary Earthquake Shelter Compounds, Using Analytic Hierarchy Process and Weighted Linear Combination based on GIS; Case Study: Shahrood   Abstract Natural disasters are unpredictable and unavoidable and their occurrence in human settlements has led to catastrophes in many cases. Therefore, it is necessary to prepare prior the occurrence of these events. A prompt response can be a solution to this goal. As long as assurance is provided to the affected population that there is no lack of assistance and facilities, their ability to return to pre-disaster conditions and recovery will be increased. Selecting the right accommodation according to the needs of people after natural disasters, as well as planning to meet the needs of the victims, not only reduces risks and expedites recovery operations during reconstruction, but also strengthens the protection structures and advances the safety aspects of communities prior to any kind of incident. Increasing concerns arising from high occurrence of natural disasters, especially earthquakes, and witnessing the unpleasant consequences, will emphasize the need for proper habitation conditions and facility provision. Iran is a country that is prone to disasters. In fact, no country in the world is immune to natural disasters. In this research, urban areas of Shahrood located in Semnan Province, have been studied with regard to seismic potential and proximity to the southeastern part of Alborz Mountain and Shahrood’s faults as a sample for selecting appropriate post-earthquake shelters. The overall purpose of this research is to propose a decision making process for efficient and safe spatial planning in the wake of crises. In the first step, the structural vulnerability of buildings in terms of foundation quality and their vulnerability measures is estimated at 24% of the city, which is equivalent to 12778 buildings prone to destruction, even facing a mild earthquake. After analyzing the possible damage to the city, according to the average household size of 3.43 people in Shahrood, 43829 people are estimated to be homeless. The amount of space needed to accommodate these people, with an estimated per capita of 30-45 square meters per person, was estimated at 132 to 198 hectares, which could be used in a few distinct and scattered spaces. After determining the area needed for settlement, the criteria influencing the location of temporary shelters were identified based on scientific literature and analysis of previous experiences. According to these studies, the criteria for influencing this concept are classified into nine groups including access, location, cultural, economic, compatible and incompatible neighbors, infrastructure conditions, land quality as well as space area. The subsets of these nine criteria can be categorized into two groups: constraint factors and classification possibilities. Factors such as distances from faults, high voltage electric power lines, vulnerable zones, gas stations and chemical storage facilities are known to cause limitations. The concept of the facility in this research, in addition to proximity to residential areas, main roads and storage depots, includes access to compatible applications, medical centers, security centers, fire departments and outdoor spaces; hence it is necessary to accommodate people at the minimal distance from these facilities. Parameters such as area, surface water, infrastructures and available energy sources are some of the criteria that need to be measured in terms of their quality in proposed options and decisions are to be made on the basis of their existence and accuracy. Since each parameter has a different effect on the location of temporary accommodation therefore, the list of priorities is sorted accordingly. In this article, a methodology for locating shelter after an earthquake has been recommended by using hierarchical analysis, weighted linear combination and GIS. In this multi-criteria decision-making process, the weighting process was performed on each parameter by paired questionnaires that were provided to 40 experts, and analyzed according to the principle of hierarchy (AHP) and arranged in Expert Choice software. Then, all of the data layers in GIS software were combined with WLC method according to the criteria and standardization. The Geographic Information System (GIS) has been used as one of the most useful tools in allocation and land use planning. To analyze the data in the software, after converting the data into the Raster structure and classifying the layers in appropriate categories and in accordance with the functional radius, a conclusion was made in the Arc GIS environment. The output, obtained by overlapping the collected items, is a list of land plots suitable for post-disaster shelters, sorted according to the aforementioned priorities.   Keywords: site selection, temporary sheltering, AHP, WLC, GIS    },  
Keywords = {Site selection, Temporary sheltering, AHP, WLC, GIS},
volume = {6},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {71-94}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.6.1.5},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2865-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2865-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {hosseini, seyedMusa and riahi, samaneh and veysi, abdolkarim},  
title = {The effect of Urban Development on Watershed Hydrological Properties (case study: Tajrish Watershed)}, 
abstract ={The effect of Urban Development on Watershed Hydrological Properties (case study: Tajrish Watershed) Throughout the human history, societies and rivers have been closely linked, so that the human civilization began from the riverside (Stevaux et al. 2009 (. The quantitative and qualitative characteristic of river is vulnerable to land-use changes (Kang et al. 2010). Natural and urban watersheds are influenced by the rapid land use change due to urban development (Furusho et al. 2013). Hence the importance of land use as an environmental variable have made its changes as a major issue in environmental changes and sustainable development) Verburg et al. 2009). The development of urbanization and industrialization of cities and communities have undesirable effects on the hydrological response of watersheds. It increases the magnitude of runoff and contamination, reduces the base flow and the groundwater recharge. Hence, urban authorities are urged to pay more attention to the environmental damaging effects of the urbanization process and the increase of construction. In this regard, attention should be paid to the effect of type of land cover and land use on urban runoff and hydrological changes in surface flow. Tehran as the largest metropolis in Iran has ascending trend of land cover and land use changes due to the growing population. In this research, the effect of urban development on the hydrological characteristics of the Tajrish sub-watershed (in Darband watershed) located north of Tehran has been investigated. Results of this study indicated that the river Darband is exposed to hydrological hazard due to human need for space and land use and land cover changes. The studied area is affected by decreasing pervious area, increase of runoff coefficient, and change in water quality parameters. Darband River watershed consists of two streams of Darband and Golabdareh which are considered as the major rivers of the Tehran-Karaj Basin. This river originates from the mountains of the Tochal located in northern Tehran. The catchment area of Darband River in the studied area is 39.88 square kilometers. In this study, aerial photos of years 1345, 1358 and also   and IkONOS images in year 2011 were used to detect the changes in land cover and land use in the Tajrish watershed. Pas-Ghale sub-watershed in upstream of Tajrish was selected as benchmark since its land use doesn't affected by human interventions. SCS-CN method developed by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) was used to estimate the quantitative changes in surface storage and runoff volume. Man-Kendall test was used for temporal trend detection of discharge and chemical parameters of surface water and also. The change of water type was identified annually using the Piper diagram in the aqQA software. Frequency analysis was carried out for peak discharge data using the weibull’s empirical method. During three considered periods, the curve numbers (CN) and runoff coefficient (C) in Tajrish watershed significantly increased. Significant trend was also observed for the chemical parameters of surface flow in Tajrish. While the surface storage and initial abstraction ratio (λ) indicate decreasing trend.  Relationships of CN and λ with rainfall depth (P) were also computed for both studied watersheds. According to the Piper diagram, the distribution of ions in the cation diagrams at both Maghsudbeik and Pasghaleh stations is generally more directed toward sodium. In the triangles of anions, both of the stations studied tend to show more calcium biocarbon content. Presence of sodium ion in the surface water is due to igneous formations in the watershed. The surface water in Pasghale station, indicate a neutral type of water. Whereas, saline water type is detected in the Maghsudbeik station. The increase of urban utilization over the past three decades could be the main cause of changes in the hydro chemical characteristics and water type along the Darband River. Investigation of land use changes in the Darband watershed indicate that the impervious surface has increased during years of 1996 to 2011. Results also indicate that the CN and λ values in Pas-ghale watershed are more correlated to Pin compared with ones observed in Tajrish. The results also reveal that hydrological modeling in watersheds undergoes land use changes and urbanization will result in imprecision results.  Many chemical parameters of the water quality of Darband River have been increasing at the Maghsudbeik station such as Chlorine, sulfate, sodium, electric conductivity and TDS and in the coming years, it can be considered inappropriate in terms of agriculture in the water class.   Keywords: Darband River, land cover and land use, Piper diagram, SCS-CN.    },  
Keywords = {Darband River, land cover and land use, Piper diagram, SCS-CN.},
volume = {6},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {95-110}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.6.1.6},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2739-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2739-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {SaberiLouyeh, Fardin and Alijani, Bohlol and Khaledi, Shahriar},  
title = {Caspian Sea south coast future climate change estimations through regional climate model}, 
abstract ={. Caspian Sea south coast future climate change estimations through regional climate model many physical of the procedures related to climate change are not perceived thoroughly. Scientific knowledge used to show those procedures completely, and to analyses forecasts is so complex, since most current studies about climate physical model have been done through semi experimental and random models and most of the current analysis techniques are still going through early stages. One of the important aspects of this study is modeling physical procedures of sea level rise geographical pattern, which is used practically for SLR threat evaluation of special geographical location, meaning Caspian basin. Since Caspian basin is a closed sea, it is heavily influenced by climate change and meanwhile is changing due to physical level and environmental change. It is necessary to define Caspian coast climate change possibility with specific focus on climatology and meteorology fine data, also to define the scale of sea level fluctuations for the sake of exact planning in different fields. This study aims at presenting a new dynamic method, via using an integrated model system named SIMCLIM, which can clarify SLR satellite changes well. According to scientific examination existing in this study, based on scatter scenario 4.5 RCP and 8.5 RCP for the following years, until 2100, temperature and precipitation change proposal have been presented. On one hand, Caspian coastal climate change analysis and estimation were based on climate patterns and water flows in the form of regional climate statistical model in order to simulate and forecast, on the other hand surveying chronological changes of Caspian sea coast slope with satellite height measurement was done to measure sea surface height fluctuations The present study has used SIMCLIM model for the first time in order to clarify Caspian sea level changes, elements, and effective climate reasons, all simultaneously in one project. The project base is according to coastal systems and procedures. Coast line shore change simulations are based in Bruun law. In future the frequency and intensity of extreme events temperature and precipitation will increase. Extreme events illustrate changes in extreme temperature and precipitation measures, in comparison with the base period of 1981-2010 which convey precipitation sum or the temperature beyond 95 percentile of base period. Temperature and precipitation coefficient of variation for the whole Caspian basin is positive and it varies from 25 to 88 percent. A disordered pattern is dominating south basin of the sea. Sea level changes, considering vertical earth movements, which is 2 mm in a year, resulted from subsidence of Caspian pit seabed have been obtained for both scenarios. In general, annual sea level average while ignoring seasonal changes, is increasing consistently and it was calculated 1.22 cm each year according to high estimation procedure in scenario 8.5 RCP and it was 0.93 cm based on scenario 4.5 RCP. Predicted results were compared with real results of base20-year period from 1995-2015. Base period results in three levels of sensitivity of low, mid, high shows 8.4, 10.1, and 11.8 cm rise; after comparing them with model forecast results, meaningful coordination at the level of 95 percent was found out. In both scenarios, all over the Caspian shoreline water advance and destruction will exist. In the worst case scenario of 8.5 RCP of 2030, current coast will decrease about 23 meters and in 2060 it will be about 53 and in 2100, there will be 117 meters advance towards land. Precipitation and temperature percent for 2030, 2060, 2100 will change increasingly. Spatial variability and annul coefficient of variation are various in different regions. North, western north, eastern north and east will include the least temperature fluctuations, and the highest percent of precipitation with the highest coefficient of variation all convey chronological period precipitation distribution with disordered accumulation and more local difference in this region in comparison with other regions. Then Caucasus mountainous region will have the highest increase in precipitation with a suitable scatteredness, during a year. The southern part of Caspian Sea will be with the highest increase in temperature and the least amount of increase in precipitation in percent. High coefficient of variation in this area illustrates abnormal and disordered pattern on the threshold of precipitation for both scenarios.  fluctuations in sea level based on subsidence of Caspian pit seabed was calculated.In general, average annual sea level is increasing which will be 1.22 cm, per year for scenario RCP 8.5 and 0.93 cm for scenario 4.5. Due to incapability of world community in decreasing releasing greenhouse gases, it is expected scenario that 8.5 RCP to come to reality.  Caspian Sea shoreline is influenced by water advance and destruction. The difference between two scenarios in 2060 will be 3 meters and in 2100 will be 12 meters. Instinctually, such advances in coasts with less depth and less slope will be more. This study suggests that coastal changes are inevitable. However, this region inhabitant owns no systems or no systems have not yet developed to aid them be able to adopt with the climate changes.   Keywords: Sea level rise, South Caspian basin, Extreme event, Coefficient of variations, shoreline.},  
Keywords = {Sea level rise, South Caspian basin, Extreme event, Coefficient of variations, shoreline.},
volume = {6},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {111-138}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.6.1.7},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2735-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2735-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {hasanzadeh, ali and ataei, hooshmand and parvin, nader and gandomkar, Amir},  
title = {Spring Frosts statistical - Synoptic Analysis  (Case Study: Kermanshah Province)}, 
abstract ={Agricultural crops have damaged a lot due to the aftermath of late spring frost, and because low temperatures have damaging effects on agricultural production, it is essential to anticipate and prevent potential damages. Often, atmospheric temperature variations are very urgent due to the high temperature of the systems and the plants cannot adapt themselves with severe oscillations and, have been damaged. The aim of this study was to analyze the climate of the spring frost in Kermanshah, identifying the sea level equations and the late spring freezing frost of the period from 1990 to 2015. This survey has been done to determine the period of the freezing phenomenon, determine the minimum daily temperature of 7 stations placed in Kermanshah,  Hamedan, and Ilam. After analyzing the data of spring frost freezing of Kermanshah province using the main component analysis technique and hierarchical clustering method, the most common 10 patterns of late spring coldness of the area were studied and determined. In 10 resulting cluster, 8 clusters were related to the high-pressure pattern of Siberia. From the total 91 days of spring frost freezing in Kermanshah province (79% (72 days)) is due to the high rainfall of Siberia, 12% (11 days)  is due to the Mediterranean climate and 9% (8 days) is due to the Van lake climate. These pressure patterns were named according to the location of their deposition, which caused the loss of the environment and the freezing frost of the spring.},  
Keywords = {Spring frosts, pattern Synoptic, factor analysis, Kermanshah, Comprehensive statistical analysis, 500 hp pattern},
volume = {6},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {139-158}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.6.1.8},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2807-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2807-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Hajipour, Mohammad and Riahi, Vahid and Hajipour, Golsar},  
title = {Capital Production and Environmental Damage of Iran Regions; with emphasis on the industry sector}, 
