@article{ author = {aghazadeh, firuz and rostamzadeh, hashem and valizadehkamran, khalil}, title = {Real-time detection of wildlife using NOAA/AVHRR data Study area :(Kayamaki Wildlife Refuge)}, abstract ={Real-time detection of forest fire using NOAA/AVHRR data Study area :(Kayamaki Wildlife Refuge)   Extended Abstract Introduction Land and forest fires are one of the most common problems in the world that cause various disturbances in forest and land efficiency. Real-time fire detection is crucial to prevent large-scale casualties. In order to identify early fire in areas where there is a high risk of fire, it is necessary to monitor these areas regularly. Forest monitoring is a technique used to detect fires in the past using traditional techniques such as surveillance, helicopter and aircraft. Today, satellite imagery is one of the most imperative and effective tools for detecting active fires in the world. Materials and Methods In this study, NOAA/AVHRR images were used for fire detection and MODIS products were applied for evaluation and validation. Fire Detection Algorithms There are several algorithms for detecting fires using satellite imagery. In this study, 3 algorithms of Giglio, extended and IGPP were used. The selection of these algorithms was due to the extensive background research in most of the previous studies that used them and the results of these algorithms, especially the IGPP, were far more than other algorithms. Giglio Algorithm Giglio et al., (1999) criticized Arino and Melinott (1993) threshold as too high for certain regions of the world such as tropical rain forests, temperate climates and marshes where the air temperature for small fires (100 m3) is usually between 308 and 314 degrees Kelvin. They believed that the smaller fires were not fully recognized by Arino and Melinott (1993) thresholds. They concluded that in suburban forests 60% of fires had temperatures below 320K of which 70% were in rainforests and 85% happened in the Savanna. Thus, the threshold cannot be applied on a large scale and it is only applicable for a regional scale. IGBP Algorithm The IGBP fire detection algorithm is implemented in two steps. The first step is the threshold test in which a pixel in micrometers (11.03 μm) minus the band 4 is greater than 8 degrees Kelvin, the desired pixel being considered as a potential fire pixel. Band 3 (3.9 μm) exceeds 311 K, and band 3 illumination temperature is 3.9. Developed Algorithm This algorithm is used to detect small and large fires (both at night and day).   Interpretation of the Results After selecting fire detection algorithms, pre-processing (geometric, radiometric and atmospheric corrections), processing (applying fire relationships and fire formulas for fire detection) and post-processing (evaluating and validating the results), the fires were identified by the fire algorithms (images). Final results of fires identified for 2016 and 2017 (for 4 days) by fire algorithms indicate that fires identified by Giglio algorithm were 22 cases, those by IGPP algorithm were 27 cases and the ones by the developed algorithm were 15 cases. For this reason, the IGPP algorithm can be taken as the most appropriate algorithm in this study for fire detection using satellite imagery. Evaluation of fires identified through MODIS products To evaluate identified fires, after recognizing them with relevant algorithms, we used MODIS products for their evaluation (due to the lack of ground data on the days studied for evaluation). MODIS products were obtained from sites where the location of each fire was reported. For the evaluation of identified fires based on fire detection algorithms with MODIS products, 10 fire occurrences were used. The evaluation results express that out of 10 fires only 7 fires were recognized by the algorithms of MODIS products. 5 fire events were identified by Giglio algorithm (from 7 fires), 6 fires from IGBP (out of 7 fires), and 3 fire events from 7 extended algorithm were selected as fire pixels. Comparison of the implications of the fire algorithms The implications of fire occurrence algorithms indicate that the IGBP algorithm with 6 fires (out of 7 tested fires with error rate of 14% and with the number of fires detected (86%)), Giglio algorithm with 5 fires (out of 7 tested fires, with error rate of 28% and with the number of fires (72%)) and the developed algorithm with 3 fires (out of 7 fires tested with an error rate of 57% and with fire rate of 43%) have been identified. Therefore, it is concluded that the IGBP is the most appropriate algorithm for real-time fire detection, followed by Giglio and the developed algorithm in second and third orders, respectively. Keywords:Real Time Fire Detection, Fire Algorithms, NOAA/AVHRR, Kiamaki Wildlife Refuge.  }, Keywords = {Real-time fire detection, fire algorithms, NOAA / AVHRR, Kayamaki Wildlife Refuge.}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-14}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.1.2}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2916-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2916-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Mohammadpour, kaveh and Saligheh, Mohammad and DarvishiBloorani, Ali and Raziei, Tayeb}, title = {Analysis and Comparing Satellite Products and Simulated of AOD in West Iran (2000-2018)}, abstract ={Analysis and Comparing Satellite Products and Simulated  Of AOD in West Iran (2000-2018)   Kaveh Mohammadpour, Ph.D. Student in Climatology, Kharazmi University of Tehran Mohammad Saligheh, Associate Professor in Climatology, Kharazmi University of Tehran Ali Darvishi Bloorani, Assistant Professor in RS & GIS, Tehran University Tayeb Raziei, Assistant Professor in Climatology, SCWMRI, Iran   Introduction Dust are the main type of aerosols that affects directly and indirectly radiation budget. In addition, those affect the temperature change, cloud formation, convection, and precipitation. In recent years, the increase of different sensors and models has made possible to research the dust. The most important studies about dust analysis has been considered of Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) as the most key parameter, which are based on the use of remote sensing technique and global models for analyzing the behavior and dynamics of dust in recent two decades. To achieve this, it has used of MODIS and MACC to study and identify the behavior of dust in the last two decades over west Iran.   Materials and methods Areas in this study are Ilam, Kermanshah, Kurdistan, Lorestan and Hamedan provinces. The area has studied of two data series such as: first is MACC data with a spatial precision of 14 km2 and a 3-hour time scale; and other one is MODIS sensor production on the Terra satellite with a 10-square-kilometers resolution. In order to analyze the dust in the area in the period 2000 to 2018, statistical methods and simulation has used of the AOD parameter in MACC and MODIS. Before any processing, the data regraded to 0.2 × 0.2 degrees in order to compare the data. Then, the average daily AOD formed in a 22 × 23 matrix with 560 pixels that presented with 3653 × 560 for MACC during 2003 to 2012 and 6489 × 560 for MODIS during 2000-2018. Average of daily AOD obtained of MACC and MODIS calculated using of statistical equations. Then, the spatial distribution of AOD during the dusty months for synoptic stations and total province surface extracted using of R packages during the daily time series of the periods. Finally, the spatial distribution of the obtained AOD interpolated using the kriging function.   Results and Discussion The average annual AOD obtained from Deep Blue algorithm from MODIS was less than MACC in all of the interested stations, except for Hamedan and Khorramabad stations, and provinces surfaces. Correlation of AOD between MODIS and MACC shown that the correlations is high between model and sensor data (R2 = 59). In addition, the spatial correlation map shows 0.38 to 0.76 in which indicates a significant relationship between the MACC and MODIS pixels and the relationship is more in the western provinces of the area than the northeast of the region (Hamedan). The monthly comparison of the mean of AOD of the sensor and the model in the whole the area shows a highest correlation between the AOD in February and October. The interpolation of the spatial distribution in the decade of the study (2003-2012) in MACC showed that the spatial variations of AOD is decreasing from the south of Ilam to the north of Kurdistan and reached the lowest level in the north of Kurdistan province. In general, the findings of annual and seasonal spatial distribution (dry period) of dust showed that MACC overestimated AOD compared to MODIS in the area. Nonetheless, the dust pattern in both of the sensor and the model increased from south to north. Although, the dust pattern is more regular in the sensor than the model. The spatial distribution of dust in Ilam, Kermanshah, and Kurdistan provinces in MODIS and MACC shows that dust in the southern point of the Ilam province has the highest concentration and the lowest is observed in the northeast of Kurdistan province. This spatial distribution of dust showed that dust in western provinces of the area follow latitudinal trend , in which is influenced by the high topography of Kermanshah and Kurdistan provinces and the proximity of Ilam province to dust sources in the distribution of dust intensity.   Conclusion The results showed that there was a significant correlation between the sensor and the model and the coefficient was more than 0.4 in all months on the area. The findings of the annual amount of dust in MODIS showed that the amount of dust in the years 2000 to 2009 has increased in whole areas and from 2009 onwards, this annual trend has been reduced by 2018. MACC findings also showed that the AOD has been growing up in the period, although AOD amount have had a steep slope by 2010, but since 2010, dust has a steady slope. Therefore, West Iran has experienced two active (before 2010) and inactive (after 2010) periods in dust during an 18-years period on the area. The findings of MODIS and MACC in the study area indicate that the monthly distribution of dust from April to August has the highest concentration. In general, the annual and seasonal spatial distribution (months with the highest AOD) of dust indicates that the intensity of AOD in MACC was higher than MODIS in the area. Although the sensor and model has a roughly similar pattern and increases from south to north, but the trend in MODIS is more regular than MACC.   Keywords: Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), MACC, MODIS, West Iran        }, Keywords = {Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), MACC, MODIS, West Iran}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {15-32}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.1.3}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2938-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2938-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {negaresh, Hossein and Fotoohi, Samad and soraya, rez}, title = {Identification of the factors influencing the hazards and the difference in the volume of sediment accumulated in the villages of Nimroz}, abstract ={Identification of the factors influencing the hazards and the difference in the volume of sediment accumulated in the villages of Nimroz   Abstract Seasonal lakes or playas are considered as a major source of wind sediments and dust storms due to locating in post-topographic areas in dry and desert areas with strong winds system and also the presence of fine-grained and separated particles. Sediments and wind deposits in Sistan have caused the lives of thousands of people in these areas and especially the students to be at risk. The volume of wind sediments in this county has been multiplied in the last ten years; therefore the purpose of this research is to identify the effective factors on the volume difference of accumulated wind sediments in the schools of the villages of Nimroz County. The research method in this study is quite field and as direct observation, besides library resources has also been used. After the initial investigations, it was found that the geographical location, type of soil and topography have little effect on the volume difference of accumulated sediments in the studied schools. The findings of the study show that the three factors in Bash Delbar area, Hamoon Lake and lack of agriculture and the lack of vegetation in Deh Isa area are the most important factors in increasing or decreasing the volume of wind sediments.   Keywords: wind deposits, primary schools, Human Beast, the lake plain, the city of Nimroz  }, Keywords = {wind deposits, primary schools, Human Beast, the lake plain, the city of Nimroz}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {33-48}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.1.4}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2785-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2785-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {zohrevandi, hassan and khorshiddost, ali mohamad and sarisaraf, behroz}, title = {Prediction of Climate Change in Western of Iran using Downscaling of HadCM3 Model under Different Scenarios}, abstract ={Prediction of Climate Change in Western of Iran using Downscaling of HadCM3 Model under Different Scenarios   Hassan Zohrehvandi 1, Ali Mohammad Khorshiddoust 2, Behrouz Sari Sarraf 3 1- Ph.D student of Climatology, University of Tabriz, Email:  H.zohrehvandi@gmail.com  Mobile number:+989181502513 2 - Associate Professor of Climatology, University of Tabriz, Email:           Mobile number:  3- Associate Professor of Climatology, University of Tabriz, Email:        Mobile number:   Abstract    Considering that water resources are at risk from climate change, the study of temperature and precipitation changes in the coming years can lead to droughts such as droughts, sudden floods, high evaporation and environmental degradation. To this end, global climate models (GCMs) are designed to assess climate change. The outputs of these models have low spatial accuracy. In order to increase the spatial accuracy of this data, downscaling methods are used which are divided into statistical and dynamic methods. One of the reasons for using these models is their quick and easy operation compared to other methods. Our study area consists of Kurdistan, Kermanshah and Hamedan provinces in the west of the country. In this study, observational data of minimum temperature, maximum temperature, precipitation and radiation of 6 synoptic stations in the studied area in the statistical period of 1961 until 2005. In this study, the LARS-WG model was used for downscaling of HadCM3 global model data. The LARS-WG model is one of the most popular weather generator models that which to generation for maximum and minimum temperature, rainfall and radiation are used daily under current and future climate conditions. This model as a downscaled version of the same process less complex and simulated data input and output, high ability to predict climate change. The HadCM3 model is also a type of atmospheric- oceanic circulation model developed at the Hadley Center for Climate Prediction and Research, which has a 2.5 degree latitude network at 3.75 degrees longitude. Also, three climate change scenarios A1B, A2 and B1 have been used, each of which reflects the characteristics of the world's economic growth, the world's population and social awareness. The methodology is that the model receives the monitored data of the basic course; by examining them the statistical characteristics of the data are extracted. Then, in order to validate and ensure the model's capability for the basic statistical period, the model is implemented to re-establish a series of artificial data in the base period. Then the outputs to evaluate the performance of the model in the reconstruction of the data, the statistical characteristics of observations to test and compare various criteria. MAE, MSE, RMSE and R2 criteria were used to evaluate and analyze the performance of the downscaling model. The results showed that the accuracy of the model varies in different stations and parameters, so that the model in simulation of temperature and radiation is more suitable than rainfall simulation. Also, the model has more successful in simulation of maximum temperature in comparison with minimum temperature. In sum, the results of different evaluation criteria indicate that the LARS-WG model has a good accuracy for the downscaling of the parameters studied in the study area. After evaluating the LARS-WG model and ensuring its appropriateness, the data was generated by the model for three climate change scenarios using the HadCM3 model. The results of the monthly review of the parameters studied at the station indicate that precipitation in the 2050s at all stations except Saralpul Zahab and Sanandaj stations according to the three scenarios studied in most months except December, January And at some stations, sometimes in November and February, they were lower than the base period, and rainfall is expected to decrease over the 20 years period (2046-2065), but the situation for Sanandaj and Saralpul Zahab stations is somewhat different, which, according to some scenarios, has increased in most months of the year, and according to some scenarios, rainfall has decreased in some months and it seems that the precipitation pattern is shifted The end of the warm season. But the rainfall situation is completely different in the 2080s, and rainfall has decreased in all stations and in most months of the year. The average monthly of the minimum and maximum temperatures as well as the amount of radiation shows that all three parameters will increase in all months of the year based on all three scenarios, as well as in the two decades studied (2080 and 2050) And its rate would increase in the decade than in the previous decade. According to the results, the amount of precipitation decreases in study area and the temperature and radiation will increase as well. The rate of precipitation decrease in the following periods will be 7.7% in the region than in the base period, and the minimum and maximum temperatures in the long-term was increase at the region 3.4 and 3.4 degrees Celsius, respectively, compared to the average period of the base. The radiation increase was 0.38 mJ /m2 in Area level. The results of this research can help to solve the challenges of water resource managers and planners in future periods.   Keywords: Climate Change, downscaling, west of Iran, General Circulation model, LARS-WG        }, Keywords = {Climate Change, downscaling, West Country, General Circulation model, LARS-WG}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {49-64}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.1.5}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2741-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2741-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Kiani, Tayebeh and Hydrad, Nadim and Parastoo, Ghaforpur Anbar}, title = {Active tectonics of the Roudbar region: with special reference to the landslides of the area}, abstract ={Active tectonics of the Roudbar region: with special reference to the landslides of the area   Tayebeh Kiani, Assistant Prof. in geomorphology, Kharazmi University tayebeh.kiani@gmail.com   Hyrdad Nadim, MSc in environmental geology, geological hazards trends, Geological Survey & Mineral Exporation of Iran hirad.nadim@gmail.com   Parastoo Ghaforpur Anbaran, PH.D Student in Geomorphology, Kharazmi University parastooghaforpur@yahoo.com       Extended abstract: Introduction: Due to its specific morphology and extensive tectonic activities, Roudbar rigion has always been affected by various geological hazards such as earthquakes, floods, biological pollution and landslides, which landslide is one of the most active phenomena in the region of this vast And mountainous area. Within the Roudbar geological sheet, 11 large and small landslides have been recorded with different yields and properties, some of which have catastrophic consequences, including the Roudbar and Fatalak landslides, which occurred as a result of the earthquake of June 31, 1990 Has caused devastating events in the Roudbar area and resulted in casualties and financial losses. Extreme performance of tectonic phases, which enact a major role in landslides, construction factors, road and rail, Steep slopes of topography, Sloping Loose Materials, are a various factors in the occurrence of such landslides. Due to the fact that landslide is predictive, preventive and sustainable, it is important to identify and zoning in the country and province and Perform basic geological studies in prone araes to landslides with a large scale. Due to the high potential of the region for the subsequent landslides and the properties of the intact areas with the old landslide areas, In present research, it is necessary to determine the most important factor in landslide occurrence in Roudbar area through field investigations and based on that, plan management will happen for controlling landslide phenomenon. Eventually, using geomorphic indices, the tectonic activity status of the Roudbar region is determined, and with the adaptation of the location of landslides and faults with the tectonic activity zones map, relationship between tectonic and landslide are investigated. Also, the risk zone, where there is a probability of landslide instability, is determined. Method: The study area is located at 45 ° 36 'to 30 '45 ° 36' north latitude and 30 '22 ° 49' to 49 ° 49 'east longitude. Roudbar is one of the southern cities of Gilan province, which has a reputation for having olive gardens, and is named after its seasonal and permanent rivers. Roudbar city leads to from north to Rasht, south to Roudbar Alamut (from Qazvin province), from east to Lahijan and from west to Fomen city.  In the first phase, based on ground surveys and laboratory studies, the geological map in the scale of 1: 25,000 and other required data, limited area and Condition landslides are identified on aerial photos and satellite imagery. In the second phase of this research, geomorphic indicators the mountain front sinuosity index (Smf), the ratio of width to depth valley floor (Vf), Stream Length Index (SL), Basin Shape (Bs), Asymmetry Factor (AF) are used. Then, the results of the indicators are presented as a tectonic activity index (LAT). Conclusion: Based on ground surveys and laboratory studies, the geological map in the scale of 1: 25000 and other required data, limited area and Condition landslides are identified on aerial photographs and satellite imagery. Based on this, it was found that Roudbar landslides were more affected by structural factors and weight (slope loading) has taken place. It seems Structural factors hidden in most of the landslides in the region. Based on the results of the tectonic activity relative index (Lat), most sub-basins have high and moderate tectonic activity. In term of width, the intense class includes with 195.55 square kilometers (67.21%) of the total area. The integration of different tectonic zones with the location of the landslide zones of the region, the close relationship between the zones with intense and moderate tectonic activity with the landslide zones designated in the first part of this study shows that the zones with Fatalak, Lavie, Roudbar, Filde landslides are in areas with intense tectonic activity and The landslides of Dashtgan, Talabar, Taklim, Nesfi, Dolatabad, Herzavil are located in the moderate tectonic activity zone. Based on ground surveys, the results of calculations of geomorphic indices indicate the relation between the activity of the land area and the landslide hazard. Considering the inevitability of the faults' activity and the resulting hazards, it is suggested that, in order to improve the country's substructure development, more detailed and larger scales on the landslide mechanism introduced in this research (Including determination of gradient safety factors (FS), calculation of the risk of slipping region and applying slope stability and safety methods, etc.), be done Systematicly and in coordination with organizations and related departments. Keywords: Active tectonic, Geographic Information System, Geomorphic indices, Landslide, Roudbar.  }, Keywords = {Geographic Information System, Geomorphic indices, landslide, Active tectonic, Roudbar}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {65-88}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.1.6}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2780-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2780-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Jahanbakhshasl, Saeid and SariSarraf, Behruz and Asakereh, Hosein and Shirmohamadi, soheil}, title = {The study of temporal - spatial changes of high extreme rainfalls in west of Iran(1965-2016)}, abstract ={The study of temporal - spatial changes of high extreme rainfalls in west of Iran (1965-2016)    Extended Abstract Introduction                                    Rainfall is one of the appropriate weather parameters not only in describing weather condition in one specific area but also is in estimating potential impacts of climate change in the environment and in many economic and social systems. Some studies show that during half a century weather patterns by more and severe raining events and by changes in scheduling and rain status has been changed. From 1960s with its much slope, the abundance and severity of extreme rainfalls throughout the world has increased and it is expected to continue the increase until the end of the current century. So understanding the behavior of extreme events is one of the main aspects of climate change and the increase of information about heavy rains has utmost importance for society, especially for the population who lives in areas with increased flood risk. According to above mentioned cases and abnormal behavior and irregular rainfalls in Iran and its high variability from one hand and Iran's west region ability to heaviness and extension of rainfalls on the other hand, the necessity of understanding and study of temporal and spatial dangerous rainfalls is recognized. Among extreme rainfall characteristics, the portion of such rainfalls in total rain production is studied less.   Due to the experiments carried out, the increase of annual rainfall in Iran happens through heavy rainfalls. Therefore heavy rainfall portions out of total annual rainfalls can be defined as an index of crisis. The increase of this index implies the heavy floods in rainy years and severe drought and drought years.   Data and Method Iran's west region including East and West Azerbaijan provinces, Zanjan, Kurdistan, Kermanshah, Hamadan, Lorestan, and Ilam consists of about 14 percent of Iran's total area. The height of this region includes a domain of 100 to about 4000 meters. Zagros mountain ranges are the most important characteristic of west of Iran, which are drawn from north-west to south-east. In this research, we used network data from interpolation daily rainfall observation of 823 meteorology stations from January 1st up to December 31st, 2016 by using Kriging interpolation method and by separating 6×6 km spatial. The results formed matrix interpolation process by dimension of 18993×6410. This matrix has the rain status of 6410 points of west of Iran for every day rainfall (18993). Extreme rain falls are identified in terms of threshold of 95 percentile in each point and each day of year. The rainfall of each day and each pixel is compared to that related pixel and corresponding to that day and those days which their rainfalls rates were equal to or larger than threshold were identified for studying extreme rain fall portion in total yearly rainfall, the total of equal rainfalls and more than 95 percentile is calculated for each year and each of pixel and, it is divided to total of the same pixel rainfalls in that year. We used the least squarely error for understanding temporal- spatial behavior of regression.   Results and Discussion The average extreme rain falls in west of Iran is under the influence of their roughness and placement and also synoptic rainfall. The proof of this claim identifies through placement of average extreme rainfall over altitudes of region. By increasing geographical latitude in Iran's western provinces, it is decreased both of total extreme rainfalls and portion of such rainfall out of total yearly rainfall. Total extreme rainfall trend shows a frequency in a domain with 16 mm in each year. The negative trend of total rainfall with the area of 74.72 percent consists of three quarters of Iran's west. The narrow strip of the west of Kurdistan and south-west of west Azerbaijan have the highest amount of positive trend which is meaningful in certainty level of 95 percent. The study of process showed the ratio of extreme rainfalls portion to total yearly rainfall, which is increasing about 60.7 percent of west area of this country extreme rainfalls in total yearly rainfall and the greatest part of this area is located in southern half of the studied area. The negative trend also is located in northern half and they have consisted of 39.29 percent of studied area of these, only in 29.81 percent of region, the trend ratio of extreme rainfalls to total yearly rainfalls are meaningful in certainty level of 95 percent. Keywords: Extreme Rainfalls, Trend, 95 Percentile, Rainfall Portion, west of Iran.  }, Keywords = {Extreme Rainfalls, Trend, 95 Percentile, Rainfall Portion, west of Iran}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {89-106}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.1.7}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2926-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2926-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {hamidi, mohamad saeid and alipuor, abbas and alipuori, ehs}, title = {Spatial Analysis of Tourism Capacity of Desert Areas and Its Role in Social Sustainability}, abstract ={The geographical location of Yazd province has greatly influenced the creation of spatial and climatic diversity and the provision of appropriate facilities for the formation of various natural and cultural attractions. Nevertheless, these areas need more attention in terms of the potential of tourism development for social sustainability. This research is done with the aim of spatial analysis of tourism capacity of desert areas and its role in social sustainability, and according to its nature, it is an applied type. The research method is descriptive-analytic. Documentary and field data are used to collect data. The data were analyzed quantitatively (one-sample T-test, Pearson test and AHP and Barda methods). The findings show that according to the experts' opinion, the effective indicators in identifying tourism capacities are distance from roads, distance from historical attractions, distance from residential centers, distance from natural attractions, type and soil suitability, distance from water resources , Elevation, direction of gradient, slope, land use and precipitation. The results show that 24 percent of the total area of the area has relatively good capacity and is located in the central, eastern and northeastern parts of the province. The most important criteria that have made these areas selected as optimal areas are the density of natural-ecological elements such as the existence of diverse deserts and deserts, geotops, glacier cirques, and historical-cultural elements such as traditional water reservoirs, markets, shrines and temples And so on. Also, 26% of the area has average power, which is mostly located in the east and northeast of the province. Finally, areas with inappropriate and relatively inappropriate power are found in parts of the eastern province of Karshra that occupy 51% of the total area of the zone. The results of measuring the social sustainability status of desert and desert areas based on indicators (population distribution, transport infrastructure, immigration status and deprivation rate) show that Yazd city has the highest ranking and Ardakan, Bafgh, Mehriz , Taft Meybod and Abarkuhh moderate sustainability, and finally Khatam, Saduj and Bahabad are among the unstable and less developed cities of Yazd province. The results of Pearson correlation coefficient showed that there is a significant relationship between tourism development and social sustainability in different regions of Yazd province at 99% level. This means that areas with demographic, demographic, and low levels of social sustainability have lower attraction and tourism capabilities than other Yazd province cities.}, Keywords = {spatial analysis, desert and desert, tourism capacity, social stability.}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {107-120}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.1.8}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3044-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3044-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Najafinejad, Ali and Heravi, Hesam and Bahremand, abdolreza and Zeinivand, Hossei}, title = {Simulation of Climate Change on river Hydrograph Using WetSpa Model, Case Study: Taleghan Watershed Alborz Province}, abstract ={Simulation of Climate Change on river hydrograph Using WetSpa Model, Case Study: Taleghan Watershed Alborz Province Abstract Introduction: One of the major issues in hydrology engineering is the prediction of the flood routing or rising and falling limb river hydrograph, in which the importance of the climate is very evident due to the high volatility and is therefore one of the most important factors to be carefully studied. Climate has been changing ever since. Changes refer to the variability of the long term trends in the state of the climate or average changes in temperature and rainfall that persist for extended period. Important regional water resource vulnerabilities to changes in both temperature and precipitation patterns are documented. Recent analysis from the inter-governmental panel for climate change indicates that the earth as a whole has warmed by about 0.6°C ± 0.2°C over the past century with locally and seasonally varying amounts. The changes in pattern and intensity of precipitation, melting of ice, increasing atmospheric water vapor and others has a significant natural variability on inter annual to decadal that masking the long term trend. Increased evaporation, combined with changes in precipitation characteristics, has the potential to affect runoff, frequency and intensity of floods and droughts, soil moisture, and water supply. Warming of climate system and change in its state variables are highly related to the atmosphere-land-ocean system. The climate modeling science integrates these complex systems with the Global Circulation Models (GCMs) to simulate future climate changes and forecast it for decades and centuries. Climate change scenarios developed from General Circulation Models (GCMs) are the initial source of information for estimating plausible future climate changes. In regional and local climate studies usually coarse-resolution outputs of global climate models are downscaled to produce necessary fine scale data. Statistical downscaling methods are widely used for prediction of climatic variables e.g. precipitation because of importance of these factors in environmental planning and management. The main purpose of the research is to investigate the past and future potential of climate change and its impacts on the hydrologic response of the basin. Data and method of work: In this study, the Taleghan Watershed of the Sefidrood basin was selected as a case study due to its socio-economic significance. Elevation range from 1774 to 4362 m and a mean slope is 40.5%. The mean annual precipitation in the catchment is 591 mm. At first using weather data and meteorological data with a daily step in a 21-year period and three base maps information, including precipitation data from eight stations, temperature and evaporation data from two stations were used as input to the model. Three base maps information i.e. DEM, land use and soil types are prepared in GIS and flow hydrograph was simulated using WetSpa model in Taleghan watershed. For runoff verification, the only river station at the outlet of the catchment was used. Then, for the reference period, daily modeled runoff was compared with observed values at available in the region. In the following Future climate change (precipitation, temperature and evaporation) based on CanESM2 model from the fifth report the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) on emission scenario RCP8.5 was used for simulating the flow hydrograph during the next period (2016-2029) and its comparison with the base period (1995-2015). In this study, the performance of Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM) was investigated to predict precipitation, temperature and evaporation. Modeled precipitation was compared with observations of 8 available stations in the region, Observed temperatures from two stations were also used for modeled temperature and evaporation verification.   Interpretation of results: Regarding to the outputs and spatially distributed hydrological factors in daily time step the model is capable to analyze topography, soil type, and land use effects on the hydrological behavior of the watershed. Model evaluation results showed that The Nash-Sutcliffe criteria, 76% and accuracy of the simulation show the high performance of the model in this watershed. The results of the research showed that the SDSM model is well advanced to simulate Climate variables. Statistical measures of model performance such as Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), Mean squared error (MSE) and the analysis of output results from SDSM model shown that this model is able to predict precipitation, temperature and evaporation indexes. According to the results of the CanESM2 model, in the considered scenario (RCP8.5), temperature will increase from 0.5 to 0.6 and Average precipitation in the future 8% will increase. Finally the results showed that in the considered scenario, the average runoff watershed will increase Up to 45% by the climate in the future. Also, the average of runoff will increase in all months of the year (except in October) compared to the base period. This increase is more pronounced for April.             