abstract ={Introduction  There are two questions with all programs and efforts to industry development in Iran: I) How much is rate of environmental hazard of industries in each Iran regions? II) How much is rate of capital production of industrial sector to environmental damages in regions of Iran?    Explanation and Interpretation of the Results In recent years (2009-13), despite a reduction in the number of industrial workshops in the country as a whole, pollution and ecological damage to industries had more than doubled in the past; On the other hand, industries has been more conflict with the environment increasingly in Iran and has led to the growth of human environment hazards with increase of damage to natural environment. Also, from a regional point of view, wherever more industry is not more damage to environment by industry necessarily. Factors such as “obsolete instruments in industry”, “low level of technology”, “insufficient skills and expertise of the activists in industry” and “Inattention of managers and industrialists to environmental health” has been causes damage growing to environment. Space pattern suggests industrial sector risks accumulated within South West of Iran. As well as according to spatial changes trend, the risks are drawn towards central regions of the country. Among the provinces, Markazi province has been damage most to environment than any one million riyals added value of industry sector activities. As well as provinces such as Mazandaran, Bushehr, Fars, Isfahan, Ardebil and West Azarbaijan has been next ranks. Finally, it can be concluded that the environment health is not important for capital production from industrial sector of in the regions.},  
Keywords = {Industry, Added Value, Environment, Hazard, Damage},
volume = {6},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {159-178}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.6.1.9},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2615-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2615-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Rostami, Noredin and Kazemi, Younes},  
title = {Flood hazard zoning in the Ilam city using AHP and GIS}, 
abstract ={Developing urbanization and changing hydrological conditions of natural streams increases the flooding risk. This study tries to do flood hazard zoning in the Ilam city and determine the critical area of the urban regions against flooding by using AHP method and GIS environment. For this purpose, the parameters of the curve number, height, distance from the river, geology, land use, population, slope, soil, building density, worn texture buildings and accumulated flow as effective parameters in flooding hazard in Ilam city selected and of these parameters weighted by using Expert Choice software. The result of the Expert Choice software is transferred to the environment of GIS software and flood hazard map of study area prepared. Results of the study and flood hazard map show that areas with very low-risk, low risk, intermediate-risk, high-risk and very high-risk form the 0.8%, 8.5%, 49.6%, 32.54% and 8.56% of the of Ilam city area, respectively. Also, the central area of the city has the highest risk and the probability of occurrence of the flood due to the high density of population and residential areas in this area and its proximity to the seasonal rivers and old part of the city. Therefore, by examining the results of Expert Choice software, it is possible to identify the most effective factors in the occurrence of flood risk and prioritize them to address management solutions to eliminate or mitigate the effects of these factors.},  
Keywords = {Flood Hazard Zoning, AHP, Expert Choice, GIS, Ilam.},
volume = {6},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {179-192}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.6.1.10},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2673-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2673-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Ghavidel, Yousef and Farajzadeh, Manouchehr and Ghahramani, Bashir},  
title = {The application of Extreme value analysis method in heat wave hazard climatology; case study in Mid-Southern Iran}, 
abstract ={The application of Extreme value analysis method in heat wave hazard climatology; case study in Mid-Southern Iran Abstract Greenhouse warming poses the main cause of atmospheric hazards’ exacerbation and emergence in recent years. Earth planet has been witnessing frequent and severe natural hazards from the distant past; however, global warming has strongly influenced the occurrence of some atmospheric hazards, especially the ones induced by temperature and has increased the frequency and severity of those risks. Such extreme risks arising from temperature element and being affected by global warming could be referred to hot days and their frequency more than one day which undergo heat waves. Of the studies conducted worldwide in conjunction with the phenomenon of heat waves, the following can be pointed out; Schär (2015) has focused his studies on the Persian Gulf and the worst heat waves expected in this area. The recent work revealed an upper limit of stability which enables the adaptability of human body with heat stress and humidity. If people are exposed to a combination of temperature and humidity over long periods higher than this level, they will lead to hyperthermia and death, because heat dissipation from the body is physically impossible. Paul and al-Tahrir (2015) using a high-resolution regional climate model demonstrated that such a situation can occur much earlier. In Iran, in relation to heat waves, Ghavidel (2013) analyzed climatic risk of Khuzestan province in 2000 regarding super heat waves using the clustering approach. The obtained results unveiled the establishment of a low pressure at ground level and high pressure dominance at mid-altitudes up to 500 hp as well as the increase in atmosphere thickness having led to the ground overheating. Added to that, the source of heat entering into Khuzestan is advective and hot and dry air transport through Arabian Peninsula, Iraq and Africa. Ghavidel and Rezai (2014) addressed in a study to determine the temperature-related threshold and analyze the synoptic patterns of super heat temperatures in southeast region of Iran; the results of study approved that the only pattern effective on the occurrence of super heat days in Iran’s southeast is the establishment of the Grange’s heat low-pressure at ground level and subtropical Azores high elevation dominance at 500 hPa level. In this study, absolute statistical indicators, also recognized as above-threshold values approach, were used in order to identify, classify and heat waves synoptic analysis in the warm period of the year in the southern half of Iran. To use above-mentioned indicators, firstly daily maximum temperature statistics of studied stations with the highest periods were averaged every day once in June to September and once for the months of July and September. Using statistical indicators of long-term mean and standard deviation or base period, indicators would be defined for the classification of heat waves and days with peak extreme temperatures. In such classifications, usually long-term average or base period is multiplied by 1 to 3 to 4 times standard deviation and each time is account for the factor of each class. To select the days for synoptic analysis, averaging was performed of all classified waves into four heat wave categories of low, intermediate, strong and super heat; accordingly based on the maximum blocks in each class of heat waves, days that had the highest temperature values were selected as the class representative for mapping and synoptic analysis. This study dealt with investigating heat waves synoptic during the year’s warm period in the southern half of Iran. Studies showed that a variety of synoptic systems in the year’s warm period affect the study area. As well as, synoptic analyses concluded that in the southern half of Iran over the year’s warm period when occurring heat waves, low-pressure status dominates the ground level (caused by Gang’s low-pressure and local radiant mode); thus high-pressure status with closed curves is prevailing in atmosphere’s upper levels that gives rise to the divergence, air fall and Earth's surface heating. Studying the status of the atmosphere thickness in the days with the heat wave in the study area indicates its high altitude and thickness that this itself implies the existence of very hot air and susceptibility of the conditions for the occurrence of heat waves. In addition, wind maps at atmosphere’s different levels well illustrate the wind of very warm and hot air masses from the surrounding areas to the southern part of Iran; therefore it can be noted that aforementioned hot air masses mainly wind from places like different regions of the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, North Africa and the low latitudes to the study area.   Keywords: Synoptic analysis, heat waves, maximum blocks, southern half of Iran.      },  
Keywords = {Synoptic analysis, heat waves, maximum blocks, southern half of Iran},
volume = {6},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {1-17}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.6.2.1},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2609-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2609-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Jahani, Ali},  
title = {Risks assessment of forest project implementation in spatial density changes of forest under canopy vegetation using artificial neural network modeling approach}, 
abstract ={Risks assessment of forest project implementation in spatial density changes of forest under canopy vegetation using artificial neural network modeling approach   Nowadays, environmental risk assessment has been defined as one of the effective in environmental planning and policy making. Considering the position and structure of vegetation on the forest floor, the main role of forest under canopy vegetation cover can be noted in attracting and preventing runoff in the forest floor and reducing subsequent environmental risks. The purpose of this article is forest under canopy vegetation density changes modeling considering forest ecosystem structure and forest management activities as an environmental risk. The main objectives of this study were to: (1) model forest under canopy vegetation density in forest ecosystem to elucidate the ecological and management factors affecting on under canopy vegetation density; (2) prioritize the impacts of model inputs (ecological and management factors) on under canopy vegetation density using model sensitivity analysis and (3) determining the trend model output changes in respond to model variables changes. In this study, Land Management Units (LMUs) were formed in the region considering ecological characteristics of land. LMUs were mapped out based on Ian McHarg’s overlay technique by ARC GIS 9.3 software. Ecological factor classes of an LMU differ from ecological factor classes of adjacent LMUs (at least in one ecological factor class). The following types of data were solicited for each LMU: (1) Ecological variables: Altitude or elevation (El), Slope (Sl), Aspect (As), soil depth (SD), Soil Drainage (SDr),Soil Erosion (SE), Precitipation (Pr), Temprature (Te), trees Diameter at Breast Height (DBH), Canopy Cover (CC), and forest Regeneration Cover (RC). (2) Management variables: Cattle Density (CD), Animal husbandry Dsitance (AD), Road Dsitance (RD), Trail Dsitance (TD), logs Depot Dsitance (DD), Soil Compaction (SC), Torist impacts (To), Skidding impacts (Sk), Logging impacts (Lo), Harvested trees volume (Ha), artificial Regeneration (Re) and Seed Planting (SP). (3) Forest under canopy vegetation density: The percentage of under canopy vegetation density in each LMU was estimated by systematic random sampling method. In each LMU, a one square meter sample was taken. The average percentage of under canopy vegetation density in sample units of each LMU was calculated and used in the modeling process. ANN learns by examples and it can combine a large number of variables. In this study, an ANN is considered as a computer program capable of learning from samples, without requiring a prior knowledge of the relationships between parameters. To objectively evaluate the performance of the network, four different statistical indicators were used. These indicators are Mean-Squared Error (MSE), Root Mean-Squared Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and coefficient of determination (R2). Various MLFNs were designed and trained as one and two layers to find an optimal model prediction for the under canopy vegetation density and variables. Training procedure of the networks was as follows: different hidden layer neurons and arrangements were adapted to select the best production results. Altogether, many configurations with different number of hidden layers (varied between one and two), different number of neurons for each of the hidden layers, and different inter-unit connection mechanisms were designed and tested. In this research, 129 LMUs were totally selected, then ecological and management variables were recorded in them. In the structure of artificial neural network, ecological and management variables were tagged as inputs of artificial neural network and the percentage of under canopy vegetation density was tagged as output layer. Considering trained networks (the structure of optimum artificial neural network has been summarized in Table1), Multilayer Perceptron network with one hidden layer and 4 neurons in each hidden layer created the best function of topology optimization with higher coefficient of determination of test data (which equals 0.857) and the lowest MSE and MAE (which are 0.866 and 0.736 respectively). Considering the results of sensitivity analysis, ecological and management variables like the forest canopy density, cattle density in forest, soil erosion and soil compaction respectively show the highest impact on forest under canopy vegetation density changes (Fig1).   Table1. The structure of optimum artificial neural network in forest under canopy vegetation density Output Layer First Hidden Layer Network features Linear Hyperbolic tangent Transmission Layer Gradient descent Gradient descent Optimization Algorithm 0.7 0.7 Momentum 1 4 Number of Neurons -0.9 up to 0.9 -0.9 up to 0.9 Normalization    Table2. The structure of optimum artificial neural network in test data MSE MAE RMSE R2 Data The structure of network( the number of neurons)-epoch 0.716 0.678 0.846 0.931 Trainning Tanh(4)-160 0.793 0.703 0.891 0.894 Validation 0.866 0.736 0.931 0.857 Test     Fig1. The results of sensitivity analysis of artificial neural network model   Nowadays, artificial neural network modeling in natural environments has been applied successfully in many researches such as water resources management, forest sciences and environment assessment. The results of research declared that designed neural network shows high capability in forest under canopy vegetation density modeling which is applicable in forest management of studied area. Sensitivity analysis identified the most effective variables which are influencing under canopy vegetation density. So, to identify hazardous LMUs in study area, we should pay attention to the canopy density of LMUs as the variable with high priority in determination of under canopy vegetation density. We believe that, in hazardous LMUs in forests, we should pay attention to some modifiable factors of LMU, which is cattle density in forest, by timely plan for livestock elimination. The forest under canopy vegetation density assessment model, in forest projects impact assessment, could be a solution in decision making about forest plan structure and implementation of similar projects in similar locations.    Keywords: Forest plan, Environmental impact assessment, Multilayer perceptron, under canopy vegetation, artificial neural network  },  
Keywords = {Artificial neural network, Environmental impact assessment, Multilayer perceptron, Sensitivity analysis, Under canopy vegetation},
volume = {6},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {21-34}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.6.2.21},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2682-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2682-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {NedaeTousi, Sahar and HosseiniNejad, Roz},  
title = {Regional Resiliency Measurement Framework and Spatial Planning Approaches, Case Study: Central Region Of Iran}, 
abstract ={Resilience, as a concept to confront abnormalities, surprises and unexpected changes in recent years has been raised as the ability of places, societies, and systems to respond to the dangers of tensions and pressures; so that the system can quickly return to pre-stressed situation, threats It accepts the future and confronts them. Central region of Iran according to the zoning studies of the national physical plan of Iran, including three provinces of Isfahan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari and Yazd, in a desert climate with many crises in the permafrost environment that has disturbed the state of resilience of the region, and as a result the scheme and target application regional resilience on policy and planning to reduce vulnerability and to cope with various trans-regional crises. Despite the fact that the concept of resilience at the level beyond the city has become apparent, there is still no clear framework for measuring this situation at the regional level. Based on this research, it is believed by the trans-regional and multi-dimensional nature of the resilience that by modifying and applying the concept of resilience to the integrated and multi-dimensional at the regional level, an appropriate framework for status measurement regional resilience in the form of a composite index and thereby risk reduction planning and promoting the resilience of the presentation To give. In this regard, the major purpose of the research is to develop an optimal framework for assessing, measuring and ranking the resilience situation in the central region of Iran. The results show that Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province have the highest resilience and then there are two provinces of Isfahan and Yazd, respectively. In the meantime, Yazd province has the lowest resilience among the provinces of the central region; therefore, it is necessary to focus on planning and allocating resources to promote and improve priority sectors. Responding to resilience agendas requires the adoption of transregional planning and decision-making approaches such as environmental regionalism.},  
Keywords = {Regional Resiliency, Regional Resiliency Composite Index, Bench-marking, Environmental Regionalism, Central Region of Iran},
volume = {6},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {35-52}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.6.2.35},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2816-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2816-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Rayegani, Behz},  
title = {Investigating the threats of mangrove forests with the help of remotely sensed data}, 