Keywords: Emission Scenario, Flood, Hydrologic Model, River Hydrograph, Simulation                             * Corresponding author: najafinejad@gau.ac.ir  }, Keywords = {Emission scenario, Flood, River Hydrograph, Simulation, Spatially Distributed Hydrological Model}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {121-134}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.1.9}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3023-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3023-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Salahi, Bromand and Behrozi, Mahomu}, title = {Investigating the effect of desert micro-organisms on vegetative traits and yield of grapevine in Shiraz}, abstract ={ Investigating the effect of desert micro-organisms on vegetative traits and yield of grapevine in Shiraz   Extended Abstract   Introduction  Mineral aerosols as a pollution of atmosphere has become a global concern with environmental impacts on human, Vegetable and transportation system. Plants exposed to aerosol exhibit morphological and physiological changes. Dust particles is one of the aerosols in the atmosphere which deposits on the leaf of plants can alter their available light of photosynthesis. This interferes with gas exchange of CO2 between the leaf and air of environment, and the reduction of leaf stomatal conductance. Finally reduction the yield of plants. Grapevines Vitis vinifera. Askari, are grown extensively in the Shiraz city. The period from March to July coincides with extensive shoot and fruit which these processes depend on environment conditions. Any stress reducing fruit set and leaf characterizes, will negatively affect grapevine productivity. Thus, the objective of this study was to examine the effects of dust deposits on grapevine leaves and to estimate the impact on vegetative traits and yield of grapevine.   Method  Experiments were implemented on 36 grapevines V.vinifera L. cv. Askari in the form of RCBD with drip irrigation during 2017-2018 from late March to July when the buds grow until the harvest. Treatments included: T1) artificial dust sprayed on canopy of vine by a manually operated duster, T2) washing canopy of vines using well water in the field after spraying artificial dust, and T3) control. Artificial dust particles were collected from uncultivated areas of Azadegan plain in Khuzestan province. To provide suitable fine particles, the soil was grinded, milled and sieved using a mesh size of 200 opening per inches. The physical and chemical tests were performed using an X-ray diffraction device. A dust chamber and a dust generator were constructed to simulate dust. A mechanical apparatus consisted of a 50-cm pipe and a ventilation fan was also used. The chamber was made of a plastic sheet with 2×2×1.5 m dimensions. To evaluate chlorophylls a and b concentration, used by spectrophotometer in wavelengths of 647 nm and 663 nm. Single Leaf Area Index (LAI) was calculated by image processing method Win-Area-Ut_10 system. The sugar content of grapes was determined by measuring the Refrectometer BME center index of their juice sugar. Also measured the RWC, fruit set percentage, Length of Branch Leaf Dry Weight and Yield.   Results The mean of particle size was 10.6 μm and the chemical composition of these particles included Silicon Oxide, Sodium Sulfate, Na = 6.14 mg/L, K = 10.73 mg/L, Ca = 23.9 meq/L and Mg = 3.5 meq/L. Chlorophyll a and b content decreased by dust particles treatment in the throughout the phonological stages of grapevine and had a significantly different as compared to washing and control treatments. RWC was reduced in the dust treatment as compared to the washing and control treatment (P < 0.05). The maximum of Leaf Area Index (131 cm2) was obtained in the control and the minimum (86 cm2) was obtained in the dust treatment. The maximum percentage of fruit set was obtained in the washing treatment (24%). but, the lowest fruit set trait (18%) was found in the dust treatment. The highest TSS (22.7 %) was observed in the washing treatment and the lowest TSS (18.1%) was seen in the dust treatment. The difference among the numbers of berries among treatments was significant (P < 0.05). The highest and the lowest numbers of berries were observed in the washing treatment (87 berries per bunch) and the dust treatment (49 berries per bunch). The heaviest bunch was observed in the washing treatment (158.7 g), while the lightest bunch weight (100 g) was observed in the dust treatment which had significantly difference with control and washing treatments. The highest yield (22.5 kg/vine) was observed in the washing treatment and the lowest yield (7.9 kg/vine) was observed in the dust treatment, whereas control produced 19.5 kg/vine averagely.   Conclusion It was found that dust accumulation on the surface of leaf grapevine Askari induces some physiological changes such as a reduction of photosynthetic pigments, relative water content and leaf area. Deposition of dust particles on flower of grape led to decrease of reproductive trait, but washing vine by water led to improvement of production. As a result, washing of vine also increased grape production as compared to the control treatment. According to the results, dust particles reduced fruit set by deposition on flower and they were identified as an environmental stress on grapevine. More importantly, the results revealed that yield of grapevine was adversely affected by dust deposits over a short interval of time during the fruit set. Therefore, the fruit set stage, in which the fruit is formed, was recognized as the most important stage in plant production. It was also found that removal of dust particles from the plant leaves by washing methods can reduce the effects of dust particles.   Keywords: Dust, Chlorophyll, Fruit, Sugar, Shiraz.      }, Keywords = {Dust, Chlorophyll, Fruit, Sugar, Shiraz}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {135-152}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.1.10}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3072-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3072-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {moradi, Aydin and emadodin, somaye and Arekhi, saleh and rezaei, khalil}, title = {Earth subsidence analysis using radar interferometry technique, geotechnical and piezometric wells (case study: Urban region 18 Tehran )}, abstract ={   }, Keywords = {subsidence, Tehran, Radar interferometry, Geotechnics, Groundwater, GIS, SNAP}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {153-176}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.1.11}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2890-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2890-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {pazhoh, farsh}, title = {Identification of the effective jet stream patterns in the heavy Precipitation of the cold season in the southern half of Iran}, abstract ={ Identification of the Effective Jet Stream Patterns In the Heavy Precipitation of the Cold Season In the Southern Half of Iran Farshad Pazhoh[1], PhD in Synoptic Climatology, Department of Natural Geography, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, University Kharazmi, Tehran, Iran   Every year, important parts of a large part of our country are affected by the climatic hazards of heavy precipitation and lots of damages are done to the country. If the generating circulation patterns of heavy precipitation waves will identify, its occurrence can be predicted from at least one or two days before the beginning of the sequence of patterns ending in floods (Alijani, 2006, 156). Occurrence of heavy precipitation, so that its amount is more than the soil penetration capacity, causes runoff and floods. Now, if these heavy precipitations occur in urban areas, it is associated with more dangers, because the permeability in urban areas is less than in out-of-town areas, and a significant amount of such precipitation in urban areas has turned into runoff and floods. Cause damages to places, buildings and urban facilities (Taheri Behbahani and Bozorgzadeh, 1996, 2). Two sets of data were used to conduct this research. One is surface data and the other is high atmospheric data. For this purpose, in the first category, the related precipitation data of the cold season of 8 synoptic stations in the southern half of Iran (Table 2) in the period from December 1, 1970 to March 31, 2014 were obtained from the Meteorological Organization. To identify the occurrence of heavy precipitation leading to major floods in the study area, considering that heavy precipitation has covered more than 50% of stations and the precipitation of each station is more than 95% during the study period.     Considering the above two conditions, 61 heavy and pervasive precipitations were selected from the total precipitations above the percentile of 95% of the stations. In the second category, high atmospheric data obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the United States. The synoptic scale in order to tracking the troposphere synoptic patterns includes a longitude of 20 west degrees to 100 east degrees and a latitude of 0 to 80 north degrees. In the selected synoptic scale, 1790 cells are located; the distance between each cell is 2.5 by 2.5 arc degrees.     In order to identify the jet stream patterns, first the factor analysis method with Varimax rotation was applied on the geo potential height data of 500 hPa during the selected 61 days of heavy and pervasive precipitations and found that the first 12 factors explain more than 90%   data’s diffraction. The first factor accounts for about 32% of geo potential height data diffraction (Table 4). In the next step, in order to reduce the data volume and identify the synoptic patterns, the cluster analysis method was performed on the scores of the first 12 factors by the integration method and 4 synoptic patterns affecting the arrangement of the winds were extracted. Then, for each of the identified patterns, a representative day that had the highest correlation with the desired pattern determined (Table 3) and appropriate maps for the representative days of the patterns were drawn and analysed. The results showed that the merged jet stream patterns (subtropical-sub polar), tropical jet stream (ridge-trough), orbital subtropical jet stream and meridian subtropical jet stream were effective in the occurrence of heavy precipitation, which meridian subtropical jet patterns and merged have played the most important role. In the first pattern, the merged jet stream plays role in 16 days and 26.3% of the precipitation days. The merged jet streams core is generally located on the Red Sea, and the subtropical jet stream penetrates from North Africa, and after crossing the Red Sea and northern Saudi Arabia, the left half of the jet stream’s exit covers the whole of the southern and central half of the country. The sub polar jet stream in a northwest-southeast direction from central and the west of the Europe from the centre and west of Europe penetrate to the lower latitudes and from central and eastern part of the Mediterranean and at the entrance part of the left side merge with subtropical jet stream. In the merger pattern, the sub polar jet stream corresponding to the western half of the trough of the middle-level of troposphere plays the role of cold air Advection and transferring the western winds to the lower latitudes, and the subtropical jet stream, corresponds to the eastern half of the trough, play the role of the discharge and divergence of warm and southern humid air on the southern half of the country’s atmosphere. In the second pattern, the subtropical jet stream (ridge-trough structure) with 13 days and 21.3%, generally in Northeast Africa, the subtropical jet stream with a huge ridge structure in direction of northwest to south east extends to the centre of the Red Sea and Saudi Arabia and also the trough structure of   jet stream stretches from north of Iraq to the centre of the Red Sea. This trough structure’s sinkhole of jet stream this subtropical sinkhole has caused the left half of the jet stream's outlet with meridian curvature cover the whole of the southern half and most of the country after crossing Saudi Arabia and the Persian Gulf. But in the third pattern of the orbital subtropical jet stream, which plays a role in 14 days and 23.4% of heavy and pervasive precipitation days, the jet stream core has the most stretching and range, mainly from the eastern Mediterranean and north of Saudi Arabia to the western half of Iran, and the jet stream structure is completely formed west to east with least meridian structure. The intensity and pervasiveness of precipitations in this pattern such as the second one is weaker than the other patter. However, in the fourth pattern, the meridian sub-tropical jet stream is present as the most frequent pattern with 18 days and 29% of the selected precipitations days.  In this pattern the jet stream has a southwest to northeast direction and the jet stream's core, like the third pattern, generally extends from north of Saudi Arabia to centre of Iran and sometimes to northeast of Iran. The locating of this jet stream with a suitable curvature on the important water resources of the south of the country and corresponding to the north eastern half of the trough from north eastern of Africa to north eastern of Iran after the merged pattern, has caused the most pervasive and intensive precipitations days in the south of the country.   Keywords: Heavy and Pervasive precipitation, Cluster Analysis, Subtropical Jet stream, Low Pressure, Trough, Southern half of Iran   [1] Corresponding Author:                                                                                  Email: climate.synoptic@gmail.com}, Keywords = {Heavy and Pervasive rainfall, Cluster Analysis, subtropical jet stream, Low Pressure, trough, southern half of Iran}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {177-196}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.1.12}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2851-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2851-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {KHAKSEFIDI, SAIDEH and vasigh, SAIDEH and taban, mohse}, title = {Proper design of the central courtyard in residential areas against Sadobist-roz-e winds in Zabol using CFD analysis}, abstract ={Proper design of the central courtyard in residential areas against Sadobist-roz-e winds in Zabol using CFD analysis Saeide Khaksefidi - Ma Student of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and urban planning, Jundi-shapur University of technology, Dezful, Iran. Behzad Vasigh* - Faculty of Architecture and Urban planning, Jundi-shapur University of Technology, Dezful, Iran Mohsen Taban - Assistant Professor, Faculty of Architecture and urban planning, Jundi-shapur University of Technology, Dezful, Iran Abstract: Wind erosion occurs in many arid, semiarid and agricultural areas of the world. Sadobist-roz-e winds are common phenomena in arid and semi-arid areas. In recent years, Sadobist-roz-e winds frequencies and intensities have increased significantly in Iran. A research on Sadobist-roz-e winds sources is important for understanding the mechanisms of dust generation and assessing its socio-economic and environmental impacts. Deserts are the main sources of emitted dust, and are highly responsive to wind erosion. Low content of soil moisture and lack of vegetation cover lead to fine particle’s release. The wind in the eastern part of Iran, Sistan, is one of the most important phenomena in the ecological studies. The intensity and velocity of the wind, has caused environmental problems. This population is distributed in more than 1000 cities, villages and nomadic settlements. Sadobist-roz-e winds is the most significant wind in the region which starts every year at the end of the spring and lasts all through the beginning of autumn, with a mean velocity of 100 km/h. Architecture and urbanization of the Sistan region have been built with the focus on reducing the amount of sand. The orientation and placement of buildings can be effective in reducing the damage to these winds. Sadobist-roz-e winds has increased in zabol since 1999. The average annual number of dust Storm events increased from 10 d during 1990–1998 (before the drought) to 54 d during 1999–2004 (after the drought). The frequency of dust storms also increased 5-fold after 1999 in the region. This shift is associated with an increase in wind speed, rainfall reduction, drying of Hamoun Lake and drought occurrence. The purpose of this paper is to determine the type of obstruction, orientation and enclosure level of the central courtyard so that it can be useful in two areas: wind speed reduction and reduction of dust contamination in the building area. Modeling of buildings is done using 3D software; and simulation of airflow using “Flow3D” Fluid Simulation software has been investigated.  Each time the flow of air was tested in different models. First, two main patterns that were expected to be appropriate to the behavior of the wind were selected. Both of them were simulated and it was found that the concave shape has a better performance. Because in addition to reducing the wind speed, it also causes rotational movement. Then, with emphasis on the central courtyard, various shapes of the layout of the builders in the central courtyard were examined. The result showed that due to the high initial wind speed, in addition to the inflow and outflow contours (in the enclosure court), the positioning and orientation of buildings at different angles, it can also be effective in reducing wind speed and decreasing wind movement. By extending this collection to more buildings and creating congestion conditions, the comfort conditions for the pedestrian were examined. In the following, with a constant elevation of 9, and enclosure (H / D ratio) and wind input to a set of 3, this load was simulated with different angles against the wind. Every time the wind speed and the wind velocity decreases. The best location was selected at a 45-degree angle faced to the wind. Further, with regard to the fact that high wind speeds are observed in the best building layout, natural obstacles were used to reduce wind speed. Among the native trees of Sistan, “Gaz” were selected because of their highest adaptability to the region's climate and for research purposes. Physical characteristics were taken and modeling was done. Each simulation was performed; the best model with a natural barrier against the wind region was identified. Although the research on locality could be highly generalized, the best location in the study, which was close to the definitions, was approached. At last, the results show that buildings or obstacles that are concave to the wind direction are more likely to prevent wind entering the shadows area than most other building types. The type of layout and orientation of the buildings against the wind and the amount of enclosure at the two points of “entry and exit of the wind”, along with the use of natural obstacles, can be very effective in reducing the wind speed and reducing the entry of dust to the comfort level.   Keywords: zabol, sadobistroze winds, CFD simulation, Residential complex, central courtyard  }, Keywords = {zabol, sadobistroze winds, CFD simulation, Residential complex, central courtyard.}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {197-212}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.1.13}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2838-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2838-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Kord, Baqer and Rahati, Amin and Mahmoudi, Peyman and Khosravi, Parviz and Bidar, Harir}, title = {Prioritizing the counties of Sistan and Baluchestan province in order to optimize the management of drought budget}, abstract ={  Prioritizing the counties of Sistan and Baluchestan province in order to optimize the management of drought budget   Abstract Drought is one of the most significant natural hazards which affects various aspects of human life with its gradual, slow and creeping occurrence. As a disastrous climate phenomenon, it directly impacts on human communities through making changes in access to water resources, and imposes enormous economic, social and environmental costs on various communities. One of the strategies governments always use to compensate the damages that droughts impose on various economic, social and environmental sectors is to include special financial loans in the form of grants, special development credits, special structural projects, and so on. Therefore, in this regard, a lot of financial aids have been allocated by the government for it. But, sometimes, it is observed that the allocation and distribution of drought credits among different cities of the province have been more influenced by political, ethnic, and religious interests rather than by the severity of the drought and its detrimental effects on various economic, agricultural, and social sectors. Therefore, in this study, it has been tried to present a method based on an optimization model in order to take a step in optimizing the management of drought budget based on realities in Sistan and Baluchestan province in south-east of Iran. In this study, the indicators proposed by the Cabinet of Ministers of the Islamic Republic of Iran for reducing the effects of drought were applied to manage the optimal distribution of drought budgets among the cities of Sistan and Baluchestan province in southeast of  Iran. These indicators were population, having urban and rural drinking water, vulnerability of water resources, surface area under cultivation, number of users of agricultural sector, annual consumption of agricultural water, and rainfall. Using the figures given in the 2011 statistical yearbook, numerical values ​​for each of these indices were obtained. But given that these indices are not of equal importance in each city and some may be more important in one city and less important in another, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique using paired comparison method was applied to determine the relative importance of these indices in Sistan and Baluchestan province. Using this technique, a relative weight was determined for each of these indicators and for each city. In addition to determining the weight of these indices, it was needed to convert droughts in the province to numerical values. In this study, to analyze droughts in Sistan and Baluchestan province, Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), which is one of the proposed indicators of World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has been used for a period of 30 years (1984-2014) and for 6 synoptic stations. The results of drought analysis in Sistan and Baluchestan province in an annual scale showed that the frequency distribution of different drought levels in Sistan and Baluchestan province has not been uniform, with the most droughts occurring in this 30 year period in northern part of the province (Zabol and Zahedan) including 14 and 13 repeated cases; respectively, with the lowest in central part of Baluchistan (Khash and Saravan) including 11 repeated cases. But, what should be noted after the frequency of droughts is the persistence and durability of droughts. As a result, weak but long-lasting droughts can be much more damaging than severe but short-lived droughts. Sistan and Baluchestan province has been under drought with varying degrees of severity from the water year of 1998-1999 to the water year of 2005-2006. But in the meantime, the north of Sistan and Baluchestan province (Zabol station) has a condition which is very different from other parts of the province. The north of Sistan and Baluchistan province has been experiencing severe droughts for 14 years from the year 1999-2000 to 2012-2013 with the exception of the year 2004-2005. It has been the long-term drought persistence in the province that has caused many environmental, economic and social problems, such as the drying up of Lake Hamoun and the water reduction in the Hirmand River in the north of the province, and severe reduction of groundwater resources in central Baluchistan. Therefore, given that Sistan and Baluchestan province has experienced 7 years of continuous drought between the two water years of 1998-1999 to 2009-2010, these seven years were chosen as examples, and the ant colony algorithm was implemented on them. Based on the selected criteria and the proposed method, it seems that the combination of Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) technique and Ant colony algorithm can formulate an intelligent system to determine the priority of the cities in Sistan and Baluchestan province during droughts for allocating the optimal budget and reducing the harmful effects of droughts. Based on the prioritization maps of optimal drought budget allocation among the cities in Sistan and Baluchestan province, an almost good agreement can be observed between the results and the realities existing in the province. Keywords: Sistan and Baluchestan, ant colony algorithm, Analytical Hierarchy Process, budget, Management      }, Keywords = {Sistan and Baluchestan, ant colony algorithm, Analytical Hierarchy Process, budget, Management}, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {1-20}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.2.1}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2828-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2828-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {KamanroudiKojuri, Mousa and Saffari, Amir and Solimani, Mohammad and NematiSani, Maryam}, title = {Ecologically-based Management Factors and criteria of River-Valleys in Tehran metropolis-Case Study: River-Valleys of Kan}, abstract ={Ecologically-based Management Factors and criteria of River-Valleys in Tehran metropolis-Case Study: River-Valleys of Kan   Abstract: Iran has seasonal rivers because of dry climate, low rainfall and different topography. These river- valleys have main role in forming, genesis, and sustainability of human settlements and provide different ecological services. The main services include beauty, store of green spaces, water supply, reduce and create temperature differences, local air flow and natural ventilation which are part of the functions. Tehran is roughly the same area as 730 square kilometers and its population is 8.7 million people. It is located in51° and 17´ to 51° and 33´ east longitude and 35° and 36´ to 35° and 44´ north latitude. The height of this city is 900 to 1800 meters. The north and north east of this city are located in peculiarity range of the southern part of the middle Alborz. This city includes 7 river valleys to the names Darabad, Golabdareh, Darband, Velenjak, Darakeh, Farahzad and Kan. The ecological role of these river valleys is reduced because of non- ecological axis developmental interventions by urban management and citizens. These interventions have changed river valleys to high risk space of skirt movements and flood. Kan is the most important river valley because of the breadth of the basin and permanent water discharge rate. The part of this river valley has changed to park (Javanmardan) by municipality. The purpose of this research is that to provide factors and criteria of ecosystem based management to organize this river valley. ANP has been used in this research. To use this method for analyzing   factors and criteria of ecosystem based management to organize this river valley, firstly, these factors have been identified by library studies and scrolling. These factors include 4 criteria (natural: 15 sub criteria, social: 3, management:  6, economic: 2). the books, journals, reports, maps, aerial photos, satellite images and internet sites have been studied in library studies. In site studies, some information from library studies have been edited. After that, the findings of these two methods in form of questionnaire called factors and criteria of ecosystem based management to organize Kan River valley, was in charge academics and professionals. They were elected among pundits of urban management science, urban planning, geography and environment in Tehran. At first the number of them was 30 people came to agreement in two process about 4 factors and 18 criteria and determined importance and priority by Delphy method. Findings in Delphy method were analyzed through ANP and SUPER DECISIONS. In this process, firstly, a conceptual model and relation inter and intra clusters and nodes determined. These relations in this process are very important because paired comparison depends on this process. Assumption of equality of effects and similar relations in these factors is illogical because there are the grading of effects and relations in this research. Second, the factors have been compared to each other to create a super matrix based on paired comparison. Generally, in this process decision makers compare two different factors to each other and paired comparisons have grading of between1to9. In double- sided valuation, each factor is used to show initial inverse comparison. Inconsistent rate in paired comparison must be less than 0.1 like AHP. Third initial super matrix is created. It is the weights created from paired comparison and identified the importance of each factor in each cluster. Forth, the weighted super matrix was created. The weights of clusters was calculated in this process to identify the weight of final super matrix. Fifth, limited super matrix was created. The weighted super matrix reached for infinity band each row convergenced to a number and that number was the weight of factor. By this way limited super matrix was reached. Based on ANP and table 1, management: 46%, natural – ecological: 26% and economic and social factors: 14% are important respectively in ecosystem based management to organize Kan River valley. Based on reached results, inconsistent rate is 0.003 and it shows that the weight is valid and review is not necessary. Among sub criteria in management factor, organizational pattern: 32%, method of management: 23% and policies: 21% are the most important respectively in ecosystem based management to organize Kan River valley. Among sub criteria in natural- ecological factor, flood, domain movements and building and texture of soil are the most important respectively 23%, 18% and 11.5% also in social factor, participation, security and public trust have the importance respectively equal to 49% 31% 19%. In economic factor, environmental assets and stakeholder’s economic participation have the same importance. Based on this research, management factor (organizational pattern and the method of management) is the most important in ecosystem based management. But this approach, the management pattern and intervention to organize this river valley, need comprehensiveness and integrity of the subject (nature, society, management and economic), purpose (protection, resuscitation and use), factors (government, city council, municipality, private sector and people), duties (policy making, planning, designing and perform), method (collaborative), tools (knowledge, skill, rule, program, budget, machinery and materials) and management domain. Use of these factors and criteria need some infrastructure and reforms. The most important reform is reform of management structure, production of subject matter and topical program special to organize river valleys by ecological approach to release Kan of loading and contradictory grabbing.so this management can follow protection, resuscitation, sustainable use and continuity of ecological services.   Key words: ecosystem, ecosystem based management, analytic network process, river valley of Kan    }, Keywords = {ecosystem, river, river valley, ecosystem based management, analytic network process}, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {21-32}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.2.21}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3043-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3043-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {raygani, behzad and goodarzi, fargol and talebi, ahmad and talaeianaraghi, mohammad and hashemi, hadi}, title = {assessment of the probable impacts of land use changes on water quality in shadeghan wetland using remotely sensed data}, abstract ={Assessment of the Probable Impacts of Land Use Changes on Water Quality in Shadeghan Wetland Using Remot Senseing Data   In this research, the evaluation of possible effects of land use change on water quality in Shadegan wetland has been provided with the help of remote sensing data. The purpose of this research was to evaluate and compare user variations in 2000 and 2015 using Landsat satellite imagery (with ETM and OLI sensors) from the study area and processing them in the ERDAS software environment using the unstructured classification method during a period of 15 years old has been investigated. To determine the cause of the changes occurring in the wetland, the water quality of the wetland was evaluated through the help of modeling. Vegetation in the wetland has been rising rapidly, indicating water pollution, an increase in the nutritional status and the early disappearance of this international wetland. With the help of this article, it can be admitted that the development of agricultural lands around the shadegan wetland from 2000 to 2015had caused an increase in pollution in the region, according to available agricultural wastement containing  quantities of herbicides and pesticides which has led to an increase in the growth of algae in the wetland, which has led to an increase in temperature and eventually the death of wetlands and aquatic animals so after selecting images and assign them in 5 classes, the change wetland  maps were obtained during a 15 year various sources were used to determine the best regression model for determining water quality changes in the following, the images were placed in the models and their mean and standard deviation were obtained. The result of the research showed that the Landsat sensor shows the water quality well and can be used to determine the changes. The development of agricultural lands leads to an increase in the eutrophication phenomenon in the wetland and, in the end, reduces the quality of water indicators. In the end, causes quality loss of water. Key words: Assessment, Land Use Changes, Water Quality, Shadeghan Wetland, Remot Senseing.  }, Keywords = {Landsat sensor, agricultural, landuse, eutrophication, wetland, shadegan}, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {33-48}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.2.33}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2874-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2874-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Zahra, Sharifini}, title = {Evaluation and Evaluation of Resilience to Drought Hazards in Rural Areas Case Study: rural district Ghare Taghgan Neka}, abstract ={Evaluation and Evaluation of Resilience to Drought Hazards in Rural Areas Case Study: rural district Ghare Taghgan Neka   Extensive abstract Concerns over the social, economic, and ecological impacts of climate change on human habitat have increased over the last few decades (McGranahan et al, 2007). According to the UN report, water shortages will occur in the near future in 18 countries, and by 2025 more than two-thirds of the world's population is projected to be in serious water shortages (Pozzi et al, 2013, 191 112; World Bank, 2008, 124). On the other hand, the number of disasters has increased over the past 20 years, reaching 400 from 200 accidents (Pittman et al, 2011, 83,94; Molen et al, 2011, 765-773). In this regard, droughts, the most dangerous natural disasters, affect a wide range of climates and ecosystems, and the geographical areas affected by them have increased rapidly in the last four decades (Kamara et al., 2018, 2318). Drought is a major threat to households and community’s dependent on agriculture for livelihoods (Anthopoulou et al, 2017). Because livelihoods in agricultural-dependent societies are more dependent on climate change (Pittman et al., 2017. ( It is central to the city of Neka; it requires a holistic perspective. The type of applied research and methodology used is descriptive-analytical. Librarian and field method (observation, questionnaire) were used to collect the required data. In order to assess the resilience of rural areas to drought in two economic dimensions (ability to return to employment and income generation and compensation of costs and losses) and in social dimension (awareness, knowledge, skills and preparedness and participation and Collaboration) Designed and developed a Likert-type questionnaire (¬1 very low, 5 = very high). The statistical population of this study is based on census of 6947 households in 24 villages with error of 0.07, ¬191 questionnaire as sample size and based on the relationship of sharing ratio of the number of samples in each village is specified and in villages less than 7 samples, the number has been upgraded to 7. Finally, 233 samples were used as the sample size based on questionnaire completion and analysis and were randomly distributed and distributed among households. To assess the validity of the questionnaire, the experts were first provided with validity and the validity of the research instrument was measured and the final indices and statements were extracted. The questionnaire developed at this stage was pre-tested in the study area and after confirmation of trust or reliability (Cronbach's alpha value of 0.84) the questionnaire was finalized for field research. Descriptive (inferential) and inferential statistical methods (single sample t, Friedman, cluster analysis) and VASP, ARAS and VIKOR models were used to analyze the data. Therefore, in order to evaluate and measure resilience in rural areas, firstly, annual moisture status was investigated based on SPI, SDI and GRI indices. Therefore, the moisture status of the study area during the 13-year statistical period (2006-2007) using the data of 9 Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) rain gauge data, the data of the discharge rate of 6 rivers Surface Flow Index (SDI) and the values Water level level of 9 piezometric wells of GRI index was calculated in DrinC software environment.  Iran's position on the dry belt and the persistence of droughts over the past two decades have led to the emergence of drought-related crises, especially for villagers who are heavily dependent on water for production, due to climate change. Droughts in the study area were also not exempt from this rule and resulted in adverse effects beyond the normal state and the risk of drought among rural farmers, which could be due to their low level of resilience to this risk. Be it. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the economic and social effects of this phenomenon on the status of rural resilience against drought hazards. The results showed that among the sample villages, in the economic dimension, the highest average belonged to Tavaza Abad village of Bostan Khel with average of 3.11 and the lowest average belonged to Plazhartesh village with average of 1.63. In the social aspect, the highest average belongs to the village of Dukhaelo with a mean of 3.54 and the lowest average belongs to the village of Plazhartesh with an average of 1.55. Also, the average real perception of the respondents is less than three and is moderately low, indicating that rural resilience to drought is low.   Keywords: Rural Areas, Resilience, Drought, Gharaghgan Village}, Keywords = {Rural Areas, Resilience, Drought, Gharaghgan Village}, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {49-66}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.2.49}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3082-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3082-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Sadidi, Javad and Judaki, Zahra and Rezayan, Hani}, title = {designing and implementing a 3D indoor navigation web application}, abstract ={Designing and implementing a 3D indoor navigation web application               Extended abstract Nowadays, due to the complexity of interior space of buildings, the need arises for indoor navigation inside such spaces. Indoor navigation systems may be helpful for emergency evacuation of the crowd in natural hazards such as earthquake as well as human-made disasters. These systems can also act as a decision support system for officials. Literature survey on indoor navigation services shows that a large number of researches have been conducted around designing and implementing such systems but automatic indoor spaces topology extraction of the current building information models remains as a challenge. This research aims to introduce, design and implement a web-based indoor navigation system using CityGML data model in LOD4 (level of detail) to overcome the mentioned problem. The architecture of the current research is a browser-based web application service such that the data model processing and graph creation is implemented on the server side, the client interface and calculated path are represented on the client side (browser). Through the CityGML data model processing, firstly, the building navigable spaces such as room floor, doors and stairs are extracted and then, each space as a node and the connections between the nodes are defined as edges, are imported to the navigation graph. Programming on the server side has been performed by Python language and web development languages including HTML (Hypertext Markup language), JavaScript, JQuery and AJAX are used on the client side. Cesium virtual globe has been exploited to display the data model and the calculated route. To evaluate the introduced methodology and designed service, a three floor house with CityGML format in LOD4 was used as the case study. Generally, a client can request a 3D calculated path by selecting the source and destination points on the client browser. The server receives the request and returns the response as a 3D line to the client browser on the Cesium environment. In addition, a descriptive graphical user interface for visual inception of the route is offered to the users on their browser. One of the advantages of the designed web application is that, the service is implemented on the browser. Hence, all devices equipped with a browser have possibility to run the 3D routing service. Besides the mentioned cross-platform capability, average expectation time of the graphical interface loading, data module processing and path finder module are 7.03 milliseconds, 12.42 seconds and 2.44 seconds respectively that visits a valuable criteria in emergency situations like an earthquake phenomenon. Regarding this fact that CityGML is a new data model and supported by a few software, the introduced architecture causes less implementation costs as well as automation of these systems.   Keywords: 3D indoor navigation, web application, interior space of buildings}, Keywords = {Indoor Navigation, indoor space, Graph CityGML, Topology, Semantic, Geometry}, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {67-80}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.2.67}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2920-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2920-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Eshghei, Ali and nazmfar, Hossein and Gafari, At}, title = {Spatial analysis resiliency City Earthquake Model Integration Case study: ten districts of the region one of Tehran}, abstract ={Spatial analysis physical resiliency City Earthquake Model Condorcet Case study: ten districts of the region one of Tehran   Abstract Earthquake as one of the most devastating and destructive natural hazards; especially in developing countries, it has been a long time ago With the collapse of buildings and urban infrastructure, Imports a lot of damage to property and assets in urban areas and around them. In response to this, international organizations' strategies to mitigate disasters have made their societies resilient to natural disasters. And considers it within the framework of the Higgo for the years 2005-2015. In fact, the goal of this approach is to reduce the vulnerability of cities and to strengthen citizens' abilities to deal with the dangers of threats such as natural disasters. Considering that the area of ​​a Tehran city due to its proximity to faults such as Mashaa fault, North Tehran fault Also, the effects of faults in and around the region such as Niavaran fault, Mahmoodieh fault and Darabad fault (Banamieh) are located in a region with a high seismic hazard. Assessment of resilience of the region to earthquake risk and resilience of the region In order to reduce the risks of earthquakes in this area is very important. Accordingly, the present study was conducted with the aim of assessing the resilience situation of the 10th district of Tehran municipality district against earthquake. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical with a purposeful purpose. The research area of ​​the 10th Region is a municipality of Tehran. The raw data used by the Tehran Municipality Information Technology Organization has been obtained. To determine the relative importance of each component used in research According to experts from the Urban Planning Area, the Network Analysis Process (ANP) has been used in the form of Super Decisions software. Then, to rank 10 areas of a Tehran municipality district against earthquake, Multi-criteria decision making models (MCDMs) including TOPSIS, VIKOR, HAW and SAW models have been used. Considering that different methods have been used to rank the areas Different results have been achieved, to overcome the contradictions between the various ratings of the regions in each of the models, and a single result has been used to rank the areas of the congregation's integrated model. Finally, in order to speak, the results of the model used in the ArcGIS environment were mapped. In this research, for the spatial analysis of the resilience of the 10 district areas of a Tehran municipality from the results four models (TOPSIS, VIKOR, HAW and SAW) were used. Based on the results of the TOPSIS technique, areas 8, 3 and 2 of resilience are large, areas 7 and 4 of the moderate resilience, Areas 5, 1, 6 and 10 have low resilience and area 9 has very little resilience against the earthquake. Based on the results of the VIKOR model, areas 3 and 4 of the resilience, regions 2, 7, 5, 9, 8, 6 and 10 of the moderate resilience Medium and area one have low resilience against earthquake. Based on the results of the HAW model, area 3 of the high resilience, regions 2, 7, 8 and 4 of the moderate resilience and areas 10, 1, 6 and 9 are of low resilience. In this model, no area has been found to be very resilient. Based on the results of the SAW model, regions 3, 2, 8, and 7 are in the range of many resiliences, regions 5 and 4 in the moderate resilience range, Area 9 is in the low resilience range and areas 10, 6 and 1 are in the low resilience range against earthquakes. In this study, we evaluated the resilience situation in the districts of Tehran municipality district in an earthquake Multi-criteria decision-making methods including TOPSIS, VIKOR, HAW and SAW were used, Then a CONDORCET integrated model was used to achieve a single result of these analyzes. The results of the Canadian model, which is the result of a combination of the final results of the models (Tapis, VIKOR, HAW and SAW), show that Areas 2, 4, 5, and 3 are of high resilience, areas 7, 8 and 1 of the moderate resilience, 10 and 6 of the resilience, and area 9 of the resilience is very low against earthquakes. Which should be prioritized in future plans. Although it is possible to assess the vulnerability of urban areas by using different models and mapping them in the region's resilience to the earthquake crisis, a significant part of post-crisis casualties fell but this will not be achieved until the authorities are seriously determined.   Keywords: Resilience, Earthquake, Multi-criteria Decision Making Methods, Tehran Municipality Area    }, Keywords = {resilience, TOPSIS, VIKOR, HAW, SAW, Kandrst}, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {81-102}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.2.81}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2685-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2685-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {yaghobi, soraya and karimi, kamran and faramarzi, marzab}, title = {The study and Comparison of desertification process on the basis of climate Criterion (Case Study: Abbas and Dehloran Plains, Ilam)}, abstract ={The study and Comparison of desertification process on the basis of climate Criterion (Case Study: Abbas and Dehloran Plains, Ilam) Soraya Yaghoobi, Kamran Karimi, Marzban Faramarzi Abstract: Nowdays desertification is a disaster in many countries , especially in developing countries. This problem includes natural factors and improper human activities. According to the expansion of desertification, providing the appropriate management methods will be reduced desertification intensity and its expansions. In this way, knowledge of processes of desertification and factors causing and  the intensifier it and also awareness of intensity and Weakness the processes and factors that are important and necessary   that should review and evaluate. Recognition criteria and indicators for provide a model to show the process of desertification and for determine one of the  best reason effective factors for prevent the spread of desertification factors is necessary. To knowledge and Trend of desertification and separation of  vulnerable  areas versus degradation factors .we should indentifi and evaluat  criteria and indicators affecte  at desertification. Therefore in this study of  the Iranian model IMDPA to assess trends and Comparison of desertification in recent years has used. The studied area of  Dehloran plain is located in southeast of Ilam province (47◦ 02′ 16″ to 47◦ 25′ 07″ E and 32◦ 48′ 33″ to 32◦ 18′ 48″N) with an area of 54252  hectares, With precipitation  average 251.6 mm and Abbas plain is located in south of Ilam province(47◦ 37′ 55″ to 47◦  50′ 57″ E and  32◦ 17′ 77″ to 32◦ 29′ 25″N) with an area of 34104 hectares With precipitation  average 227.1mm. In this study, in dehloran plain of six stations in this Inside and outside the area also in Abbas plain of five  stations outside the area  used to measure the amount of rainfall in different seasons of year. In this study, to assessment  and Comparison of desertification in two study area of the Iranian model IMDPA used. In this study, of climate criteria, were used. which according to the IMDPA model for this criteria, indexes are considered for evaluation e.t.c: Climate criteria: (1) the amount of annual rainfall 2-drought indexe(SPI) 3. continuing drought In IMDPA model  All measurements  do in this work  units. To this end, first, working unit maps (geomorphologic facies) were created using slope, geology, and land use maps. a map was generated for each index according to assigned weights, such that the qualitative map of the desired criteria were obtained using the geometric mean of indicators. The results earn  of  evaluation  of desertification  showed that  in the period  2005-2009  weight average of climate criteria is same with 1.50 all of the region are in the classe Middle sub class 1 and class low sub class3 . in the period  2010-2014  Also  weight average of climate criteria is same with 1.88 in classe Middle sub classes 2 and 3.  Also weight average of climate criteria in Abbas plain In the first period is same with 1.92  in the classe Middle sub classe2. Also In the second period with weight average is same 2.3 in classe Middle sub classes 2 and 3. The results showed that SPI index, as the most effective indexes, in plain Abbas In the first and second periods with the weighted average 3.04and 3.2 in the intense class under class 2 and 3. in front in Dehloran plain SPI index in the first and second periods with weighted average of 1.93 and 2.25 in the moderate classe and sub-classes 1, 2 and 3 and intense sub-classe 1. In this study, to assess and Comparison of desertification Dehloran and Abbas Plains to provide regional model has done. . In this way  of  a criteria, also important and effective indexes belonging to this criteria of desertification used in dehloran and Abbas plains . The obtained results of the analysis criteria and Indexes indicated that in dehloran and Abbas plains in the first period ( 2005-2009) And second period (2010-2014)  between  indexes  the amount of annual rainfall, standard precipitation index (SPI) and drought duration Evaluated on the areas respectively standard precipitation index (SPI),  rainfall and drought duration index the most important factors in exacerbating desertification. Can be concluded that the intensity of desertification in Abbas plain compared to dehloran plain terms of climate is In more adverse conditions. In general, it can be concluded that desertification would intensify in future decades. Keywords: Desertification, IMDPA, Climate, Abbas Plain, DehloranPlain  }, Keywords = {Desertification, IMDPA, Climate, Abbas Plain, DehloranPlain}, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {103-120}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.2.103}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2567-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2567-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Sohrabnia, Nima and Alijani, Bohlol and Akbari, Mehry}, title = {Modeling the discharge of rivers in selected watersheds of Guilan province during climate change}, abstract ={Modeling the discharge of rivers in selected watersheds of Guilan province during climate change   Abstract    In this essay, we investigated the effects of climate change on the rivers of selected basins of Guilan province, one of the northern provinces of Iran for the period 2020 to 2050 under three climate scenarios: RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP8.5. For this purpose, rainfall and temperature data from 45 climate data stations and 20 hydrometric stations from 1983 to 2013 were used. The average precipitation and temperature at basin level were calculated by drawing both Isohyet and Isothermal lines by usage Kriging method. Mann-Kendall and Sen’s slope estimator tests were used to determine the significance of the data trends and their slope, respectively. The results showed that temperature has increased in all catchments during the study period and this trend was significant in most of them but no significant trend was observed for precipitation. Discharge has also decreased in most basins and this trend was significant in Shafarood, Navrood and Chafrood basins. However, for future periods, precipitation is not significant in any of the climate scenarios, but the temperature is increasing in all scenarios except for the RCP2.6 scenario. Rivers discharge in the RCP2.6 scenario is not significant in any of the basins, but in the RCP4.5 scenario the Shafarood and Ghasht-Roodkan catchments have a significant reduction in the 95% confidence level. In the RCP8.5 scenario, the Chafrood and Shafarood basins have a 99% confidence reduction trend. Population and technology growth, increased water consumption and climate change have led many researchers to study and model water resources in the present and future periods. Especially in areas like Iran that are facing a lot of water stresses. The purpose of the present study, which was carried out in the Guilan province, is to provide information on the present and future status of surface water resources, and to prepare them for facing the problems of potential water resources exploitation. In this study 45 synoptic, evaporative and rain gauge stations and 20 hydrometric stations data with sufficient statistics were used. The period of study is also between 1983 and 2013. In this regard, after calculating the average precipitation and temperature values of each basin using Kriging model, first, the annual average of precipitation and temperature values ​​of each basin were calculated. Then, multivariate regression was used to obtain the regression equations between precipitation, temperature and discharge data, then by using SDSM model and climate scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP8.5) future temperature and precipitation data were generated. By placing these generated data in the Created regression equations, the discharge of the rivers was calculated for the period 2020 to 2050. The trend of time series and their slope were analyzed respectively by Mann-Kendall and Sense tests.    The study of the annual average precipitation trend of the selected catchments during the study period showed that all the basins had no significant trend at any of the confidence levels (95% and 99%). However, for the temperature there is an increasing trend. In Chafrood, Zilaki, Chalvand, Lavandevil, Tutkabon, Chubar, Lamir, Hawigh, Dissam, Shirabad, Ponel, Samoosh, and Polrood basins there is significant trend at 95% confidence level. For the Hawigh River basin there is significant trend at 99% confidence level. Also in most of the basins there is a downward trend of rivers discharge. In addition, in the three basins of Chafrood, Navrood and Shafarood, there is a significant decreasing trend at 95% confidence level, which is also significant at 99% confidence level for Navrood and Shafarood rivers. Analysis of future data showed that precipitation is not significant in any of the climate scenarios, but the temperature is increasing in all scenarios except for the RCP2.6 scenario in RCP2.6 scenario. For rivers discharge there was no significant trend in any of the basins, but in RCP4.5 scenario there is a significant decrease in 95% confidence level in Shafarood and Ghasht-Roodkan. Also in the RCP8.5 scenario, a significant decreasing trend of flow discharge at 99% confidence level is observed for Chafrood and Shafarood basins. Finally, the catchments were grouped according to the level of risk involved with decreasing discharge. The results of grouping showed that most of the basins in the three scenarios were in the medium risk group but Shafarood, Chafrood and Ghasht-roodkhan watersheds have higher risk than the other watersheds, respectively. Investigation of river discharge trends for the period 2020 to 2050 in different scenarios showed that the basins of Ghasht-roodkhan, Chafrood and Shafarood are more sensitive to climate change than other basins. Overall, escalating temperature trends in future and precipitation irregularities can create very difficult conditions in future to use these resources. Especially, this study's concordance with other studies in Iran and the study area confirms that such crises are more likely to occur..   