abstract ={Investigating the threats of mangrove forests with the help of remotely sensed data   Behzad Rayegani: Assistant Professor of College of Environment, Department of Environment     Mangroves are a group of trees and shrubs that live in the coastal intertidal zone. Mangrove forests are very important because they are known as natural heritage and crucial in protecting coastal ecosystems. Mangrove forests stabilize the coastline, reducing erosion from storm surges, currents, waves, and tides. The intricate root system of mangroves also makes these forests attractive to fish and other organisms seeking food and shelter from predators. So, they are ideal places to support the elements of seafood networks. However, these forests are in danger of degradation because of rapid population growth, poor planning and unsustainable economic development. In the process of regenerating an ecosystem, it is necessary to identify the precursors of the threat, to consider the means to eliminate these threats. Therefore, identifying the threatening factors of the mangrove forest ecosystem is the first step in the restoration and protection of the ecosystem. This study aims to investigate the change and the destruction in Mangrove forests and to identify threatening forces in the Hara Protected Area. Remote sensing is now widely used in studies of ecosystem changes because its information is available for the past, and there are many highly-developed techniques for change detection through remote sensing. Therefore, in order to identify the threatening factors of mangrove forests, remote sensing techniques were used to identify changed areas during a 15-year period. Images of ETM+ and OLI sensor from 2001 to 2015 were collected in the Hara Protected Area (Khorekhoran International Wetland). Given that we have used the multiple-date remote sensor data in this study, it was necessary to use absolute atmospheric correction methods for radiometric harmonization of data. So, with the aid of the ERDAS IMAGINE 2014 software, the Atmospheric and Topographic Correction (ATCOR) model was applied to all data. Subsequently, due to the difference in radiometric resolution of the OLI sensor with the ETM+ sensor, the output of ATCOR of both sensors was stretched into 8-bit data in order to eliminate the existing divergence in radiometric resolution. Also, based on spatial information, one of the image of OLI sensor at the current time was corrected geometrically, and then other images were registered to this image to eliminate geometric errors. There are many ways to detect changes with the help of remote sensing data, but we used two widely used techniques in this study: 1) post-classification comparison; 2) Change detection techniques of Algebra. Totally four different change detection methods were applied to these images. Change detection techniques of Algebra image method include image difference, image ratio, regression and post-classification comparison were used. At first, with the knowledge of the studied area, by combining the two supervised and unsupervised classification (hybrid method), the pixels that were known as mangrove forests were identified in both time periods of study. Then pixels with decreasing trend were determined by post-classification comparison method. From the image of the mangrove forests with the logic of Boolean (OR), a mask of mangrove was obtained, which showed the areas of mangroves during the two periods. This mask was used to make the second group of methods for determining changes (Algebra method) applied to the data. By doing this, in all algebra methods, the histogram showed the normal distribution. Finally, the vegetation spectral indices were applied to the data and their coefficient of variation was obtained in the Boolean mask area. Among these indices, NDVI showed better performance, so the algebra operation was used for this index. Accordingly, areas with decrease, increase and no change trends were visited and then overall accuracy and kappa coefficients were determined. The results showed that the method of post classification comparison has the highest accuracy in the monitoring of vegetation changes in mangrove forests. This method with a total accuracy of over 93% and a kappa of more than 0.9 showed the highest accuracy in the detection methods of the changes, therefore, in the final examination and prioritization of the regions, this method was used. The surveys showed that the smuggling of fuel due to pour gasoline into the water and camel grazing are the most important destructive factors in the mangrove forest. After determining the rate degradation in four regions, these regions were ranked in order to carry out reclamation and restoration projects. In the case of intelligent use of the capabilities of remote sensing, one can easily identify the threatening factors of an ecosystem. In the case of mangroves, the only limiting factor is tidal conditions. It is therefore recommended that, as in this study, images are chosen to determine the changes that are in a same tidal state     Keywords: Remotely Sensed change detection, Image Algebra Change Detection, Post-classification comparison, Determination of thresholds        },  
Keywords = {Remotely Sensed change detection, Image Algebra Change Detection, Post-classification comparison, Determination of thresholds },
volume = {6},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {53-68}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.6.2.53},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2754-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2754-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Tavakolinia, Jamileh and Mehrabi, Alireza and Allahyari, Ehs},  
title = {Urban Vulnerability Assessment With Passive Defense Approach (Case study: District 20 of Tehran City)}, 
abstract ={Today, air strike on installations and urban areas, is normal. As such, vulnerability assessment cities and provide the right solution for harm reduction is essential. The purpose of this investigation was to identify factors causing damage in the district of twenty in Tehran. The research method is descriptive-analytic and Data collection is library and field. Data analysis is based on using Ahp and GIS. Results show, In the district twenty , There are three zones vulnerable. Including, The old Central, The high-density Dolatabad and sizdah aban neighborhood. These zones are 34 percent of the land. The reason of it is Poor physical structure. Statistical Society is Twenty district in Tehran. Sample size is 384 people of residents of the district. Because, in this area there are strategic factors, is An important part of the tehran city. in the end, are provided The right solution of Reducing vulnerability.},  
Keywords = {Analytic hierarchy process, Analyst weighted overlay, District 20 of Tehran city, Geographic Information System, Passive Defense.},
volume = {6},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {69-88}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.6.2.69},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2676-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2676-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {porahmad, ahmad and Hataminezhad, Hossein and Ziyari, Keramatollah and alijani, seaideh},  
title = {A new Approach of Urban livability in Tehran: Thermal Comfort as a Primitive Condition to Enhance the Quality. Case study, District 22}, 
abstract ={A new Approach to Urban livability, Thermal Comfort as the Primitive Condition to enhance the livability: Case study, District 22 of Tehran.     Ahmad Porahmad: Professor of Urban Geography and Planning, University of Tehran Hossain Hataminezhad: Professor of Urban Geography and Planning, University of Tehran keramatollah Ziyari: Professor of Urban Geography and Planning, University of Tehran Saeideh Alijani*: PhD candidate of Urban Geography and Planning, University of Tehran   The concept of urban livability is defined as the quality of life and wellbeing of urban residents. That is the interaction of people, environment and built environment. The residents can achieve happy life and well-being only when the nature surrounding them is happy and healthy. According to the range of welfare concept there is a spectrum of quantitative indicators that directly measure (human body temperature, heart rate, air temperature, wind speed ...) and qualitative indicators such as quality of life, pleasure and joy. The comfort and ease of environment are in the middle of the spectrum, in other words, the intrinsic concept of ambient comfort is environment. The inadequacy of natural environment will affect both indicators in the spectrum and lead to citizens' dissatisfaction and decline in social welfare and threaten the health of humans. Living in a salty marsh or very dry hot climate is never happy and satisfied. Accordingly, many concepts such as living quality, living environment, and quality of place, quality of life and sustainability are often used interchangeably with livability).          This research is trying to weight the natural environment at least equal to the other two components of the sustainable development triangle. Among the components of natural environment, climate is playing the most important and significant role. Urban climate affects all aspects of city including building interiors, city architecture and open spaces. Thermal comfort of open spaces promote the social life and interrelations of residents. Therefore, in order to promote the social relations and economic activities especial consideration should be paid to open spaces. Accordingly, two types of data were measured for calculating the thermal comfort in the district 22. Subjective and objective evaluations which present qualitative and quantitative data. Objective data includes micrometeorological measurements with mobile instruments. Subjective data evaluated actual sensation vote or perception vote of thermal comfort by people using the urban open spaces. To this goal, questionnaires were prepared and scattered through space users simultaneously with micrometeorological measurements. Subjective data evaluated perceptual sensation vote of thermal comfort by people using the urban open spaces in three hot days of August 2018. Nine points are selected for site measuring and field survey which are representative of two types of urban open spaces in this research:1) Urban park and 2) street. Four cardinal points were chosen adjacent to the Shohadaye Khalije Fars Lake inside the park located in sidewalk pathway around the Lake.  Other five points were selected in streets with different orientation and aspect ratio through the district. The physiologically equivalent temperature (PET), mean radiant temperature (Tmrt), sky view factor (SVF) and aspect ratio (H/W) are the most important indicators in this research which were calculated for evaluating comfort in the district.       Results showed that urban open spaces in the district are discomfort and expose people to the extreme heat stress; over 40°C. This determines that, the natural environment especially around the Shohadaye Khalije Fars is not comfort. The questionnaire also indicated that people felt warm and dissatisfied.         There is a high linear correlation between thermal comfort and mean radiant temperature and globe temperature. Therefore, it is concluded that thermal comfort in the district, is directly affected by urban areas.  Also in the streets with low SVF and high aspect ratio, PET were calculated more comfortable than other streets. Point 5 at Naghibzade street, confirmed the effect of urban geometry on thermal comfort. Otherwise, the lack of tremendous trees for creating shade is visible especially around the lake. The high linear correlation between Tmrt and SVF around the lake confirmed the openness of the area and the high amount of solar radiation. Therefore, planting more trees for creating the shade effect is necessary.          The perceptual analysis of thermal comfort indicated that by increasing of PET, people felt warmer. However, in a city like Tehran, people are more resistance to the heat stress. In addition, the characteristics of human body strongly depends on psychology and individual features and is a hard issue to predict. Otherwise, the people who felt warm were more than those felt slightly warm which indicates dissatisfaction of people. To be noticed that, thermal comfort of above 40 °C in summer is an alarm to urban planner and designers to rethink about climate consideration and global warming as a most important urban challenge in the district seriously. Besides, the consideration of thermal comfort and urban geometry should be imbedded into the comprehensive plan. This research proved that the climatic consideration for improving the quality of life and livability is important and urban designers and planners should rethink and review the comprehensive plan of Tehran to make a livable and sustainable city in the future. Keywords: urban livability, climate comfort, sustainable development, urban sustainability, urban geometry, physiologically equivalent temperature, district 22 of Tehran.                },  
Keywords = {urban livability, thermal comfort, physiologically equivalent temperature (PET), mean radiant temperature (Tmrt), urban geometry, District 22},
volume = {6},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {89-110}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.6.2.89},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2955-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2955-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {savari, moslem},  
title = {Modeling Drought Effects on Sustainable Livelihoods of Small Scale Farmers in Rural Settlements of Kurdistan Province}, 
abstract ={Modeling Drought Effects on Sustainable Livelihoods of Small Scale Farmers in Rural Settlements of Kurdistan Province 1. Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Khuzestan Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University 2. Professor at Department of Agricultural Management and Development at University of Tehran 3. Professor at Department of Agricultural Management and Development at University of Tehran 4. Professor at Department of Agricultural Management and Development at University of Tehran   Vulnerability and adaptation to climate change are local and context-specific, though connected to complex processes at multiple temporal and spatial scales. As such, there is a growing awareness that place-based studies of current and past responses to climatic stress can shed light on the capacity of a given system to respond to future climate change. There is also a growing appreciation of the importance of institutions—formal and informal—in shaping adaptation strategies and mediating the adaptive capacity of households and communities. While rural resource-dependent communities have historically coped with climatic fluctuations, whether such coping mechanisms are still successful today, and will be in the future, depends on the structure of supporting institutions and the way in which they mediate access to entitlements.  Indeed, most social–ecological systems have undergone dramatic change in the last century due to climatic, landscape, and institutional shifts. Because coping mechanisms are developed in relation to particular landscapes, livelihoods, and institutions, social and ecological changes have altered relations across these elements, impacting the effectiveness of particular coping strategies. For instance, pastoralists have historically deployed a suite of coping mechanisms in response to the highly variable climate of semi-arid and arid landscapes. Yet, these capacities may be increasingly compromised in the rangelands of East Africa due to increasing exposure to climate extremes, such as flood and drought and shifting institutional environments. The mechanisms that pastoralists in East Africa historically utilized to cope with climate variability were part of a tightly coupled system where livelihoods, institutions, and landscapes were mutually reinforcing. Pastoralists’ livelihoods were co-produced with a savanna mosaic landscape managed as a common property system by formal and informal customary institutions. Farmers frequently cope with risks due to the uncertainty of climatic conditions .Population growth,  changes in agricultural policies, environmental regulations and the degradation of natural resources such as soil and water also present farmers with numerous challenges. Although farmers have experience in coping with a certain degree of uncertainty, increased climate variability and changes may cause severe problems. Drought in particular is a climatic disaster that creates substantial costs for farmers and affects their agricultural systems extensively. Drought is the most complex of all natural hazards . making the arid and semi-arid regions of the world vulnerable. Although drought has not been well documented ,  the resource-dependent sectors such as agriculture are the most vulnerable to the impact of this phenomenon. A review of the long-term annual precipitation trends indicated that drought had a worldwide return frequency of every 20e30 years .  However, in the last 50 years, some countries such as Iran and Bangladesh have experienced approximately 27 and 19  drought events, respectively. Therefore, for arid and semiarid regions, drought is a recurrent feature that could lead to the loss of crop production, food shortages and starvation  if not managed appropriately. According todrought impacts could be managed at macro (national), mesa (local) and micro (village and household) levels. However, the micro-level management (i.e., what the farmers do in response to drought) is of great importance. A review of the studies of farmers’ decision-making in response to climate variability revealed that most research has focused on the decision event and not on the entire process. The main Purpose of this study was to modeling drought effects drought effects on sustainable livelihoods of small scale farmers in rural settlements. Statistical population of this study consisted of all Small-Scale Farming in Kurdistan province. Using Kerjcie & Morgan sampling table, 402 person were selected as the sample using stratified proportional sampling method. The instrument of the study was a questionnaire which its validity was confirmed by a Content validity and construct validity and its reliability was established by calculating Chronbach's Alpha and Combined reliability Coefficient (α>0.7).  The results of Man- Kendall test showed that the level of aquatic and dry crops, along with the amount of crop production, has increased over time but there is no statistically significant effect on dry production. Also, the results showed that in the economic aspect, the greatest impact on distribution of income and living expenses, in the social dimension, on location affiliation and security and social welfare, the environmental dimension has had an impact on environmental pollution and land resources and on institutional aspects more on the cooperation and participation of the people. In addition, the results of structural equation modeling showed that drought had the most impact on sustainability livelihood dimensions, respectively, on social, environmental, economic and institutional dimensions. Keywords Sustainable livelihood, drought, small scale farmers, rural settlements, Kurdistan province      },  
Keywords = {Sustainable livelihood, drought, small scale farmers, rural settlements, Kurdistan province},
volume = {6},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {111-128}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.6.2.111},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2829-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2829-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {ghorbani, hamid and vali, abbas ali and zarepour, hadi},  
title = {Analysis of the Climatological Drought Trend Variations Using Mann-Kendall, Sen and Pettitt Tests in Isfahan Province}, 
abstract ={Drought is one of the most complex and unknown natural phenomena that causes a periodic water crisis in the affected areas. Increasing water demand on the one hand and the experience of droughts in the province in recent years have led to the water crisis. Knowing the drought is one of the requirements for water crisis management. The purpose of this study was to analyze the trend of the SPI drought index in Isfahan province using nonparametric Sen’s slope test, Pettitt’s change point test and Man-Kendall test. From the monthly climatic data of 10 synoptic stations with a length of 27 years (1990-2017) for time series    The results of applying  Mann–Kendall  and  Sen’s slope tests based on SPI Index for  9, 12, 18, 24 and 48 month time periods, shows drought trend is significantly increasing for all stations out of Ardestan, Esfahan and  Shahreza  stations. In Ardestan station, the drought trend is significantly decreasing for 9, 12, 18, 24 and 48   month time periods and in Isahan station, the drought trend is significantly decreasing for only 48 month time period, and in Shahreza statition, the drought trend is significantly increasingonly for only 18 month time period.   Despite all stations, the drought trend for one month time period, is significantly increasing just  for Naein station.    In addition, applying Mann–Kendall test  on monthly rainfall for all station  shows downward but  not significant trend.    Finally, applying Pettitt’s change point test based on SPI  Index  for 9, 12, 18, 24 and 48   month time periods indicates  the existence of a  significant change point. For same periods we observe  no change point for the monthly rainfall  in all stations.    In summation, considering the SPI drought index, about 59% of  all stations show significant downward trend bases on Mann-Kendall test and 60% of  all stations show significant slope  based on Sen's slope test and 75% of  all stations show significant change point based on Pettitt's test. In general, for drought analysis using different time periods for the SPI index, in a short time period. (such as 6 months) drought is more frequent but shorter, and as the period increases the duration of drought also increases but frequency decreases. All together, we are facing  a water crisis in Isfahan province and  we must manage water demand  very urgently.},  
Keywords = {Drought, Isfahan Province, Mann-Kendall Test, Pettitt’s Change point Test, Sen’s Slope Test, Standard Precipitation Index, Trend Analysis.},
volume = {6},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {129-146}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.6.2.129},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2889-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2889-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {hosseinekhah, hossein and Zarrabi, Asghar},  
title = {Role combination mode Decision WASPAS in Identify areas Seismic(Case study: township Bahmaei)}, 
abstract ={     Role mode combination decision Waspas in Identify zoning Seismic  (Case study: Population center, township Bahmaei in Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad province) Hossein,Hosseinekhah[1], Asghar Zarrabi [2], Hamid Reza Varsi[3]   According placement Country of iran On the belt earthquake Alpine - Himalayas and Placement Partial of Iran Plateau Between two pages of Saudi Arabia (south) And Eurasia (north) And consequently the existence of active faults And the existence of seismic point And most importantly, record high intensity earthquakes, Etc in the township of Bahmei, in The present study will try, with Using the WASPA model, Identified and reviewed The Seismic zones. The main purpose of this study is Identify and zoning Earthquake risk in township Bahmaei and Secondary objectives research: - Review and Assessment City Likak against earthquake risk. - Identify and zoning district township Bahmaei against the danger of earthquakes. - provide strategies to Reduce Damage and and physical and financial vulnerabilities of citizens. According the nature of the subject and research objectives, Research Methodology Based on descriptive – analytical and functional. Collect dates provided in two part, weights and layers of information, based on Documentary method and using satellite images, Mapping organization, USGS organization. The statistical population of the research, the entire limits township Bahmaei based on dividing the national. Indicators used in the study, 10 key indicators, including Active faults, seismic areas, rivers, urban and rural settlements, the elevation, slope and more. To collect data Of the America Geological organization, National mapping organization, Satellite imagery and as well as to review and analyze data used is of ARC GIS software and Wapas model. Results of the research show that from area 1245 square kilometers of Bahmei Township, there are 252.228 square kilometers, equivalent to 20 percent of the Township in an unsafe zone. 149 square kilometers equivalent to 12 percent is in the high risk zone and 167 square kilometers, equivalent to 13 percent in area with the high-risk. Also, of the area of 1245 square kilometers in the Township of Bahmei 386 square kilometers, equivalent to 31 percent is in the zone with low risk of the earthquake. The final weights achieved by each Propeller (weaknesses, strengths, opportunities and threats) in a separate and individual weighting with one another, have dominance of the dominating role of the matrix threat. Results Research shows, 252 square kilometers, equivalent to 40 perecnt of Bahmaei township in zone safe, 386 square kilometers in the zone with low-risk, 289 square kilometers of the township In the zone with middle danger, 149 square kilometers of the township Equivalent with 12 percent of the township In zone with high risk and 167 square kilometers, equivalent to 13 percent is in the zone whit high-risk of ​​the earthquake The city Likak as Bahmaei township center is in zone with low very risk Compared to the risk of earthquakes. Also The results showed The 160 sq. Km  of The central part of township Equivalent to 18 percent in zone with low-risk And 137 square kilometers, equivalent to %15 in zone whit high risk and 15 percent of central city The zone have very high hazard. Also the results showed of area 506 square kilometers Section Garmsar, 30 percent in the zone safe, %44 in the zone with low risk and 6 percent is in zone with the very high risk. The also results showed that 15 villages and villages (6%) are very vulnerable, 20 villages (8.43%) are in high danger zones and 112 villages are in zone with low risk. Keywords: Waspas model, earthquake, Likak city, township Bahmae.    },  
Keywords = {Waspas model, Vulnerability, earthquake, Likak town, township Bahmae},
volume = {6},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {147-164}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.6.2.147},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2660-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2660-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {darabishahmari, sahar and saffari, amir},  
title = {Landslide susceptibility mapping of Dalahoo Mountains using index of Entropy and Logistic Regression model}, 
abstract ={Landslide susceptibility mapping is  essential for  land use  planning and decision-making especially in  the mountainous areas. The main objective of this  study is to produce landslide susceptibility maps (LSM) at Dalahoo basin, Iran  using two statistical models such as an  index of entropy and Logistic Regression and to compare the  obtained results. At the  first stage, landslide locations identified by Natural Resources Department of Kermanshah Province is used to prepare of LSM map. Of the 29 lanslides identified, 21 (≈ 70%) locations were used for the landslide susceptibility maps, while the remaining 8 (≈ 30%) cases were used for the model validation. The landslide conditioning factors such as slope degree, slope aspect, altitude, lithology, distance to faults, distance to rivers, distance to roads, land use, and  lithology  were extracted from the spatial database. Using these factors,  landslide susceptibility and weights of each factor were analyzed by index of entropy and Logistic Regression models. Finally, the ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curves for landslide susceptibility maps were drawn and  the areas under the curve (AUC) were calculated. The verification results showed that the index of entropy model (AUC = 86.08%) performed slightly better than conditional probability (AUC = 80. 13%) model. The produced susceptibility maps can be useful for general land use  planning in the Dalahoo basin, Iran.},  
Keywords = {Keywords: Landslide, Index of Entropy model, Logistic Regression model, Dalahoo},
volume = {6},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {165-180}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.6.2.165},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2401-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2401-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {SalehpourJam, Amin and Mosaffaie, Jamal and Tabatabaei, Mahmoudrez},  
title = {Investigation of Pedological criterion Affecting on Desertification in Alluvial Fans Using Nonparametric Tests, Case Study: South of Rude-Shoor Watershed Area}, 
abstract ={Investigation of desertification trend needs an understanding phenomena creating changes singly or action and reaction together in the manner that these changes end up in land degradation and desertification. In the investigation of pedological criterion affecting on land degradation in alluvial fans, first, maps of slope classes, land use and geology were created, then a map of units was founded by overlaying and crossing these maps and grid layer created by extension of ET GeoWizards in ArcGIS 10.3 software. In this research three indices of erodibility, salinity and permeability of soil were considered, finally according to the seven level scales, each of them was shown as the classified map. In this research, nonparametric methods of Friedman and Kendalls' W rank tests were used to prioritize the options, in the manner that after defining crisp numbers in seven level scales, the rank means were calculated. The rank means obtained from Friedman and Kendalls' W rank tests alter from 7/00 to 17/33. Obtained results from the nonparametric methods showed that 74/18 % (4245/77 ha) and 25/82 % (1477/67 ha) of the area were classified into two classes of medium and very heigh desertification potential, respectively. The results also showed that the youngest and old gravel fans of the area have desertification potential of very high (798/75 ha) and low (152/23 ha), respectively.},  
Keywords = {Erodibility, Salinity, Permeability, Prioritization, Friedman test, Kendalls' W test},
volume = {6},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {1-14}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.6.3.1},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2626-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2626-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {javanbakht, mohammad and hoseini, hosei},  
title = {Analytical study on the network of transmission lines vulnerability in Khorasan Razavi province against earthquake}, 
abstract ={Abstract Introduction Vulnerability is the limitation of a society to a risk and to dominate it for all physical, economic, social and political factors, which adversely affects the ability of the community to respond to those events. An earthquake is a natural phenomenon that will be irreversibly damaged. It has caused severe humanitarian earthquakes in the minds of a compilation of an infrastructure program to reduce the risks and damage caused by it. The country's geostationary characteristics have suggested earthquakes as one of the most destructive factors in the destruction of human life. Historical surveys show that vast areas of our country suffered financial and financial losses due to this natural disaster. According to the United Nations, in 2003, Iran ranked first in the number of earthquakes with a high intensity of 5.5 millimeters among the countries of the world. Earthquake is a natural hazard that often causes too many losses and casualties. Iran is  country with a lot of earthquakes and  and Khorasan Razavi province which is studied in this study also experiences a large number of this natural hazard and 71% of the surface area of this province is in the range of medium, high and too high hazard of earthquake. One of the important sectors in which the effect of the earthquake damage very large is power transmission lines. Transmission of oil and gas products by pipelines is one of the most appropriate, inexpensive, fast and reliable methods. These lines are mostly buried in terms of safety and social considerations. In engineering collections, such structures are considered as vital arteries. Due to the fact that pipelines are spreading widely, therefore, due to the vulnerability of the transmission lines, it can damage the economy of the country.   Methodology  In this study the vulnerability of the network lines of power transmission of Khorasan Razavi province against earthquake were studied.  The aim of the present study was applicable and method of study was descriptive-analytic. To prepare a map of the extent of the vulnerability, the fuzzy gamma method was used. Effective parameters for this research include proximity to a fault line, geological structure, land slope, population density of urban and rural areas, distance from the communication lines. One of the most important fuzzy operators for overlapping indices is the GAMMA operator. Gamma operator is the general mode of multiplication and addition operators.    },  
Keywords = {vulnerability, Khorasan Razavi, Power transmission lines, gamma fuzzy},
volume = {6},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {15-26}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.6.3.15},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2762-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2762-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Fahiminezhad, Elham and Baaghide, M ohammag and Babaeian, Iman and Entezari, Alirez},  
title = {Simulation of the effect of global warming on the mean and extreme events of some hydrochemical variables in Shandiz catchment basin Case study: The Case of the general circulation model CanESM2}, 
abstract ={Changes in the mean and the extreme values of hydroclimatic variables are two prominent features of the future climate. Therefore, simulating the climatic behavior of Shandiz catchment area, an important tourist area in the northeast of the country, will play an important role in identifying the climate condition and potential vulnerability of these areas in the coming decades of climate change. In this study, we will evaluate the effects of climate change on extreme values of the basin micro scaling precipitation and temperature in CanESM2 model using SDSM model and simulating runoff with SWAT model in future decades. To achieve this goal, the daily temperature and precipitation statistics of the 30 statistical years (1961-1990) of Mashhad synoptic station have been used. The data of the CanESM2 general circulation model under RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios are also used to predict precipitation, the minimum and maximum temperature for 2041 to 2100. According to the results, the annual precipitation rises 37 to 54 percent from 2041 to2070 compared to the observation period, and the increase in rainfall of the 2071-2100 rises 52 to 66 percent. Precipitation extreme values, the mean of maximum and minimum temperatures in future periods in all seasons of Mashhad station will increase compared to the observation period (1961-1990).In future decades, the average maximum temperature in Mashhad will increase from 4.6 to 0.65 degrees Celsius and the average minimum temperature will increase 53/1 to 22/4. By introducing micro scaled time series of the maximum temperature, temperature, and micro scaled precipitation by SDSM model to SWAT model, the monthly time series of Shandiz watershed runoff at Sarasiab Station was simulated for the two periods of 2041-2070 and 2071-2100 under three distribution scenarios of RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. For this purpose, first, the model was calibrated and validated using Shandiz hydrometric station runoff for 2003-2012, and the values of R2 were 65 and 52, respectively. Subsequently, with the introduction of micro scaled time series of maximum and minimum temperatures, and micro scaled precipitation by SDSM model to SWAT model, the average annual trend shows that runoff increases in the coming decades. The lowest average annual increase for runoff is in 2041-2070 and RCP4.5 scenario, with an increase of 56.1% over the observation period. The highest increase of average annual monthly runoff is from 2071 to2100 under RCP 2.6 scenario with 53% to 104% runoff compared to the observation period.  },  
Keywords = {Global Warming, Hydroclimatic Risks, GCM Model, SDSM, SWAT, Shandiz Basin},
volume = {6},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {27-48}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.6.3.27},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2788-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2788-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {MESHKINI, ABOLFAZL and mansourzadeh, ali mohammad and shahrokhyfar, zeynab},  
title = {Assessment of Spatial Distribution Model of Urban-Social Vulnerability in Natural Hazards (A case study of Seven Municipality of Tehran)}, 
abstract ={Identifying spatial patterns in vulnerability involves a comprehensive look at vulnerable points. And provides analytical power to the authorities. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize patterns of vulnerability so as to minimize the amount of damage to them in the event of a crisis. The city of Tehran, as the political and administrative center of the country, is faced with a variety of risks due to demographic burden and physical development. In this research, we tried to analyze the spatial distribution pattern of urban vulnerability to natural hazards in social and physical dimensions in Tehran's 7th region. The method of this descriptive-analytic study and the model used for trigonometric fuzzy logic. The results indicate that: According to the z score, the positive values are 1.96 up, which form the clusters of hot spots in the southeastern region of the arena; It is a sign of more vulnerability in these areas. Also, negative values of 1.96 and less, which are statistically significant and blue, have formed cold spots, And it is interpreted that low vulnerability zones are clustered in space and are mainly located in the northwest. Therefore, the lower the color range in the red and blue areas was less statistically significant  to the point where this positive net worth is 1.65 that in this situation, the spatial behavior of the vulnerability is considered to be non-significant in terms of hot or cold clusters with high and low values and spatial autocorrelation that the map is also displayed in yellow.  },  
Keywords = {natural hazards, social and physical vulnerability, Region 7 of Tehran, GIS},
volume = {6},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {49-70}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.6.3.49},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2579-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2579-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {jafari, Hassan and mohamadi, hazhir},  