Keywords: Climate Change Scenarios, Rivers Discharge, Man-Kendall, Sen’s Slope estimator, Guilan Province  }, Keywords = {Climate Change Scenarios, Rivers Discharge, Man-Kendall, Sen’s Slope estimator, Guilan Province}, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {121-136}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.2.121}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3061-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3061-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Raispour, Koohzad and Khosravi, Yones}, title = {Analysis of temporal - spatial distribution Carbon monoxide gas in the atmosphere of Iran using Aqua/AIRS data}, abstract ={Abstract Air pollution is one of the most important problems in many countries in the world, which, besides the environmental damage and human health, imposes many adverse social and economic impacts. Therefore, considering the vital importance of air and the rising course of increasing the contaminating agents in recent decades, it is necessary to study the elements and their pollutant gases in order to be aware of the existing situation and to adopt the necessary solutions. The phenomenon of atmospheric air pollution in Iran, as part of the world's atmosphere, is one of the goals of the industrial revolution, which has been increasing day by day as industrialization; population growth and urbanization have grown dramatically. Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that is slightly less dense than air. In the atmosphere, it is spatially variable and short lived, having a role in the formation of ground-level ozone. Carbon monoxide consists of one carbon atom and one oxygen atom, connected by a triple bond that consists of two covalent bonds as well as one dative covalent bond. Carbon monoxide is produced from the partial oxidation of carbon-containing compounds; it forms when there is not enough oxygen to produce carbon dioxide (CO2), such as when operating a stove or an internal combustion engine in an enclosed space. Carbon monoxide is one of the most dangerous air pollutants. Due to its importance, many techniques and methods have been used to monitor the Earth's atmosphere in recent years. as well as, the use of satellite data has become widespread because of the availability and availability of features such as spatial, temporal and spatial resolution. In this study, the data from Aqua / AIRS Carbon Monoxide data can be used to study the rate and trend of carbon monoxide gas changes in the atmosphere of the entire world, including Iran.The relevant data in NetCDF format, with one-day and 13.5 x 13.5km spatial resolution of during the 16-year statistical period (2003-2018), was extracted from ttps://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/datasets/AIRS3STM_006 using ArcGIS software And Grads are processed, represented, analyzed. The results indicate that the amount of carbon monoxide was reduced during the monthly and annual time series. Of course, monthly and seasonal variations have been impressive. Monthly, the highest concentration of carbon monoxide in January, February and March, and the lowest in August, September and October. Among the seasons, the highest and lowest levels of carbon monoxide were observed in the seasons of winter and summer, respectively. In spatially, the highest amount of surface carbon monoxide with an average of 150 ppb above the city of Tehran and the coastal area of the Caspian Sea and its lowest level with an average of 115 ppb on the Zagros heights was observed. The results clearly show a clear picture of the dispersion of carbon monoxide gas in the horizontal and vertical direction of Iran's atmosphere. Based on the results obtained from the monthly carbon monoxide data collected during the statistical period (2003-2018), conducted in a three dimensional and regional area extending to the geographical area of Iran, The average surface carbon monoxide of more than 150 ppb above the Tehran metropolitan area and northern coast of Iran is less than 115 ppb on Zagros altitudes. Among other results, there are significant differences between the monthly carbon monoxide average in the surface troposphere of Iran, so that in the twelve months, the highest amount of carbon monoxide was observed in cold months and the lowest was observed in the warm months of the year, respectively. Seasonally, the highest level of seasonal carbon monoxide has been observed in winter and its seasonal season has peaked in summer. The results of vertical profiles (vertical aspect) of carbon monoxide changes in Iran's atmosphere in line with latitude and longitude indicate the maximum carbon monoxide concentration at lower levels of barley so that the maximum amount of carbon monoxide in the Iranian atmosphere is concentrated in the lower levels and Rarely exceeds the level of 250 hPa. Also, the results indicate that the rate of carbon monoxide emissions in the atmosphere of Iran has decreased, so that in the last years of the statistical period, about 30% of the amount of carbon monoxide in the atmosphere of Iran has been reduced, compared to the early years of the statistical period.   Key words: Air Pollution, Carbon Monoxide, AIRS, Remote Sensing, Iran.      }, Keywords = {Air Pollution, Carbon Monoxide, AIRS, Remote Sensing, Iran}, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {137-152}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.2.137}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2921-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2921-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Ghasemi, Iraj and RazzzaghiBorkhani, Fatemeh and MohammadiGharehghani, Mohammad Ali}, title = {Natural disasters and rural displacement: contexts and consequences in Balouch Abad village}, abstract ={ Natural disasters and rural displacement: contexts and consequences in Balouch Abad village   Abstract Every year, a number of rural settlements are affected by natural disasters or human factors, in such a way that life in these settlements is dangerous, and even, in some cases impossible. Thus, displacement programs in the form of leaving the main settlement and creating new settlements in another place will be considered by planners and managers. These programs are not without consequences and affect different aspects of the residents' lives. Identifying these consequences can provide sufficient experience and evidence for managing other displacement projects. Accordingly, the current study focuses on displacement phenomenon in Balouch Abad village in order to identify the consequences of displacement by discovering the contexts of displacement and explaining the residents' perception about the causes of this phenomenon. In general, empirical literature on the topic shows that the consequences of displacement, both positive and negative, occur in all dimensions of human life, and that a change in any dimension can change other aspects of the life of the target community. Investigating all dimensions of displacement has been considered in a few studies, in which less attention has been paid to the existing contexts, perceptions and planning and management structures. Therefore, this study contributes to the relevant literature by querying these contexts and providing solutions for displacement programs in the future. The aim of this study is to understand the perception of the residents of Baloch Abad village about the causes and consequences of residential displacement using a critical ethnographic approach. This approach is suitable for studying phenomena such as residential relocation, which are the result of the decisions of the planning system and in most cases is faced with the unwillingness and lack of interest of stakeholders (residents). In fact, the critical ethnographic approach seeks to examine inequality, conflict, and power in a subculture. Thus, the process of displacement due to integration with a kind of conflict between residents’ willingness and the planning system, can be well explained using this approach. Data was collected using in-depth interviewing, non-participant observation, and focus group techniques. The experience of displacement in Balouch Abad village indicated that the consequences of displacement do not occur independently and are correlated with each other. In other words, the negative consequences in terms of social and economic are rooted in the physical- consequences, and on the other hand, the social consequences are also rooted in economic consequences. On this basis, the lack of attention to the proportion of housing based on social relations has been the prelude to occur other negative consequences. The mismatch between the structure and size of dwellings and their occupational requirements (animal husbandry) has led to the collapse of subsistence foundations. Evidence also showed that maintaining neighborly relations in the village was influenced by the physical structure and system of land transfer. As a result, it can be stated that the various consequences of residential displacement can occur through planning and physical management. This study is based solely on the evidence, contexts and perceptions of key stakeholders who are residents of Balouch Abad village; however, the part of the challenges of displacement in this village is due to managerial actions that were not considered in this study. Therefore, it seems that mere focus on the view of stakeholders is one of the main limitations of this study, which is necessary to pay attention to this limitation. In this regard, it has been tried to provide sufficient evidence on manures of management the displacement process through the technique of triangulation. Future studies may take into account the views of both experts and stakeholders at the same time.   Keywords: Residential displacement, Balouch Abad village, natural disaster, contexts and consequences of displacement.  }, Keywords = {Residential displacement, Balouch Abad village, natural disaster, contexts and consequences of displacement}, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {153-168}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.2.153}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3126-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3126-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Shamsipour, Aliakbar and Jafari, Ayoub and Bostanchi, Hesam}, title = {Occurrence conditions for severe snow blizzard in the west-north of Iran}, abstract ={Occurrence conditions for severe snow blizzard in the west-north of Iran   Abstract The blizzard incident is one of the climatic hazards that occurs due to the combination of other climatic factors such as temperature (below zero), snow and wind (at 15 m/s). In this research, the conditions of blizzard in Northwest of Iran are carried out using statistical methods. By analyzing all the meteorological codes of the blizzard (36, 37, 38 and 39) during the statistical period from 1987 to 2016 for 11 synoptic stations of the study area, codes with severe blizzard (37, 39) were selected. Then, using the geopotential height, wind and Leveling temperature of 500 and 850 hpa, obtained from the NCEP/NCAR open source database, the synoptic patterns of blizzard incident analyzed. Statistical analysis of the relationship between the effects of geographic factors on severe blizzard has shown that the factor of height has the greatest effect on intensity, increase and incident spatial differences of this phenomenon. The study of the synoptic patterns of the incident of the blizzard phenomenon showed that five main patterns play a role in creating it in the region. The synoptic patterns of development include the formation of a low cut-off center, a long landing passage from Iran, the formation of a relatively deep and drawn Mediterranean East, The rectangular system is a rex-shaped system and is an umbilical bundle system. Among the patterns obtained, the patterns that were bundled were, the most important role in the survival and transfer of flows associated with cold, and other patterns, despite the frequency they had, were periodically of severity and weakness. Keywords: Blizzard; North West; Wind speed; Temperatures below zero; Synoptic patterns Human life is always affected by climatic phenomena, especially the hazards of the two variables of temperature and wind. One of the most important simultaneous phenomena of these two variables is the blizzard, which is caused by heavy snow, stormy winds, and very low temperatures. This climate risk can cause damage to various areas of horticulture, agriculture, urbanization, transportation, and so on. This phenomenon is present in regions such as Canada and North America with a cold weather wave that results from turbulence in the winters and damages the lawns in these areas. There are plenty of local storm in the polar regions and it lasts for a few days. For example, the wind in the Adelie land in the Antarctic is so severe that the area is known as the storm Land. In Iran, the most significant blizzard occurred in mid-February 1350, resulting in the deaths of more than 4,000 people across the country. In this research, considering the characteristics of the blizzard phenomenon at the time of occurrence (severity, continuity, expansion, and time of occurrence), the study has been conducted to determine the statistical synoptic patterns in the northwest region. In this research, the studied area is northwest of Iran, which includes 6 provinces (Ardebil, West Azarbaijan, East Azarbaijan, Zanjan, Kurdistan, Kermanshah, Hamedan). In order to study, the days with the blizzard phenomenon in the form of 3 hours and in codes of this phenomenon (36, 37, 38 and 39), were obtained from the establishment of the stations studied by 2016. In the following, for precise examination, stations with 30 years of statistic from 1987 to 2016 were identified and the statistical (frequency, daily, monthly and annual frequency) codes 39 and 37 were studied. Finally, the relationship between blizzard with the latitude and elevation in the studied stations was determined. To assess the statistical results, the correlation coefficients (R) and coefficient of determination (R2) were used. In the second part, the identification of synoptic patterns was done by Principal Component Analysis in MATLAB software and ocular method. The criterion for identifying synoptic patterns, the days where codes 37 and 39 are more than 1 time (3 hours) within 24 hours or two days behind each other at the stations studied. In order to determine the patterns, at first, the average geopotential data of the 500-hpa level from 1987 to 2016 were obtained from a range of 10-70 degrees north latitude and 0-80 degrees east longitude with a spatial resolution of 2.5 * 2.5 from the NCEP / NCAR data. Statistical analyzes on the relationship between the effect of geographic factors on severe blizzard showed that the factor of height had the greatest effect on the intensity, magnitude and spatial differences of this phenomenon. In sum, the most important factor in the occurrence of this phenomenon is due to atmospheric conditions and synoptic patterns of the region. In this study, the most frequent occurrence of codes 37 and 39 in all stations studied was at Sardasht station and Khalkhal station, respectively. Also, the statistical study of the frequency of the annual and monthly occurrence of each code showed that code 39 in 1990 and code 37 in the years 1989 and 1990, as well as in January, had the highest frequency of each of the two codes. Investigating the patterns of the occurrence of the blizzard phenomenon showed that five main patterns have contributed to its creation in the region, the first pattern due to the formation of a low cut-off center, which, with the cold weather in Central and Eastern Europe, has reduced the temperature in the northwest. The second pattern is due to the high landing passage from Iran, which has crossed the descent from a cold and cold weather zone from Europe to Iran. The third pattern is the location of the studied area in the relatively moderate, dragged, eastern Mediterranean wavelength, causing cold weather to fall to the northwest. The fourth pattern, with the formation of a Rex-type blockade on the Mediterranean, has led to the transfer of cold air from Eastern Europe, Kazakhstan, and high latitudes to Iran. The fifth pattern, with the formation of a blockade, has caused cold weather in northern Europe and Central Asia to enter the country from the north, causing a drop in temperature in the region. Among the known patterns, the patterns that were blocked (pattern 4 and 5) played the most important role in the survival and transfer of cold fluxes and even drawn to lower latitudes. Other patterns, despite frequent periods, provide conditions for the occurrence of this phenomenon and, unlike the blocking patterns, have had severity and weakness.   Keywords: Blizzard; North West; Wind speed; Temperatures below zero; Synoptic patterns      }, Keywords = {Blizzard, North West, Wind speed, Temperatures below zero, Synoptic patterns.}, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {169-186}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.2.169}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2903-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2903-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Lashkari, Hassan and Esfandiari, Ne}, title = {Identification and synoptic analysis of the highest precipitation linked to ARs in Iran}, abstract ={Identification and synoptic analysis of the highest precipitation linked to ARs in Iran                 Abstract         Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are long-narrow, concentrated structures of water vapour flux associated with extreme rainfall and floods. Accordingly, the arid and semi-arid regions are more vulnerable to this phenomenon. Therefore, this study identifies and introduces the highest precipitation occurred during the presence of ARs from November to April (2007-2018). The study also attempted to demonstrate the importance of ARs in extreme precipitation, influenced areas and identifies the effective synoptic factors. To this end, integrated water vapour transport data were used to identify ARs, and documented thresholds applied. AR event dates were investigated by their daily precipitation, and eventually, ten of the highest precipitation events (equivalent to the 95th percentile of maximum precipitation) associated with ARs were introduced and analyzed. The results showed that most ARs associated with extreme precipitation directly or indirectly originated from the southern warm seas. So the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden and the Horn of Africa were the major source of ARs at the time of maximum IVT occurred. Synoptically, seven AR events formed from the low-pressure Sudanese system and three events from integration systems. The subtropical jet was the dominant dynamic of the upper troposphere, which helped to develop and constant of ARs. Moreover, the predominant structure of jets had a meridional tendency in Sudanese systems, while it was a zonal orientation in integration systems. The intense convective flows have caused extreme precipitation due to the dominance of strong upstream flow besides having the highest moisture flux. The station had the highest precipitation has been located in the eastern and northwestern region of the negative omega field or upstream flows.           