title = {Mapping the sensitivity of subsidence prone areas using the weight of evidence method (Case study: Kaboudarahang-Famenin Plain)}, 
abstract ={The consequence of human activities caused destructive and irreversible problems to the original state in the few past decades that has attracted the attention of all walks of life. The sinkholes are one of the mentioned effects in different parts of the planet such as Iran, Hamadan and especially have been happened in Kaboudarahang-Famenin plain. Researchers believe that the most important consequences of the indiscriminate withdrawal of groundwater and illegal wells and the activities of Shahid Mofatteh thermal power plant change the parameters of soil caused appearance sinkholes in that area. All of the geological information, faults, hydrological, elevation, slope, aspect, and land use investigated by topographical geological maps, also digital elevation models and Google Earth image processes used for the study on the extraction and sinkholes due to the numbers and distribution of wells were assigned in GIS software. The results show that the level of groundwater, geology, land use and height of the range are the most effective factors in the creation of sinkholes; but the efficiency of surrounding factors and in somewhere farther from the sinkholes. The construction of Ekbatan dam on the most important river as the main water provider of understudy plains, the development of Hamadan city and changing the surrounding land use in Bahar county to agricultural, prevent from reaching water to the Kabodarahang and Famenin plains as a former and increasing the water demand in downstream is caused numerous sinkholes that was provided with favorable conditions than before (the dissolution of limestone).},  
Keywords = {Weighting, Sinkholes, Ekbatan dam, Drainage, Hamadan.},
volume = {6},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {71-88}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.6.3.71},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2590-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2590-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {janbazghobadi, Gholamrez},  
title = {Investigation of forest fire hazard areas in Golestan province based on fire risk system index (FRSI) using the technique (GIS)}, 
abstract ={Abstract  Fire in natural resources is one of the crises that causes irreparable damage to ecosystems and the environment every year. The purpose of this research is to attempt to study areas of risk aversion and to prepare a map of forest fire hazard area by integrating topographic data and other additional information from a GIS system for Golestan province. In order to carry out this research, firstly, with the removal of the recorded data related to the situation of fires occurred in 2009 and 2010, the domain of all natural resources of Golestan province was carried out. In order to identify areas with high fire potential, static parameters were used to control the burning of forest forests (elevation, slope, slope direction, land use / land cover, evaporation rate). Each of the static parameters is divided into different classes And to each class, using bachelor's knowledge and review of research, ground data and the results of the above studies are weighted from one to ten. In the following, by using overlap of these layers with different weights, areas with high fire potential were identified for the forests of Golestan province. Finally, all weights were summed up, the final weight was obtained and a fire hazard map was prepared. The Arctic GIS9.2 software has been used to generate a fire hazard map. Also, The fire risk index (FRSI), the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI), and the zoning map, have a fire hazard in the risk category (very low to high) ). The results showed that most of the fires occurred in hardy and covered with forested areas, as well as in the forested areas with a crown and an intermediate cover, and in the next stage, in the woods and shrubland areas. In calculating the calculation of fire density in altitudes, the results showed that approximately 90 percent of fires occurred in average altitudes between 700 and 1500 meters. Overall, the findings showed that 90 percent of burns occurred continuously in areas With fire hazard, 30% in hazardous areas and 60% in extreme areas, so that its Galikesh, Minoodasht, , Azadshahr has high risk of high fire.                  },  
Keywords = {Key words: forest, fire, fire risk index, GIS, Golestan province},
volume = {6},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {89-102}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.6.3.89},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2723-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2723-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {taghizade, zahra and mazidi, ahm},  
title = {The Investigation of Variability of Heat Island Hazard According to Land Use and Land Cover Changesin Esfahan}, 
abstract ={Abstract Urban heat island (UHI) is one of the environmental phenomenon which has made difficult environmental conditions for citizen. This study aims to evaluate the spatial and locational variability of Esfahan urban heat island according to the role of land use. Thus an area about 190.2 square kilometers (km2) in Esfahan, as the microclimate, was studied. In order to analyze the relationship between land use and land cover changes on Esfahan urban heat island, the images of Landsat 7 (TM and ETM +) and Landsat 8 (OLI / TIRS) on 20 July 1989, 17 August 2005, 18 August 2014 have been used. The results show that the urban areas has experienced 31% changes in positive direction; while the agricultural sector and green space havehad a reduction of 25% in their area. The analysis of the intensity of heat island show that heated cores are related topoor and barren lands with about 37/33 and 36/5. Although the most area of thermal classwere related to warm thermal class in 1989 and 2005, the average thermal classes were about 63/8%in 2014. Moreover, the locational variation distribution of Esfahan heat island shows that the locationof the heat island has gradually changed. For example in 2014 it included small parts in the south of the city, military zones and barren lands in the south, some parts in the north west and north east areas and small areas in the east of Esfahan. This means that urban development isn’t the main factor of the surface temperature increase and urban heat development, but rather the type of land use has influenced the decreasing or increasing of air temperature. .},  
Keywords = {heat island, environmental hazards, land use, satelliteimages, Esfahan city},
volume = {6},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {103-120}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.6.3.103},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2599-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2599-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Vali, Abbas Ali and Mousavi, Sayyed Hojjat and Zamani, Esmaeil},  
title = {Statistical analysis of occurrence frequency of dust storms in Yazd province and its modeling based on climatic elements and vegetation cover}, 
abstract ={Introduction Dust storms as one of the environmental hazards of the arid regions of the globe, including the southern, southwestern, eastern and central parts of Iran, has caused many environmental problems that confirm the need for studying and crisis managing its in scientific and executive congresses. Therefore, the present study attempts to evaluate the effects of climate elements on temperature, precipitation, humidity, evapotranspiration and vegetation index on the frequency of dust storms in Yazd province during the period of 5 years (2009-2014).   Data and Methodology So, after determining the synoptic stations of the area, the dust data were extracted based on the code of the present weather phenomena and the values of the climatic elements. In the next step, their spatial zonation was determined through the interpolation method. Then, using the MODIS images, EVI index data were calculated according to the principle of time matching. Finally, a variety of simple and multiple regression models were fitted to estimate the occurrence frequency of dust, and the most appropriate relationships with higher preference values were reported.   Findings and Conclusions The results showed that there was a significant relationship between the total dust with evapotranspiration and relative humidity with a R square of 0.973 and 0.614 and the standard deviation of 24.104 and 92.477 at sig. level of 99% and 95%. Also, there is the maximum significant relation between external dust with evapotranspiration and relative humidity with a R square 0.968 and 0.621, and the standard deviation was estimated to be 0.173 and 75.427 at sig. level of 99% and 95%, respectively. Internal dusts with evapotranspiration and maximum temperature with a R square of 0.770 and 0.377 and standard deviation of 15.1751 and 64.22 have a significant relationship with sig. level of 95%. The results of the total, external and internal dust storms with climatic elements and vegetation cover showed a significant correlation with the R square of 0.994, 0.988 and 0.956 and the standard error of estimation of 18.13713, 24.2555551 and 10.49989 at sig. level of 99% and 95%, respectively, which indicates the systematic function of climatic elements and vegetation cover in the occurrence of dust.},  
Keywords = {Dust, Climatic Elements, Vegetation Cover, Regression Analysis, Yazd},
volume = {6},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {121-142}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.6.3.121},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2792-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2792-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {borna, reza and Ghasemi, Shahla and Asadian, Farideh},  
title = {The investigation and determination the area risk of climatic comfort in Khusestan province using spatial autocorrelation pattern and multivariate analysis}, 
abstract ={Today, the impact of climate is considered on the life, health, comfort, activity and behavior in a form of the branch of science   such as human biology. Due to difference of frequency people with each other, the sensibility of every one from weather can be different from the other one that's why the climate can’t be totally undesirable or the climate can be totally desirable for all the people, so we can say that all of climatic elements are affected on human comfort but the effect of some of them is quite cleared and the effect of the others is mild and sometimes invisible. The greatest effect on comfort and discomfort can be included temperature, humidity and solar radiation. The aim of this research is to investigate and determine    the area risk of climatic comfort. For this purpose, the temperature, precipitation and humidity data have been extracted for Khuzestan province form Esfarazi database. In this approach, first different properties of the temperature, precipitation and humidity for the area with climatic discomfort   have discussed   based on the conditional probability distribution. This study has been identified the areas of climatic comfort in Khuestan province using multivariate analysis (Cluster analysis and Discriminant analysis) and spatial autocorrelation pattern (Hot Spot index and Moran index) with an emphasis on architecture. The results showed that the risk area of climate comfort is included mostly  of  the western parts of  Khuzestan province namely the border areas with Iraq and some parts of  southern  of  province .On the other hand ,trend analysis the  range of this area to climatic discomfort indicated that it has increased significantly  in  recent periods .The results also  showed that  the local distribution of   precipitation  in all periods in the areas of climatic discomfort  has  been   a high  the coefficient of  variations.},  
Keywords = {The risk area of comfort, Cluster analysis, Discriminant analysis,Hot spot index ,Moran index ,trend},
volume = {6},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {143-160}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.6.3.143},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2813-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2813-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Khalaj, Moham},  
title = {Seismic Potential Investigation in SE Tehran (in Vicinity of Mamlouk and Ghasre Firouzeh Fault) Base on Stress Trajectories}, 
abstract ={Abstract Seismic potential investigation of Tehran as the capital of Iran is an essential issue because their accumulation around a fault may indicate its seismic potential. Stress trajectories for this estimate are useful. In this research, fault slip data is used for paleo stress analysis. Base on that, the study area divided into 6 stable stress regions and the mean stress tensor related to each region determined. Then the mean stress tensor rotated based on Anderson’s theory representing a compressional tectonic regime. The Stress trajectory map drew based on rotated mean stress tensor acting on the regions during geological time. The resulted map showed the arrangement of sigma1 trajectories in the area obeyed the overall tectonic regime in Iran and limited converge through the junction ignoring addition in stress magnitude and seismic hazard in the junction of major faults. Given the importance of Tehran as the political-economic capital of the country, and its location in Alborz Basin with high faults density. and due to the seismic background of the area, the necessity of seismic risk assessment in this area becomes more evident. In this research, we have attempted to produce and present a map of faults in the Tehran wide area, focusing on faults in the eastern part of Tehran, Mamlouk, Ghasre Firozeh and the margins, with accurate structural elements and drawing of the stress trajectories, convergence of the trajectories, and stress accumulation at convergence sites, assess seismic hazard at this location based on longitudinal stress data (Katsushi Sato, 2011; Yamada and Yamaji, 2002; Yamaji, 2000; Sippel et al., 2009). Based on field observations and data collected, scratch faults were selected for collecting and analysis of longitudinal paleo stresses as they record all deformation stages. After collecting the fault data, we stabilized them using the Multiple Inverse Method (MIM) and zone boundaries, and by drawing a Mohr's circle (without scale) for each range, seismic potential analysis was performed (Katsushi Sato, 2011; Yamada and Yamaji, 2002; Yamaji, 2000; Sippel et al., 2009). To separate the stress phases, obtain the reduced stress tensor, obtain different stress and stress parameters, and plot the stress trajectories, the study area had to be divided into smaller ranges. It is not possible to determine the size of the stress components and the principal stresses by longitudinal stress methods and it is not possible to draw a scaled circle. Therefore, it is possible to draw a circle without scales for fault data only. This circle enables the overall analysis of the field shape, the arrangement of the data in the graph, and the comparison of the relative components of the fault data stress. By the Mohr's circle (without scale) method, the principal minimum stress and the maximum stress difference (s1 - s3) are considered as base (0) and unit (1), respectively, and assume the same size with respect to the relation (F = (s2 - s3) / (s1 - s3)) between the calculation of the middle stress field shape and the field shape factor. Studies show that tensile tectonic structures are not dominant structures in the region. For the kinetic analysis of fault data, precise rock mechanics such as the internal friction angle and the Amonton-Columbus criterion cannot be used precisely. But given the arrangement of the fault data, a large degree of comparison can be made between the kinetic features and especially the fault dynamics of each range. Therefore, the main maximum stress must be horizontal. Assuming that all the faults are coherent and based on Anderson's theory of faulting that the main minimum stress is vertical in the compressive stress regime, the position of the principal stress axes of each range is returned to the conditions of the fault formation (vertical minimum stress). In all ranges, the principal minimum stress is near vertical. After rotation of the data and the vertical axis of the minimum stress was set, the trajectory maps were drawn for horizontal stresses (main and maximum stresses). A study based on longitudinal stress studies and Andersen's theory introduces the main maximum stress trend N017E, which is in good agreement with the general crustal shortening trend of the Central Alborz (Vernant et al., 2004). Therefore, the major faults of the region do not have a significant impact on the disturbance of the stress field within the region and, in fact, the convergence of these faults does not lead to the convergence of stress trajectories. The positioning of the poles of the fault plates on the main stress plates indicates that along with the crustal deformation in this part of Alborz, the regional structures have been rotated and decomposed. In fact, the reason for the polarization of fault plates on the main stress sheets with zero shear stress is that the rotation and positioning of faults coincide with the rotation and deformation of other geological structures and phenomena such as folds and joints. The arrangement of the poles of the fault plates in the Mohr's circle indicates that the faults in zone 3 have less dynamic potential than elsewhere. Keywords: Stress Trajectory, Multiple Inverse Method, Convergent Faults, Seismic Hazard, Mamlouk, Ghasre Firouzeh.  },  
Keywords = {Stress Trajectory, Multiple Inverse Method, Convergent Faults, Seismic Hazard, Mamlouk, Ghasre Firouzeh.},
volume = {6},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {161-174}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.6.3.161},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3045-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3045-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Pahlavani, Parham and Raei, Amin and Bigdeli, Behnaz},  
title = {Determining Effective Factors on Forest Fire Using the Compound of Multivariate Adaptive Regression Spline and Genetic Algorithm, a Case Study: Golestan, Iran}, 
abstract ={Determining Effective Factors on Forest Fire Using the Compound of Multivariate Adaptive Regression Spline and Genetic Algorithm, a Case Study: Golestan, Iran    Pahlavani, P., Assistant professor at School of Surveying and Geospatial Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran Raei, A., PhD Candidate of GIS at School of Surveying and Geospatial Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran Bigdeli, B., Assistant professor at School of Civil Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology   Keywords: Forest Fire, Multivariate adaptive regression spline, Multiple linear regression, Logistic regression, Genetic Algorithm.   Introduction Nowadays, Determining the effective factors on fire is so important, because the plenty areas of forests around the world are destroyed annually by fire and recurrence of that in the long term can irreparably damage to the earth and its inhabitants. It helps us to identify most dangerous locations and times in forest fire. Hence, we can prevent many of driving factors of forest fire by law enforcement, efficient forest management policies and more supervision. In the current study, we identified the effective factors on the fire in Golestan forest through integration of three different methods including multiple linear regression, logistic regression and multivariate adaptive regression spline with Genetic Algorithm. Study Area Golestan Province is in the North of Iran and 18% of it is covered by forests. Golestan Province is a touristic province and several roads pass through its forests and according to statistical records, most of the occurred fires were in proximity of these roads. Our study area is located in 36°53′-37°25′N and 55°5′- 55°50′E and its area is about 3719.5 km2. We selected this area, because includes the most of fires have been occurred in Golestan Province in recent years. Materials and Methods A big fire was occurred on 12 December, 2010 in our study area and we used it as the dependent variable. The actual burnt area and some other data, such as Digital Elevation Model (DEM), the roads network, the rivers, the land uses, and soil types in the area were provided from Golestan Province Department of Natural Resources. Also, geographic coordination of the synoptic weather stations near the area and their data, including maximum, minimum, and mean temperature; total rainfall, as well as maximum wind speed and azimuth in December 2010 were obtained from National Meteorological Organization of Iran. The land use and soil layers were in scale of 1:100000 and the roads and the rivers layers were in 1:5000 and all of them were provided in 2006. The region DEM is generated from topographic maps of Iran National Cartographic Center in scale of 1:25000 with positional resolution of 30m and we produced the slope and the aspect layers from it in ArcGIS software with the same resolution. The roads and the rivers were in vector format, hence, we used the Euclidean Distance analysis to generate rasters that each cell of them shows the distance from the nearest road or river. At first we had 5 weather stations, which is very few for GWR. In this regard, we generated 1000 random points in the area and interpolated data to these points using Ordinary Kriging method with exponential semivariogram model in 30m resolution in ArcGIS software. The multiple linear regression (MLR) model is the generalization of simple linear regression that is modeling the linear relation between one dependent variable and some independent variables. The general formula of MLR is seen below:                                                                                                                                     (1) The unknown coefficients are obtained using least squares adjustment as follows:                                                                                                                                                       (2) The logistic regression (LR) model is a nonlinear model for determination of the relation between a binary dependent variable and some independent variables. If we use the values of 0 and 1 for non-fire and fire points respectively, then the probability that a point be a fire point is obtained by Eq. (3):                                                                                             (3) If the number of parameters is insignificant compared to the observations, then we use the unconditional maximum likelihood estimation shown by Eq. (4) to compute the unknown coefficients of this model.                                                                                                                                 (4) The multivariate adaptive regression spline (MARS) model is a flexible non-parametric model that requires no assumption about the relation between the dependent and independent variables. Hence it has a high ability in determination of complex nonlinear relations among the variables. The general formula of MARS is seen below:                                                                                                              (5)  is the m’th basic function that is obtained by Eq. (6):                                                                                                   (6) These basic functions are chosen in such a way that leads to minimum RMSE of model. We use the genetic algorithem (GA) with the fitness function of the normalized RMSE to select the optimum combination of effective factors on forest fire.   Results and Discussion In this paper we study the dependence of the forest fire to 14 factors shown in table 1, in the study area. Our results are shown in figures 1 to 3.   Table 1. The studied factors in the present research Factor Num. Factor Num. Factor Num. Aspect 11 Maximum Wind Speed (m/s) 6 Maximum Temperature (℃) 1 Slope 12 Soil Type 7 Minimum Temperature (℃) 2 Elevation (m) 13 Land Use 8 Mean Temperature (℃) 3 Distance from The Residential Zones (m) 14 Distance from The Roads (m) 9 Total Rainfall (mm) 4  Distance from The Rivers (m) 10 Maximum Wind Azimuth 5         Figure 1. (a) The best and the mean values of fitness, (b) The last best individuals, (c) The average distance between individuals, (d) The fitness of each individual in the last generation using MLR   Figure 2. (a) The best and the mean values of fitness, (b) The last best individuals, (c) The average distance between individuals, (d) The fitness of each individual in the last generation using LR   Figure 3. (a) The best and the mean values of fitness, (b) The last best individuals, (c) The average distance between individuals, (d) The fitness of each individual in the last generation using MARS Conclusion This research shows that both of the biophysical and anthropogenic factors have significant effects on forest fire in our study area. Just two factors were identified as impressive factors in all three cases including the minimum temperature and the maximum speed of wind. This study concluded to the NRMSE=0.4291 and R2=0.9862 for the multiple linear regression, NRMSE=0.9416 and R2=0.9912 for the logistic regression and NRMSE=0.1757 and R2=0.9886 for the multivariate adaptive regression spline and totally the multivariate adaptive regression spline method showed a better performance in comparison to the other two methods.  },  
Keywords = {Forest fire, Multivariate Adaptive Regression Spline, Multiple Linear Regression, Logistic Regression, Genetic Algorithm},
volume = {6},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {1-18}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.6.4.1},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2824-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2824-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2020}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Mojarrad, Firouz and Zolfaghari, Hassan and Keyghobadifar, Mehdi},  
title = {Analysis of the Characteristics of Sultry Days in Iran}, 
abstract ={  Analysis of the Characteristics of Sultry Days in Iran   Extended Abstract Sultry phenomenon occurs due to the combined effect of high temperature and humidity. Sultry intensity increases with increasing relative humidity and decreases with decreasing temperature. This phenomenon has a tremendous impact on comfort and other human activities. Various indices have been used to study this phenomenon in Iran and in the world. According to previous studies, and as far as information is concerned, there has not been a comprehensive study across Iran on the characteristics of sultry days based on degree of severity. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the frequency, duration and severity of sultry days and its temporal and spatial analysis throughout Iran. To do this research, daily temperature, relative humidity and partial water vapor pressure of 101 synoptic stations were used for a 28-year period (1987-2014). In choosing the indices of sultriness, the goal was to select indices that show the sultry state on a daily scale. For this purpose, in the first stage, 16 empirical sultry or sultry-related indices were used, all of which used climatic parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, water vapor pressure and cloudiness to calculate the sultry state or comfort. Among them, 13 indices were eliminated because they surveyed the phenomenon on a monthly or annual basis or were not consistent with the objectives of this study. Finally, according to the objectives of the study, three indices were chosen: 1- Sultry Intensity Index (Lancaster-Carstone empirical equation), 2- Partial Water Vapor Pressure Index (partial water vapor pressure equal to or greater than 18.8 hPa), and 3- Heat Index (HI). The results of this study showed that two indices of Sultry Intensity and Partial Water Vapor Pressure are suitable for explaining the conditions in Iran and their outputs are not significantly different. But Heat Index did not lead to desirable results. According to the results of the Sultry Intensity Index, the sultry phenomenon is not comprehensive in the country and is limited to 21 stations adjacent to the Caspian Sea coasts in the north (besides Parsabad Moghan Station) and the Persian Gulf coasts (besides Ahwaz station) and the Oman Sea coasts in the south. In other parts of the country, due to their internal and leeward position, being away from moisture sources, poverty or lack of vegetation and insufficient penetration of wet and rainy systems, there is no sultry condition and, on average, even one day is not seen with sultry circumstances. On the southern coasts, on average, sultry conditions begin on April 3 and end on November 16. Therefore, in this area, 7 months and 11 days of the year have sultry conditions. This is natural due to the lower latitude and the Azores high pressure sovereignty in the south. But on the northern coasts, the sultry period is shorter and with a 48-day delay compared with the southern coasts, the average sultry day begins on May 22 and ends on October 12. Therefore, the duration of the sultry period is on average 4 months and 19 days. In terms of the number of sultry days, the most frequencies belong to the southern coasts stations. The largest number of sultry days related to the Chabahar port on the coasts of the Oman Sea with 291 days, followed by Jask port with 264 days. The lowest number of sultry days is also from Ahwaz station with 1 day and then Mahshahr port with 42 days. Among the stations on the southern coasts, the Oman Sea stations compared with the Persian Gulf stations have more sultry days due to lower latitudes, Azores high pressure sovereignty and Southeast Asian monsoon moisture influence. In contrast, the number of sultry days on the northern coasts is much lower and averages 140 to 150 days a year. Sultry severity is also less, so that there are no extreme severe sultry days in any of the stations on the northern coasts. But the number of extreme sultry days is remarkable on the coasts of the South, to 160 days in the port of Chabahar and 111 days in the port of Jask. At Parsabad Moghan in the north and port of Mahshahr in the south, due to distance from the coast and lack of sufficient moisture, the duration and severity of sultry is much lower and there are basically no days of severe and extreme sultry states. The annual trend of the number of sultry days at any station is not significant.   Keywords: Sultry, Temperature, Relative Humidity, Sultry Indices, Iran    },  
Keywords = {Sultry, Temperature, Relative Humidity, Sultry Indices, Iran},
volume = {6},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {19-36}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.6.4.19},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2868-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2868-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2020}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Kamanroodi, Mousa and Solemani, Moohamad and Ghasemi, Moham},  
title = {The survey of the role of land use in vulnerability of decay texture  city against earthquake-Case study: the central part of Sabzevar}, 
abstract ={    Ecologically-based Management Factors and criteria of River-Valleys in Tehran metropolis-Case Study: River-Valleys of Kan   Abstract: Iran has seasonal rivers because of dry climate, low rainfall and different topography. These river- valleys have main role in forming, genesis, and sustainability of human settlements and provide different ecological services. The main services include beauty, store of green spaces, water supply, reduce and create temperature differences, local air flow and natural ventilation which are part of the functions. Tehran is roughly the same area as 730 square kilometers and its population is 8.7 million people. It is located in51° and 17´ to 51° and 33´ east longitude and 35° and 36´ to 35° and 44´ north latitude. The height of this city is 900 to 1800 meters. The north and north east of this city are located in peculiarity range of the southern part of the middle Alborz. This city includes 7 river valleys to the names Darabad, Golabdareh, Darband, Velenjak, Darakeh, Farahzad and Kan. The ecological role of these river valleys is reduced because of non- ecological axis developmental interventions by urban management and citizens. These interventions have changed river valleys to high risk space of skirt movements and flood. Kan is the most important river valley because of the breadth of the basin and permanent water discharge rate. The part of this river valley has changed to park (Javanmardan) by municipality. The purpose of this research is that to provide factors and criteria of ecosystem based management to organize this river valley. ANP has been used in this research. To use this method for analyzing   factors and criteria of ecosystem based management to organize this river valley, firstly, these factors have been identified by library studies and scrolling. These factors include 4 criteria (natural: 15 sub criteria, social: 3, management:  6, economic: 2). the books, journals, reports, maps, aerial photos, satellite images and internet sites have been studied in library studies. In site studies, some information from library studies have been edited. After that, the findings of these two methods in form of questionnaire called factors and criteria of ecosystem based management to organize Kan River valley, was in charge academics and professionals. They were elected among pundits of urban management science, urban planning, geography and environment in Tehran. At first the number of them was 30 people came to agreement in two process about 4 factors and 18 criteria and determined importance and priority by Delphy method. Findings in Delphy method were analyzed through ANP and SUPER DECISIONS. In this process, firstly, a conceptual model and relation inter and intra clusters and nodes determined. These relations in this process are very important because paired comparison depends on this process. Assumption of equality of effects and similar relations in these factors is illogical because there are the grading of effects and relations in this research. Second, the factors have been compared to each other to create a super matrix based on paired comparison. Generally, in this process decision makers compare two different factors to each other and paired comparisons have grading of between1to9. In double- sided valuation, each factor is used to show initial inverse comparison. Inconsistent rate in paired comparison must be less than 0.1 like AHP. Third initial super matrix is created. It is the weights created from paired comparison and identified the importance of each factor in each cluster. Forth, the weighted super matrix was created. The weights of clusters was calculated in this process to identify the weight of final super matrix. Fifth, limited super matrix was created. The weighted super matrix reached for infinity band each row convergenced to a number and that number was the weight of factor. By this way limited super matrix was reached. Based on ANP and table 1, management: 46%, natural – ecological: 26% and economic and social factors: 14% are important respectively in ecosystem based management to organize Kan River valley. Based on reached results, inconsistent rate is 0.003 and it shows that the weight is valid and review is not necessary. Among sub criteria in management factor, organizational pattern: 32%, method of management: 23% and policies: 21% are the most important respectively in ecosystem based management to organize Kan River valley. Among sub criteria in natural- ecological factor, flood, domain movements and building and texture of soil are the most important respectively 23%, 18% and 11.5% also in social factor, participation, security and public trust have the importance respectively equal to 49% 31% 19%. In economic factor, environmental assets and stakeholder’s economic participation have the same importance. Based on this research, management factor (organizational pattern and the method of management) is the most important in ecosystem based management. But this approach, the management pattern and intervention to organize this river valley, need comprehensiveness and integrity of the subject (nature, society, management and economic), purpose (protection, resuscitation and use), factors (government, city council, municipality, private sector and people), duties (policy making, planning, designing and perform), method (collaborative), tools (knowledge, skill, rule, program, budget, machinery and materials) and management domain. Use of these factors and criteria need some infrastructure and reforms. The most important reform is reform of management structure, production of subject matter and topical program special to organize river valleys by ecological approach to release Kan of loading and contradictory grabbing.so this management can follow protection, resuscitation, sustainable use and continuity of ecological services.   Key words: ecosystem, ecosystem based management, analytic network process, river valley of Kan      },  
Keywords = {land use, earthquake, decay texture, vulnerability, Sabzevar},
volume = {6},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {37-52}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.6.4.37},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2984-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2984-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2020}  
}

@article{ 
author = {doostan, rez},  
title = {Analysis of Drought Researches of Iran}, 