Keywords: Identification and synoptic analysis, highest precipitation, Ars, Iran.}, Keywords = {ARs, extreme precipitation, synoptic analysis, IVT, Iran.}, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {187-206}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.2.187}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3080-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3080-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Bayat, Reza and Arabkhedri, Mahmood and Behnam, Najmeh and Gerami, Zahr}, title = {Performance evaluation of EPM and MPSIAC Models for determination of Erosion Status of Shahriari Watershed}, abstract ={Soil erosion is one of the most important environmental issues in developing countries, including Iran that there is inaccurate information about its amount and distribution. For this purpose, the accuracy and distribution of erosion classes obtained from EPM and MPSIAC models as compared to BLM as ground truth values were evaluated in Shahriari watershed. First, the required data and information for MPSIAC, EPM and BLM models for basin erosion status was stored in a database. Then, using ARC/GIS9.3 software, erosion class maps were prepared based on each model formula and they have been intersected with the ground-truth map. Also a point map containing 1400 random points was also prepared for sampling the maps obtained from the models. Then, based on random sampling points map, each of the statistical indices of RMSE, RRMSE, MAE, MBE, NSE, CD, CRM and MSE were calculated. Also, to verify the spatial accuracy of the erosion class maps derived from the error matrix models and the Kappa coefficient of agreement, overall accuracy, producer accuracy and user accuracy. The results of the erosion of the models showed that the mean erosion intensity in MPSIAC model was 589 and in EPM model 287 m3/ km2.year that the basin erosion status is estimated to be moderate for the basin with the help of MPSIAC model and EPM model. The analysis of the above statistical indices shows that the RSME, MAE, MBE and MSE statistics in MPSIAC model have lower values. As a result, the MPSIAC model has less error than the EPM model. Overall, the results of the statistical indices showed that the MPSIAC model's erosion classes were more in line with the BLM output (as a ground truth map) than the EPM model. Also the kappa coefficient in MPSIAC is higher than in EPM model. Overall, the results show that the MPSIAC model erosion class maps overlap with the BLM model and in fact with the actual conditions of the area.}, Keywords = {Kappa coefficient, Accuracy of erosion classes, erosion, BLM, Shahriari, Spatial accuracy, MPSIAC}, volume = {7}, Number = {3}, pages = {1-16}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.3.1}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3067-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3067-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {mehrabi, ali}, title = {Spatial Analysis and Monitoring of Slope Stability using Persistent Scatterer Tecnique of Sentinel 1 Radar Images, Case Study: Sarcheshmeh Copper Mine}, abstract ={Based on the correlation diagram between the master and slave images (Fig. 5), the pair of appropriate images in terms of the shortest spatial and temporal lines is identified to produce the interferogram. As shown in Fig. 5, the maximum vertical baseline is obtained between -400 and -400. The obtained interferograms indicate the cumulative phase of the study area, which fluctuates between zero and 2ᴫ. Using StaMPS method on interferograms, 650 points were identified and selected as permanent scatter points in the study area. As can be seen in Figure 7, the cumulative displacement of the permanent dispersant points varies from + 45 mm to -45 mm. The displacements occur in the direction of the satellitechr('39')s view so that the positive numbers Indicates surface approach to satellite and the uplift and the negative numbers indicate the surfacechr('39')s distance from the satellite and the subsidence. As shown in the figure, in the western part of the mine wall, areas of 100,000 square meters have been heavily subsided. The next area, which has high subsidence points, is in the eastern part of the mine wall with an area of 68,000 square meters. The third area is located in the northwestern part of the mine with an area of 17,000 square meters. By measuring the amount of displacement of Persist Scatters points, the altitude changes occurred in the mining area. Based on the results, the altitude variation changes in the range of 45 mm to -45 mm per year. Accordingly, 3 subsidence area were identified in western, eastern and northwestern parts of the mine wall with an area of 100, 68, and 17 thousand square meters. Considering the importance of the subject and in order to prevent the destruction of the mine wall, more precise geotechnical studies are needed in these specified areas.}, Keywords = {Radar Interferometery, Times Series, Stability Analysis, Displacement Rate, Sarcheshme Copper Mine}, volume = {7}, Number = {3}, pages = {17-28}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.3.17}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3059-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3059-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Pilpayeh, Alireza and NajafianGhojehbiglou, Davoud and Saadi, Tofigh and Rahmati, Akbar}, title = {Analysis of drought situation in Iran using ECMWF precipitation product}, abstract ={Drought is one of the natural disasters occurring over a long period of time compared to other natural phenomena which intermittently impedes human societies through the negative impacts on water and agricultural resources and subsequently the economy. One of the methods of drought monitoring is the use of drought indices such as SPI. In this study, SPI index was used to study drought over the period 2001 to 2016. The SPI index is purely based on precipitation, so it is important to select a proper precipitation source to extract the SPI index at different time scales. Synoptic stations, due to lack of proper distribution and high statistical gaps, cannot be a reliable source of precipitation in this type of research, so global precipitation datasets having high spatial and temporal resolution can be used as a viable alternative to ground stations, in this study the Era-interim precipitation product, which is the product of the European Center for Medium range Weather Forecast was used. Initial results indicated that the Era-interim precipitation product could be used as a viable alternative to synoptic stations nationwide. Therefore, this precipitation product was used to assess the drought situation in the country. The study of drought status with respect to SPI indicated that with increasing SPI time scale dry and wet conditions became more severe so that mild dry and wet conditions in most in most month and years turned into severe dry and wet conditions.  }, Keywords = {Era-interim, Drought, SPI index, Spatio-Temporal resolution, Synoptic}, volume = {7}, Number = {3}, pages = {29-46}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.3.29}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3055-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3055-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Basiry, Zeynab and Rostami, Noredin and Salehpourjam, Ami}, title = {Identification and Prioritization of Effective Indicators on Preventing Sustainable Participation of Rural Societies in Combating Desertification Plans (Case Study: Mousian Region, Dehloran)}, abstract ={The main purpose of the research is the identification and prioritization of criteria and indicators affecting on lack of sustainable participation of rural communities in combating desertification plans in Dehloran, Ilam province. To determine the number of sample villagers, 189 family were selected using the Cochran formula. In this research, after determining the effective indices and also indicators in the lack of sustainable participation, the questionnaire was designed and its validity was determined by the relevant experts. The reliability of the questionnaire was also tested and validated by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data were analyzed using AHP and Friedman nonparametric test. The findings of the research show that the results of prioritizing the indicators that affect the lack of stakeholder participation in the AHP based combating desertification plans from the experts' point of view, design-implementation, and educational-promotional criteria are the maximum and minimum priorities, respectively. The results of criteria ranking using the Friedman test in terms of rural residents also indicated that the economic criterion is placed in the first priority and design-implementation, social criterion and educational-promotional are in the next priorities, respectively. Likewise, the results of effective indicators ranking in the lack of sustainable participation of rural communities in combating desertification plans based on the Friedman test in term of the experts’ viewpoints indicate that “ignoring people's income as a direct incentive to implement combating desertification projects” are the most significant economic indicator. Similarly, in the compartment of executive design indicator, from the experts’ viewpoint “the lack of a comprehensive participatory management program to combating desertification” and from the viewpoint of residents of the village “the lack of attention to popular opinion in the design and development of projects are prioritized as the most important indicators. In prioritizing social indicators from the viewpoint of the experts “dependence of the villagers on the state power, distrust of the results of combating desertification plans as well as low literacy level” and in terms of villagers’ opinions, “distrust of the results of combating desertification plans, the dependence of rural residents on the state power, migration of youth” are introduced and prioritized as the most substantial indicators. In the educational-promotional criterion, in terms of both views “lack of training the residents of the area regarding combating desertification projects and the related purposes, as well as lack of utilizing the local promotional group”, are determined as the main important indicators.}, Keywords = {Stakeholders, multi-criterion decision-making, Analytical Hierarchical Process, Delphi method, Friedman test, Dehloran.}, volume = {7}, Number = {3}, pages = {47-60}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.3.47}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3068-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3068-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {keikhosravi, ghasem and khaledy, shahriar and Yahyavi, Ameneh}, title = {Investigation of Foehn phenomena Mechanism in the western Alborz Mountains}, abstract ={This study was conducted to investigate the foehn mechanism in the Alborz Mountains.For this purpose, daily temperature, mean and maximum daily temperature, minimum, mean and maximum daily relative humidity, hourly wind direction and velocity data were collected and prepared at 8 selected stations over a 10-year statistical period (2006-2010). To derive the sum of frequency of occurrence of foehn, hot days are extracted using Baldy index and taking into account wind direction relative to station position and temperature rise compared to previous days were identified as days associated with foehn. Then, using NCEP / NCAR database data, different atmospheric alignment maps were obtained for the selected samples and plotted in Grads software environment. Then the position of high pressure cores and adjacent low pressures on the maps were determined. Results showed that Masouleh station with 41 days frequency and Astara and Bandar Anzali station with 18 days had the highest and lowest occurrence of foehn. Investigations on the synoptic maps of 35 foehn events showed that a total of three groups of Anti-cyclone or high-pressure centers were affected by the synoptic pattern of the region in the days involved. The first group is the Siberian High Pressure Tabs, whose cores are located in the confines of Lake Baikal, Balchash and northern Pakistan, depending on the season and synoptic conditions. The low pressure cores are located on the Caspian Sea and the pressure difference between the high pressure tab of the Alborz Outer Slopes and the Caspian Sea causes a compressive stress. In this model, Cyclone currents with increasing moisture of the Caspian Sea on the western slopes of Alborz Heights cause precipitation and warm flow due to warming under windward slopes. The second group is the anticyclone of Saudi Arabia, in which specimens with spin cores are deployed on southwestern Iran. As the north side of the Arabian High Pressure extends northwest of Iran and the presence of low polar pressure in the Caspian region with intensified compressive flow causes currents southwest along the perpendicular heights. Western anticyclone currents in the Arabian Sea circulate the moisture of the southern warm seas to northwestern Iran. The third group is a combination of African anticyclones, immigrants, Siberian highs and its tabs that create a thermal and compressive style over the study area and west of the Alborz Mountains. And provide the basis for the formation of the foehn phenomenon.}, Keywords = {warm wind, synoptic, anticyclone, cyclone, western Alborz mountains}, volume = {7}, Number = {3}, pages = {61-78}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.3.61}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3091-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3091-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Jahdi, Roghayeh and Darvishsefat, Ali Asghar and Badripour, Hossei}, title = {Wildfire risk and exposure modeling using geographic information system in Khalkhal and Kowsar municipalities}, abstract ={Wildfires have proven to cause considerable damage to natural environments in Ardabil in the last years, and the prevalence of such events is anticipated to increase in the future. Fine scale wildfire exposure and risk maps are fundamental to landscape managers and policy makers for prevention, mitigation and monitoring strategies. In this paper, we provided 100 m resolution wildfire risk and exposure metric raster grids for the fire-prone municipalities in South Ardabil province corresponding to a fire simulation modeling and a geospatial analysis with a geographic information system, along with complementary historic ignition and fire area data (2005-2018). Fire risk parameters (burn probability (BP), conditional flame length (CFL) and fire size (FS)) were generated with FlamMap Minimum Travel Time (MTT) algorithm considering fire weather conditions during the last 14 wildfire seasons. Moreover, we estimated fire potential index (FPI) to spatially analyze where large fires likely initiate. Average BP, CFL and FS ranged from 0.00007 to 0.0025, 0.05 to 1.6 m, and 54.7 to 360.3 ha, respectively, that highlighted a large variation in the fire exposure factors in the study area. The calculated FPI showed two major areas with the highest values, where historic ignitions were high, and where large areas of faster burning fuels were present. The results of this study can be useful for analyzing potential wildfire risk and effects at landscape scale, evaluating historical changes and future trends in wildfire exposure, as well as for determining fuel treatment strategies to mitigate wildland fire risk.  }, Keywords = {MTT algorithm, Fire risk, Historic ignition, Burn probability, Landscape scale}, volume = {7}, Number = {3}, pages = {79-94}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.3.79}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2987-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2987-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Haidari, hamed and Yarahmadi, Dariush and Karampour, Mostaf}, title = {Identification of potential sources of dust in Lorestan province}, abstract ={Dust phenomenon is one of the climatic fronts that is often formed in the dry and desert regions of the world, and is known as a natural hazard. Occurrence of walnuts causes dust, damage to the environment and the occurrence and exacerbation of respiratory, cardiac, air traffic and threats of tourism, agriculture and so on. Also, in the health section of the compounds in calcium dust, more than 2.5 g of it causes the appearance of kidney stones, and blood vessels. Iron causes swelling of the conjunctiva and retinal inflammation, as well as the syndrome. Magnesium causes depression, depression and dizziness of the individual. Short-term breathing of aluminum leads to coughing and irritation of the lungs and prolonged breathing causes damage to the lungs. In recent years, the identification of dust source areas has attracted the attention of researchers in numerous studies, and have introduced various areas around the world as the main source of generous production. The country of Iran, and in particular the Western and Southwestern logic of Iran, is constantly experiencing the phenomenon of dust and its problems. In the west of Iran, desert areas are located in the deserts of southern Iraq, Saudi Arabia and far away from Syria and North Africa. The geographic location of the southwestern part of Iran and its proximity to these deserts have led to a frequent occurrence of the phenomenon of dwarfs, which are different throughout the year. In this research, two categories of data were used: the first group is data on climatic elements or unstable elements. The annual climatic layers of the region were used for a 30-year statistical period of 2016- 2016. Measurement data on the temperature of surface temperature was obtained from a MODIS sensor in a 17-year statistical period (2000-2016). The second group of data layers and information on the ground factors or factors were stable. The layers of these variables included: The digital elevation layer of the area with a precision spacing of 30 meters from this layer was used as the elevation layer of the area. 2. The slope of the region, in percent, which is the layer derivative of the digital elevation model and derived from the same specifications of the DEM layer. 