abstract ={An Analysis of Drought Researches in Iran Extended Abstract:   Iran is located the spatial geographical position in the south of the temperate region and north of the tropical region between the northern latitudes 40 to 25 degrees north and 65-44 degrees eastern along the seas, oceans and warm and great desert, on the other hand, with complex topography in the Alpine- Himalayas mountain belt (the world's largest mountain belt). These conditions have caused the climate of Iran to experience a variety of the prevailing natural hazards (33 of 43 world-wide risks). One of the natural hazards is the drought that happens over the Iranian plateau since the distant past, with the name of Dave of Drought, and so far. The Iranian plateau has undergone various drought periods over the past decades and various civilizations have faced this risk, and some of the Iranian ingenuity and management have emerged about this risk of the Iran. These include qanats, reservoirs built on commuter routes and cities, historical gardens, and so on. Today, this risk is dominant over the Plateau of Iran every year, and with increasing population and growth in different sectors and, in some cases to mismanagement, followed by a larger crisis called the water crisis and the crisis Economic-social, immigration, and so on. So, given the importance of the subject, different researchers have studied different aspects of this hazard. The fact is that in the past few decades, with the advent of computers and software and data, research has become easier and more scientific, naturally, in Iran, with these tools and data, researchers has been done on different parts of the crisis. What was the achievement of these studies, and most importantly, did the researchers contemplate a practical solution to the crisis on the Iranian plateau? This study provides an overview of past studies of drought and their achievements over the last few years. In this study, used Four hundred and three of scientific articles were published in various journals to termed "drought" in the article titled of scientific information database (SID), one of the most important sources of internal research in Iran. The distribution of the time of research and distribution of various scientific fields that investigated the drought was identified. By studying the articles and the results from them, we found that 384 scientific articles with a specific output. Based on these findings, the frequency of articles in different fields of study was determined and analyzed. researches of drought in the past years (1379 to 1391) had increasing trend and since 1394 has been decreas in Iran. The most drought research has been done in agricultural sciences with 166 papers from 403 papers (41.2%), geographic sciences with 118 papers (29.3%) and Medical and basic sciences and engineering sciences have the least research, 0.2, 2 and 5% respectively. 78% of the studies have examined the drought in different parts of Iran And 11 percent of the articles  evaluated the consequences of this  phenomenon. 7% of drought studies have predicted this phenomenon with different statistical models and 2.5% and 2% are dedicated to drought management and zoning  in different regions of Iran respectively. Most drought studies hase been in Iran, Khorasan, Fars, Sistan and Baluchestan, Tehran, Isfahan and Kermanshah, but in other parts of Iran, studies have also been conducted in different regions. Therefore, the drought phenomenon has been studied in all regions of Iran and drought assessments have been carried out. The reduction of drought researches in recent years suggests that quantitative and qualitative research has been carried out in this basin before 1395, and drought has been studied and evaluated with different indicators in different regions of Iran. The reality of Iran's climate and research shows that every part of Iran experiences a drought phenomenon, which is an Inherent characteristic of the climate of Iran, that given the geographical location and atmospheric patterns affecting these latitudes on the planet. The consequences of drought have also been reflected in different parts of the environment, social, economic, and so on. As part of the newspapers has indicative of the damage to this climatic phenomenon in recent years. It seems that the dominant section of the phenomenon is associated with the unconscious and real perception of managers and people of this phenomenon (which has a cultural root). At present, the consequence of severe and droughts in recent decades is the lack of proper planning and environmental degradation and crisis in various parts of Iran's environment. On the other hand, the negative consequences of global warming for the climate of Iran and similar climates are more and more worrying. Therefore, it is essential to take practical and practical solutions instead of evaluations and mere studies. The practical solutions and the production of technology and operational program in relation to these environmental crises require group research in the sub-sectors with together. While, for example, engineers play the most role in controlling superficial fluid (water and dam), But the smallest drought- research related in this area. Therefore, the separate study of each part of these hazards is merely an evaluation and is not a practical way of solving the risk for managers and planners; For example, a water crisis requires a team of researchers such as hydrology, climateology, meteorology, agriculture, urban management, rural, etc. Of course, it should be noted that our researchers have not been trained and not accustomed to group work, and the idea of teamwork is poor in our culture; But there is no way and should start from one point. Perhaps we should start with kindergartens and elementary schools in order to find suitable solutions for at least the next 20 years, researcher’s teams. Finally, it is necessary to address the sustainable development and drought, localization of indicators, operational and management plans based on the environmental capabilities and knowledge of the native area of each region.   Keywords: Drought Research, Evaluation, Achievement, Iran.      },  
Keywords = {Droughts Researches, Evaluation, Achievement, Iran},
volume = {6},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {53-94}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.6.4.53},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2819-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2819-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2020}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Gholami, Masoumeh and Ganavati, Ezzatollah and Ahmadabadi, Ali},  
title = {Simulation of floodplain zones in Tehran\'s metropolitan watershed (case study: Kaan basin)}, 
abstract ={Simulation of floodplain zones in Tehran's metropolitan watershed (case study: Kaan basin) Ezaatollah Ghanavati, Associate prof. Geographical science faculty, Kharzmi University Ali Ahmmadabadi. Assistance prof. Geographical science faculty, Kharzmi University Negar Gholami, MA in Geomorphology, Geographical science faculty, Kharzmi University Extended abstract Floodplains and adjacent rivers are always at risk from flood events due to their specific circumstances. Flood prone area identification in the watersheds is one of the basic solutions for destructive flood control and mitigation. Flood mapping is one of the best methods for flood prone area planning and identifying. Considering the importance of flood hazard, it is important to understand the role of uncertainty and incorporate that information in flood hazard maps. The hydrodynamic modeling approach is suitable for accounting various uncertainties, and thus lends itself to creating probabilistic floodplain maps. For  this purpose,  flow  boundary  conditions,  peak  instantaneous  discharge with  different  return  periods,  cross  sections and their distance and roughness coefficients for each cross section were entered to HEC-RAS hydraulic model in Kaan watershed  located  in  the Tehran  province,  Iran,  and  this model was  then  run  and  flood water surface profile at different return periods were estimated. In the Kaan Basin, most residential and agricultural lands are located in a very small distance from the river bed. The rapid growth of construction, human activities and land use change in the downstream of the basin have caused a change in the hydrological cycle and runoff production. Floodplain mapping using hydrodynamic models is difficult in data scarce regions. Additionally, using hydrodynamic models to map floodplain over large stream network can be computationally challenging. Some of these limitations of floodplain mapping using hydrodynamic modeling can be overcome by developing computationally efficient statistical methods to identify floodplains in large and ungauged watersheds using publicly. The aim of this study is to determine flood areas within 20 kilometers of the Kaan River by using the HEC-RAS model and Arc GIS software to identify flood lands in different return periods. The Kaan basin is located in the central Alborz Mountains. This basin is limited to south, north, east and the west respectively to Tehran, Jajrood Basin, Darakeh Basin and Karaj River Basin. The most important River in the area is the Kaan River and originated from high mountains. Most commonly, the hydrodynamic modeling approach is used to create flood hazard maps corresponding to a rare high flood magnitude of 100-year return period or higher. Although this approach can provide very accurate floodplain maps, it is computationally demanding. As a result, the modeling approach to flood hazard mapping works well for individual streams, but its efficiency drops significantly when used to map floodplains over a large stream network. In this research, floodplain areas in the Kaan basin in return periods of 2 to 20 years are determined using the HEC-RAS model and the HEC-geoRAS extension. For this purpose, digital maps 1: 25000, DEM (10m), discharge values of Sulaghan Station, morphological characteristics of the river bed and cross sections have been used. Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) play a critical role in flood inundation mapping by providing floodplain topography as input to hydrodynamic models, and then enabling the mapping of the floodplain by using the resulting water surface elevations. Finally, the data is entered into the HEC-RAS software and analyzed. After determining the flood ranges in the various return periods at each cross-section, enter the results to the Arc GIS software and the flood zoning maps were obtained. In this research roughness coefficients (Maning,s coefficients) for each cross section were obtain be the n= (nb+n1+n2+n3+n4) m                                                             (Eq.1) Geological map and field observations have shown that the main difference between the widths of the valley in the study area is related to the type of rock. The results of the hydrodynamic model show that in the river upstream, the increase in discharge had led to the water level increase and expansion in the floodplain surfaces. But in the middle and low slopes in the downstream of the river, due to the reduced discharge, the river has a larger lateral extension and the flood areas are larger than the upstream of the river. Also, for a longer period of return, the discharge rate and the water level increase and the flood plain was more extensive. The results show that in the downstream of the basin due to instability the bed, existence of wide and eroded chanels, high ability in sedimentation, erosion of the channel bed, and low impact of vegetation, this section They can be restored and regenerated and constantly changing. Due to the location the Tehran-North high way from the Kaan basin, had the construction of roads and structures, the flood plain areas of the river should be fully observed or retrofitted.   Key words: Environmental hazards, Flood, Flood areas, Kaan River, HEC-RAS       .},  
Keywords = {Environmental hazards, Flood, Flood areas, Kaan River, HEC-RAS},
volume = {6},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {95-108}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.6.4.95},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2862-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2862-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2020}  
}

@article{ 
author = {zarei, yousef and mohammadkhorshiddoust, ali and Rezaeeibanafsheh, majid and rostamzadeh, Hashem},  
title = {Comparative detection of climate change in two climate zones, very humid - temperate and cold mountainous (Case study: Bandar Anzali and Shahrekord)}, 
abstract ={Among the important challenges facing water resources of the country, one can mention the phenomenon of climate change and its impacts. The General Circulation Models (GCMs) can provide the best information about the response to increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases. Since the outputs of this model do not have sufficient time and space accuracy for studies on the effects of climate change, the output data of small general circulation models need to be quantitative. In this study, the SDSM statistical magnitudes and the CanemS2 model for climate change assessment, which are presented in the fifth report of the IPCC Comes under three scenarios RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The daily minimum temperature, maximum and precipitation rates of the synoptic station of Shahrekord (Cold mountain region) and Bandar Anzali (very humid and temperate climatic zone) are utilized and the parameters are for the period of 2040-2011, 2070-2070, and 2071-2099. Is. The results of the study show that the SDSM model has high accuracy and high efficiency in the climatic zone of very humid and temperate (Bandar Anzali) relative to the cold cliff (Shahrekord). However, the model has an acceptable ability to simulate the parameters in both areas. Under all three scenarios, RCP will experience the minimum and maximum temperature and precipitation in both climatic zones in all three times, but the cold climatic zone will be more affected by the climate change phenomenon.},  
Keywords = {Climate region, RCP scenarios, CanEMS2 model, Shahrekord, Bandar Anzali},
volume = {6},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {109-122}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.6.4.109},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2909-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2909-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2020}  
}

@article{ 
author = {asghari, sayyad and mozafari, has},  
title = {Estimate and Comparison of Frequency Ratio and Network Analysis models in Rock falling Zoning( Case study Zanjan road to Taham and Tarom)}, 
abstract ={Evaluating and comparing the performance of Frequency ratio coefficient models and network analysis in Rock fall zoning (A case study of Zanjan-Taham-Tarom Road) Extended Abstract One of the natural hazards of the collapse of rocks from the foothills of the mountains, causing great financial losses and loss of life. Especially when it comes to the path of communication. The rock fall is a rapid movement of a mass without cohesion in the powder or a mixture of soil and rock, so that the initial construction is not discernible, the level that occurs along that rupture it is often unclear. The falling stones of a mountain depend on several factors, which have the natural origin or origin of human origin. Natural factors influencing the fall can be rock factors, slopes and altitudes, geological structure, fault and slope of the geological layers, rainfall and temperature changes distance from the river, etc. human factors can also be referred to as road, land use and mining, destruction of vegetation, etc. in Iran, the collapse of rock parts on mountain roads causes massive loss of life and financial damage. Therefore, it is necessary to identify and classify the roads in terms of risk of suitable methods. In the north west of Iran it has mountainous topography and due to the state of tectonic and its seismic and climatic conditions, suitable conditions for landslide are provided in some domains. So, due to the fact that the area studied in the mountainous north - west region and the possession of all the crumbling conditions are very prone to collapse. The research method is applicable in terms of practical purpose and the process of doing work on a combination of library and field methods. In this study, it has been used to determine the prone areas of collapse and zoning of anp models and frequency ratio. Two models that differ in terms of process and mechanism. In order to organize the research framework, first, a field study of the study area has been studied and the mathematical position of falling points is recorded with gps. Then, in order to model the mentioned models, the layers of GIs for the shape of the Georeferenced and digital were prepared. to provide the zoning layers of geology , slope and Aspect , elevation levels , land use and vegetation , fault , and land cover maps , annual temperature and precipitation , distance from the road , distance from the stream were used . The 20 m x 20 m contour line were originally prepared using the topography map of 1: 25,000 in the ArcGIS environment. Then, the contour line and Dem of the area were constructed. The slope and Aspect maps, elevation levels, Isothermal and isohyet map frost and stream network were created via Dem and meteorological data. Geological map and fault map were created using digital map 1: 100,000 Zanjan and map and vegetation map and road distance using Landsat 8 - 2017 OLI and ArcGIS images. To produce linear layers, the Distance function was used. Using the statistical method, the frequency ratio and the network analysis method are using the landslide hazard zonation using the statistical method, the frequency ratio and analysis of network analysis to zoning the risk of falling by combination and sum of maps in class were low-risk to very high. From the tangible results of this study, the relationship between slope maps, elevation levels, rock material, Isothermal and isohyet is done. So that each side of the road had operated on the five factors that had happened. With regard to the output of the maps, the risk zones were high to very high for ANP models 14/17, 35/27 and FR 02/6, 35/14 percent. Ranges from high to very high with slopes between 40 and 80 percent and Sedimentary formations such as sandstone, siltstone with tuff layers, elevation levels 1,500 – 2300, Southern and Eastern slopes, Distance between 0 and 500 faults, Road and stream have adaptations . The changes in the percentage of area in both models show despite the difference in the size of the risk zones, Follow a similar process. To assess the zoning accuracy of these methods, two sets of quality and accuracy index (experimental probability) were used. The evaluation of the models showed that in the network analysis model, the indexes were 0.76 and 0.88, respectively, that the relation of frequency ratio coefficient model had optimal quality and accuracy. In this research, various factors influencing the occurrence of rock falls on Zanjan-Taham-Tarom road were investigated. From there, mass movements such as rock fall on the roads act as a system, as a result, all factors play a role in the occurrence of such phenomena. But some elements have a more vibrant role. In the studied area, among the factors affecting lithology, slop, elevation levels, precipitation, temperature changes, number of freezing days and distance from the road and land use are more than other factors in the occurrence of rock fall. Assessing the quality and accuracy of zoning maps while confirming zoning accuracy showed that the network analysis method has better performance. The risk of collapse on Zanjan – taham- tarom road is always exists. Therefore, we need to use sustainable methods to reduce the risks. Domain stabilization methods are generally done in the form of mechanical, biological and bio-mechanical which, according to the long course of the road and the duration of the road, Mechanical methods such as unloading , embankment , drainage , use of separation walls as well as the use of  net Grid are suggested .   Keywords: Frequency ratio, Network analysis, Zanjan Road - Taham - Tarom   .},  
Keywords = {Rock falling, Zoning, of Frequency Ratio, Network Analysis},
volume = {6},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {123-142}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.6.4.123},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2765-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2765-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2020}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Entezari, Mozhgan and Jalilian, Tahere and DarvishiKhatooni, Jav},  
title = {Classification map of the sensitivity of flooding using the method of assessment frequency and weight of evidence in the Kermanshah Province}, 
abstract ={Flood susceptibility mapping using frequency ratio and weight of evidence technique: a case study of Kermanshah Province   abstract Flood is considered as one of the most destructive natural disasters worldwide, because of claiming a large number of lives and incurring extensive damage to the property, disrupting social fabric, paralyzing transportation systems, and threatening natural ecosystems. Flood is one of the most devastating natural disasters causing massive damages to natural and man-made features Flood is a major threet to human life (injure or death of man and animal life), properties (agricultural area, yield production, building and homes) and infrastructures (bridges, roads, railways, urban infrastructures). The damage thet can occur due to such disaster leads to huge economic loss and bring pathogens into urban environments thet causes microbial development and diseases Therefore, the assessment and regionalization of flood disaster risks are becoming increasingly important and urgent. Although it is a very difficult task to prevent floods, we can predict and compensate for the disaster. To predict the probability of a flood, an essential step is to map flood susceptibility. The methodology of the current research is includes the following steps: Flood inventory mapping; Determination of flood-conditioning factors; Modeling flood susceptibility and its validations.  Et first , 146 flood locations were identified in the study area. Of these, 102 (70%) points were randomly selected as training data and the remaining 44 points (30%) cases were used for the validation purposes. In the next step 1 flood-conditioning factors were prepared including geology, landuse , distance from river , soil , slope angle, plan curvature, topographic wetness index, Drainage density elevation, rainfall. Then, the probability of the flood occurring for each class of parameters was calculated. Et the end, the obtained weights for each class in the Geographical Information System (GIS) were applied to the corresponding layer and flood risk map of th studied region was prepared. Subsequently, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were drawn for produced flood susceptibility maps. To determine the level of correlation between flood locations and conditioning factors, the FR method was used. The results of spatial relationship between the flood location and the conditioning factors using FR model is shown in Table 2. In general, the FR value of 1 indicates an average correlation between flood locations and effective factors. If the FR value would be larger than 1, there is a high correlation, and a lower correlation equals to the FR value lower than 1. The analysis of FR for the relationship between flood location and lithology units indicates thet Cenozoic group has the highest FR value. In the case of land-use, it can be seen thet the residential areas and agriculture land-use have values. One of the most important factors affecting the flood is distance from the river. The results showed thet the class of >500 m FR was the most effective one. The analysis of FR for the relationship between flood location and slope angle indicate thet class 0-6. 1 has the highest FR value. In the case of slope aspect, flood event is most abundant on flet and East facing slopes According to the analysis of FR for the relationship between flood location and plan curvature, flet shape has the highest FR value., A flet shape retains surface run-off for a longer period especially during heavy rainfall . Flood locations are concentrated in areas with a TWI >6. 8 drainage density > 4. 6 km/km2 and altitude classes of 1200 m. In the soil layer, the tallest weight is from the earth with a small transformation of gravel. Finally, the maximum weight is the maximum rainfall. In this study, all parameters of WofE model were calculated for each conditioning factor. In the lithology unit, the Cenozoic class has the highest flood susceptibility. Among the different land-use types, agriculture categories had the highest values . The distance from the river from 0 to 1000 m indicated positive influence in flooding, while the areas more than 1000 m or far from the river represented the negative correlation with flood occurrence. In the soil layer, clayey soil and tuberous soil had the highest weight. The analysis of WofE for the relationship between flood occurrence and slope angle indicated thet slope angle from 0 to 6. 21 had positive influences in flooding. In the case of slope aspect and plan curvature, flet area had a strong positive correlation with flood occurrence. Effectiveness increases wit increasing TWI classes. The results of drainage density indicate thet areas with higher drainage densities are more susceptible to flood occurrence. By increasing the height of the flooding reduced sensitivity classes. byn flooding rainfall and flood events increased with increasing rainfall.   The prediction accuracy and quality of the development model were examined using the area under the curve (AUC). Specifically, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to examine the basis of the assessment is true and false positive rates . So the results showed thet based on the area under the curve, the FR and WofE models show similar results and can be used as a simple tool for verifying the map prepared for flood sensitivity and reducing its future risks. Floods are the most damaging catastrophic phenomena in the worldwide. Therefore, flood susceptibility mapping is necessary for integrated watershed management in order to have sustainable development. In this study, flood susceptibility zones have been identified using FR and WofE methods. Et first step, a flood inventory map containing 146 flood locations was prepared in the kermanshah Province using documentary sources of Iranian Water Resources Department and field surveys. Then, eleven data layers (lithology, landuse, distance from rivers, soil texture, slope angle, slope aspect, plan curvature, topographic wetness index, drainage density, and altitude) were derived from the spatial database. Using the mentioned conditioning factors, flood susceptibility maps were produced from map index calculated using FR and WofE models, and the results were plotted in ArcGIS. Finally, the AUC-ROC curves using validation dataset were prepared for the two models to test their accuracy. For this reason, of 146 identified flood locations, 102 (70%) cases were used as training data and the remaining 44(30%) was used for validation. The validation of results indicated thet the FR and WofE models had almost similar and reasonable results in the study area. Based on the overall assessments, the proposed approaches in this study were concluded as objective and applicable. The scientific information derived from the present study can assist governments, planners, and engineers to perform proper actions in order to prevent and mitigate the flood occurrence in the future.   Key words: Flood susceptibility mapping, validation, method of frequency, weight of evidence, GIS- Kermanshah    },  
Keywords = {Classification, validation, method of frequency, weight of evidence, GIS},
volume = {6},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {143-162}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.6.4.143},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2707-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2707-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2020}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Yaghoobzadeh, Mostafa and khashei, Abbas and Ramezani, Yousof and Hosseini, Seyyedeh Atefeh},  
title = {Evaluation the best of selective base period of GCM models to determine meteorological variables of Birjand station in future periods}, 
abstract ={    Evaluation the best of selective base period of GCM models to determine meteorological variables of Birjand station in future periods   Abstract: Nowadays, determining the effect of a climate change in the various aspects of human life is quite evident. In such a situation, it is very important to determine the base period, which determines the effects of a climate change than in this period. Choosing a course-based course plays an important role in choosing future courses to conduct research on the effects of climate change. Many researchers in the research use the LARS-WG dynamic downscale method or the statistical method to measure the weather variables, which should be the same for the years of the base period and the upcoming period. This research was conducted to select the appropriate base course for estimating minimum temperature, maximum temperature and precipitation at the synoptic station in Birjand. The station is located at latitude 32 degrees and 53 degrees east and 59 degrees and 17 degrees north latitude. In order to evaluate and accuracy of the methods in this research, seven criteria for estimating root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE), relative error (RD), mean relative error of the month of the year (MRDM), average relative error of the month in the year (RDMM), PBIAS and RSR. In this study, using GCM models, we assessed the selected base courses for the synoptic station in Birjand. To doing in the research, an amount of 27 base courses from 35 models of the fifth report of the change were compared with similar periods obtained from the station in Birjand. The results showed about precipitation that the duration of the base periods such as 1960-2005 and 1960-2000 is less of the RMSE and MAE errors than the rest of the courses, and the base period of 1965-1990 between periods less than 30 years and the period The 1990-1960s are also well suited to the precipitation data of the synoptic station. The maximum temperature of the 1960-1990, 1960-1985 and 1960-1995 is the lowest RMSE error. However, short-term courses of 1980-1960 and 1965-1985 present satisfactory results.In the case of minimum temperatures, periods of 21 and 31 years 1960-1980, 1960-1985, 1960-1990 and 1965- 1985 have a percentage error of RMSE and a lower percentage of PBIAS. Variable variation range can also be used to show the appropriate base course. The result showed that the periods 1960-2005 and 1970-2005 had a lower range of rainfall variation than the other variables and seems to be more suitable. However, courses such as 1990-2000, 1975-1995, and 1995-2005 have less certainty. The more courses that go into periods with shorter periods of time, the more modest and less certainty they will be. Also, if you look at changes in the 1975-2005 periods and the 1965-1995 periods, it will be clear how much each year towards the years closest to 2005 will be deducted from the precipitation daily average. The results also show that maximum temperature changes are better than precipitation, and all courses have less variation range. Nevertheless, the period of 1960-2005 has the highest degree of certainty and the period of 1975-2005 has the least degree of certainty compared to the rest of the courses. In contrast to precipitation, there are periods such as 1970-1990, which, if considered as the basis for research, provide more certainty than the longer period of 1965-2005 for maximum temperature. Also, what's most clear about the maximum temperature is the higher the period with years closer to 2005, the temperature increases, which will increase the temperature over time. The process of minimum temperature variations also indicates that in addition these changes are similar to the change in temperature, with the difference that the range of variations in the minimum temperature is somewhat higher than the maximum temperature. The period of 1960-2005 has the best degree of certainty and the period from 1975-2005 has the least degree of certainty than the rest of the courses. Although long periods of time are less certain than short periods, the result is that the longer the interval between periods increases, the more precise the results will be. The result is not entirely correct, 1975-2000 is less certainty than the 1965-2000 period and has better results in minimum temperatures. Therefore, the evaluation of selected periods of GCM models with similar periods from observations of Birjand station shows that for rainfall variables, periods with a number of years yield more satisfactory results, but for two variables the minimum temperature and maximum temperature of the periods, not long or short periods, provide less risk of RMSE and PBIAS than long periods. Keywords: climate change, GCM model, base period, meteorological variable, emotion scenario      },  
Keywords = {climate change, GCM model, base period, meteorological variable, emotion scenario},
volume = {6},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {163-176}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.6.4.163},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2887-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2887-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2020}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Jalali, Masoud and Faraji, Abdullah and Mansourzadeh, Ali Mohammad and hosseiniseddigh, sayyed mahmou},  
title = {Investigation and zoning of thermal physiological stresses in Iran}, 
abstract ={Analysis and zoning of thermal physiological stresses in Iran   Abstract Human health is influenced by weather variables in all circumstances, including atmospheric pressure, humidity and temperature around them. Based on climate hazard and climate changes, different parts of human life and economic and social strategies such as health, hydrological pollutants And agriculture had a profound effect, including the discussion of the effects of thermal stress on human health over the last few decades, and has become a major issue in the world's scientific circles. Heat and cold stresses, the exposure of humans to extreme heat and cold, are part of the extreme events, often encountered by people during daily activities or in the workplace, and affecting human physical activities. It is important that, if the body is not cooled through transpiration or cooling mechanism, severe deaths are inflicted on human health; therefore, the person has to reduce his activity in order to reduce the adverse effects of heat stress. Hence, many researchers consider the thermal stress component more important than other components in assessing human health. In this study, using the physiological equivalent thermometer of PET thermal stress assessment and zoning of human thermal physiological stresses in Iran, with the length of the common statistical period from 1959 to 2011, and for the arsenal of thermal physiological stresses of Iran Forty stations have been used as representatives of Iranian cities. To calculate the physiological equivalent thermal temperature, all the effective meteorological elements in the human energy bill are measured at an appropriate height of climate biology, such as 1/5 meters above the Earth's surface. Data on climatic elements are provided by the Meteorological Organization of Iran. In the absence of data for some courses, linear regression method was used to reconstruct these missing data. After calculating the indices, the frequencies were also monitored and finally, using the GIS technique, the Kriging method of the study area was based on the frequency of occurrence of the indicators. Therefore, in order to achieve the results and objectives of the present study, software such as SPSS for data normalization as well as missing data was analyzed and analyzed using Ray Man's model based on meteorological elements to calculate the equivalent thermal physiological temperature of humans. Also, using the GIS software and Ordinary Kriging method, the best interpolation method was used to zon the human cysiological stresses. Today, in the planning of human health and comfort, the study of the physiological thermal stress plays an important role. In this regard, weather conditions can be used in the long-term planning of climate and in the short term planning of atmospheric conditions. In the present study, using the thermophysical Thermal Equivalent Thermal Index (PET), the climate climatic Atlas of Iran was prepared on a monthly basis. Calculated values for 40 stations in the country with a total statistical period of 52 years (1959-2011) were prepared. The results of this study showed that the spatial distribution of the physiological equivalent thermal temperature index in the country follows the altitudes, roughness and latitude. Accordingly, the low values of the indicator, which relate to the stresses of the cold, are consistent with the high and mountainous regions as well as the high latitudes, and vice versa, the thermal stresses occur in low and low elevations, as well as low latitudes, which of course, severe heat stresses occurred in the summer. Because throughout this season, the entire country of Iran is dominated by high tidal altitudes at high and low levels of ground pressure (1000 hp) with its warm and dry air, causing extreme heat and The term effects of heat waves on humans, heat loss, thermal contraction of the muscles and skin dryness, infectious or skin diseases, inflammation, sunburn, dizziness, fatigue, and mortality due to an increase in allergies can be mentioned. Significant differences in the environmental conditions of the mountainous masses of Kerman, Yazd and Sistan and Baluchestan provinces with their surrounding areas or low and low northern areas, and especially the Moghan Plain and Sarakhs plain, located in the upper latitudes of the country The issue is that the role of elevation in spatial distribution of the country's climate is much more colorful than factors such as latitude and longitude. The results of the analysis of the monthly thermal physiological stress maps showed that in terms of the area without tension, the march of the month with 47/8% of the area (778424/2km2) is in the first place and has the most favorable environmental conditions, The moon with 43/5 percent of the area (709275/2km2) is in the second position and also in March with 22.6 (359128/9km2) in the third, August and the last month. The highest thermal stresses (29},  
Keywords = {thermal stress, PET, zoning, Iran.thermal stress, PET, zoning, Iran},
volume = {6},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {177-194}, 
publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی},

doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.6.4.177},
url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2809-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2809-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts},  
issn = {2423-7892}, 
eissn = {2588-5146}, 
year = {2020}  
}