3. The surface layer of the surface layer that was taken from the MODIS surface coating product 4. Layer of vegetation on the surface of the earth, which was also taken from the 1 kilogram MODIS vegetation cover 5. Soil layer that was prepared by the country's water and soil organization  The method of conducting analytical and statistical research in which the main objective is the determination of areas conducive to the formation or expansion of dust cores. In this regard, the establishment of land-based and climate databases is the first stage of work, after forming the required databases, the formation of information layers These data are in the GIS environment. In order to form these layers, the interpolated models in GIS were used and the optimal model was selected in such a way that less error values ​​were obtained. After forming the existing layers, we classified and weighed each layer based on the AHP weighting algorithm. Finally, due to the assigned weights, the overlaying of the weights of the layers in the GIS environment was obtained and finally a potential capability map of the formation of local dust collectors in Lorestan province was obtained.  The rainfall factor is the most important and most important factor in determining the areas susceptible to becoming dusty. The weight of this factor in determining and identifying areas susceptible to dusty cores was equal to 239%. Vegetation factor, which was prepared using the NDVI indicator of the MODIS product, was the second factor in the development of dust-prone areas with a weight of 199.99. Relative humidity factor is the third factor or component that influences the determination of suitable areas to become the local focus of dust. The weight of this factor is equal to 0.15. The wind speed factor is in the fourth place in terms of determining the areas susceptible to dust. The relative weight of this factor is estimated at 116.0. As shown in Table 14, slope and elevation factors are the least important factors that can play a role in the production and development of dusty centers. The weight of these factors in identifying areas susceptible to formation of dusts is 0.024 and 032.2, 0 is detected. The calculated incompatibility index for this weighing is as high as 4.8, as shown in Table 15, which indicates that the contradiction between the offered weights of indices relative to each other is less than the allowed threshold (12).  Neutbay expressed the highest concentration of areas susceptible to dust mites in the eastern region, especially the northeast of the province, which includes the cities of Azna and Aligudarz. There are also parts of this category in the southern regions of the study area, including the cities of Poldokhtar and Rumshagan. In the central regions of the province as well as in the northwest of the province including the Khorramabad, Delfan, Dynasty and Dorood districts this class is not observed. In the southern parts of the city of Kohdasht, small parts of the floor of the potential centers of dust are also observed. This flooring has the most risk of becoming a dusty focus. The power source of many of the province's dusty incidents can also be said to be areas where some of them are currently potential sources of dust. Since they have played a major role in the identification and detection of these areas, rainfall and vegetation cover, these areas are exactly in line with parts of the province, which, firstly, have a mean rainfall of less than 250 mm, and the density of vegetation is less than 2 / 0 (NDVI index), which represents a very poor vegetation and, in fact, a lack of viable vegetation. In terms of land use, these areas, or inferior land, or very rangelands, are very weak.}, Keywords = {Dust, Potential, Remote Sensing, Modis Sensor}, volume = {7}, Number = {3}, pages = {95-106}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.61186/jsaeh.7.3.95}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3402-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3402-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Jaberi, Parisa and Sabetghadam, Samaneh and Ghader, Sarm}, title = {Visibility prediction during fog and precipitation using the WRF model over Tehran}, abstract ={Visibility is one of the most important optical characteristics of the atmosphere. Prediction of visibility is essential for air pollution, air traffic, flight safety, road traffic and shipping. Visibility reduction may be caused by different reasons. Fog is one of the most common reasons of visibility reduction, i.e. the droplets of water suspended in the atmosphere reduce the visibility to less than 1 km. Precipitation may also reduce visibility. Prediction of visibility in NWP models is usually accomplished by using the relationship between visibility and liquid water content, temperature, relative humidity. Purpose of the present work is to predict visibility during fog and precipitation over Tehran area in January 11th, 2014 and March 7th, 2013. Different algorithms including UPP1, AFWA, FSL and SW99 have been experimented to predict visibility.. Predicted visibility has been compared to observations, including Synoptic and METAR data in Imam Khomeini and Mehrabad airport.  The  WRF version 3.8.1 has been used to simulate precipitation and fog. In this simulation model configuration defined in Lambert uniform space. The model consist three nested domains. First domain was a 27-km grid model (83×65), surrounding a 9-km grid model (112×94) which was surrounding a 3-km grid model (112×97). Center of all domains was at longitude 51° and 44' and latitude 36° and 5' which is located almost at center of Tehran. All domains had 40 vertical layers and model top was located at 100hPa. The out puts of 3-km domain is used for visibility estimation. Initial and boundary conditions were set by using FNL data which is 1°×1° degree grid data. This data is available every 6 hours. Simulations were in 36 hours and first 12 hours was the spin up time. Results show that most of these algorithms can partly predict visibility reduction. The FSL algorithm works better than the other methods in fog situation and SW99 works better in snow situation. Comparing results shows that the visibility reduction during snow is more reliable than during fog. There were some errors in model predictions some of them were due to visibility algorithms, because the coefficients of these algorithms were driven in other parts of earth. The other errors were systematic errors of WRF. Predictions of temperature had warm bias and also there were positive bias in prediction of relative humidity.    }, Keywords = {visibility prediction, WRF, fog, precipitation}, volume = {7}, Number = {3}, pages = {107-124}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.3.107}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2957-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2957-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Derafshi, Khabat}, title = {The flood risk changes effective factors in Tehran Metropolis}, abstract ={In this study, the risk map as an index to define the said complexity was prepared in 5 categories of risk by combination of Tehran metropolis flood hazard and vulnerability maps. To analyze the risk varieties, the hydrological catchments of Tehran were extracted by Arc Hydro model and 12 catchments were selected. Using land use, roads network, and the percentage of residential floor area, bridges, altitude, slope and drainage density variables, the flood hazard map was calculated. Dilapidated urban blocks, population density, land use, bridges, slope and drainage density layers were used as variables which affecting the flood vulnerability. Covariance index was applied for matched variables and considering the locational coherence between the values of them. Based on the new raster layers, flood risk variability in Tehran metropolis as well as in each of the catchments were analyzed using stepwise regression model. Explanation of locational changes of risk between the catchments needs to calculate the weighted average risk and the independent variables in 12 catchments that obtained by zonal statistics. Based on these average values the factor analysis used to determine the varifactors or main components of the variability in flood risk between the catchments. Finally, fractal geometry models (perimeter-area and cumulative number-area) were used to demonstrate the chaos of the flood risk value in 5 categories of risk. According to the flood hazard zoning map of Tehran metropolitan area, the extent of high hazard zone is 129.6 square kilometers. High risk zone covers 28.6% of Tehranchr('39')s area, indicating that most of the citychr('39')s extents (174.4 square kilometers) are located in the high flood risk zone. After that, the moderate hazard zone is 28.5% of the city area. Very low zones with 3.53% of the total area are the smallest zones in the city, which are only 21.5 square kilometers. Overall, 78.3 percent of the total area of the city is located in the moderate to very high zones of flood hazard, reflecting Tehranchr('39')s challenge to flooding. The vulnerability map defines that 138 km2 of the Tehran city area is located in high and very high zones of the flood vulnerability. According to Tehran metropolitan flood risk zoning map, 163.1 km2 of Tehran city area is located in high risk zone which has the highest rate among flood risk categories in Tehran metropolis (26.9%).}, Keywords = {Food risk, Worn-out texture, AHP, Factor analysis, Tehran}, volume = {7}, Number = {3}, pages = {125-146}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.3.125}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3094-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3094-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Mojarad, Zeinab and jamalabadi, javad and Shafiei, Najmeh and zanganehasadi, mohammad َAli and parak, Kobr}, title = {The zoning of the risk of mass movements using information valuation methods and surface density in the ghouchan- Shirvan watershed}, abstract ={Mass movements are among the morphodynamic phenomena that are affected by various factors at the level of the mountainous slopes. Massive movements and instability of the range are important hazards for human activities. Which often leads to the loss of economic resources and damage to property and facilities. These issues highlight the need for zoning the risk of mass movements as the first step in the proper environmental management of this phenomenon. In this research, we investigate the risk zone of mass movements using information estimation and surface density methods in the Watershed--ghochan-Shirvan Basin. For this purpose, at first, 12 important information layers affecting mass movements such as lithology, slope, elevation, rainfall, tide, erosion, climate, distance from the road, distance from fault, distance from the river, soil and land use, and digital They were. From the combination of operating maps with land surveys, the percentage of landslides in different units of each map was obtained. By calculating surface density, the information value of each factor was determined. Finally, a landslide risk zoning map was prepared by integrating different weight weights into two different information weighing models and a surface density model. The results of this study show that the southwestern part of the basin has the highest amount of landslide. Lithology is the most important element in the occurrence of landslides in the range. The surface density model is worth more than 12%.}, Keywords = {Shirvan watershed, information weighing method, landslide, surface density model.}, volume = {7}, Number = {3}, pages = {147-162}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.3.147}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2853-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2853-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {omidvar, kamal and mahmodabadi, mehdi and shams, parisa and amiriesfandegheh, mahbobeh}, title = {Analysis of the Effects of anticyclone Movements on Flood Rainfall in Kerman Province}, abstract ={Due to the fact that the mechanism of anticyclone Movements is the desire to descend and suppress the air, so the effect of these movements and their location in the occurrence of flood falls is significant. For this purpose, in this paper, flood precipitation in the last two decades of Kerman province was studied and two of the most severe ones were selected. Due to the emphasis of this paper on the province of Kerman, the heavy rainfall was calculated for each station in the province using the Gumble Type 1 Distribution Statistical Index. Then, the thermodynamic properties of the precipitation were analyzed using radial data and Kerman station's sketch diagram. For analysis of these floods, daily rainfall data of the synoptic station 10 of the province and sea surface pressure maps and850,500,300 hectopascal levels were used. Then, the arrangement of the simulated pattern and its trend in the air maps, were studied during a selective period daily3. The results of the study indicate that the main cause of flood precipitation in the study area is to strengthen the eastern Mediterranean landfall in the middle troposphere, so when moved downward to the bottom of the polar system, it is transmitted to lower latitudes As a result, Western systems, with their movements on the southern warm waters, have a high moisture content and cause heavy rainfall in the region. Also noteworthy in the occurrence of precipitation is the presence of intense swinging movements on the southern waters, especially the Oman Sea, which causes more humidity to be injected into the interior areas of the country and provides the conditions necessary for the occurrence of such rainfall.}, Keywords = {Analysis synoptic, anticyclone, Flood Rainfall,kerman}, volume = {7}, Number = {3}, pages = {163-178}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.3.163}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3056-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3056-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {mohamadi, gholamreza and borna, reza and asadian, farideh}, title = {Temporal-spatial analysis of the polar vortex and its role in the occurrence of heavy and pervasive precipitation days in the Ghare-Su basin in Kermanshah province}, abstract ={In the present study, the spatial-temporal analysis of the Arctic vortex and its role in the occurrence of heavy precipitation days in the Ghare-Su basin have been investigated. For this purpose, firstly, with the 95% percentile method, heavy precipitation days of the basin were extracted. Then, considering the pervasiveness condition, 79 days of heavy and pervasive precipitation days determined during the1979–2015. In the following considering the contour representative of the polar vortex in the geopotential height of 500 hPa maps, elevation maps of 500 hPa, the vortex position identified on each of the heavy precipitation days based on its maximum extent on the synoptic zone. Synoptic analysis of the temporal and spatial of Arctic vortex during the selection of heavy and pervasive precipitation days shows that the 4 patterns can be identified within 79 days of heavy precipitation days. The position and concentration of the vortex patterns in each season have changed. So that the least penetration of the vortex is seen during the autumn and the most penetration in the winter. In all cases of the days of heavy and pervasive precipitation due to the locating the trough of the arctic vortex over the study region, which coincides with the settlement of the huge Rex and Omega blockings on  Europe. The highest correlation between the latitude of the vortex and the precipitation intensity is seen in the third pattern ( the Red Sea to the west of the Persian Gulf), which has the most vortex penetration in the region. In each of the vortex spatial locations, the location, length, and depth of the trough have also changed in each location. So that the best position and the most impact of vortex occurred in the third and fourth patterns where the troughs from vortex have the most depth and extension on adjacent water resources.}, Keywords = {Heavy precipitation, Arctic vortex, trough, Ghare-Su basin}, volume = {7}, Number = {3}, pages = {179-206}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.3.179}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3123-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3123-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Alijani, Bohloul}, title = {Environmental ethics and Corona Virus}, abstract ={Abstract Corona Virus pandemic outbreak is the counter act and warning of the natural environment for the destructive activities of man in the nature. Many researchers and specialists believe that  a risk free and sustainable life is possible if we correct our behavior toward the nature. This research was carried out to substantiate this hypothesis and offer a reasonable and rationale solution. It is believed that the best way to solve this problem is the environmental ethics. Many other ways such as technology have been proposed, but until the mind and thought of man has not changed to good relation with the nature, it is not possible to reach a viable solution. For this end, the integrated system of earth was analyzed to understand mechanism of the relation between nature and human. Two supportive theories of Markov Blanket and Gaia were addressed here to explain the relation between nature and society. According to these theories the system of earth and society is live and any change in one will mirror itself on the other. As a result, the society models itself to the nature in long run. This means that to have a healthy society we should have a healthy nature and environment. Thus, the UNEP has suggested the integrated One Health program to save nature, humans and animals at the same time.        The distortions of the earth during the past 70 years were sampled and described as the footprints of mankind. Some examples of environmental disorders such as climate change, droughts, floods and diseases were analyzed and their impacts on the society were displayd.   In order to demonstrate the environmental ethics as the only solution to the current crises, first the ethics in general were discussed and then the environmental ethics were given a thorough explanation. Different underpinning philosophies are presented and accordingly different approaches to the nature such as development, preservation and conservation were discussed. A new philosophy, geocentrism, was suggested as the suitable and efficient thought. According to this philosophy it is the distributions which are in the forefront of human destruction. Therefore, we should try not to disturb the distributions of any kind. These include all ecosystems of any scale; because emphasizing on the ecosystems is not sufficient. The geocentrism philosophy covers all non - anthropocentrism philosophies such as biocentrism and ecocentrism. Of the different approaches, the conservation was selected as it assumes intrinsic value for the nature and sustainability of resources for ever.          To solve the problem and bring the earth system to sustainable state, the environmental ethics should be implemented. In terms of moral values, these include truth, good, duty and justice. The mankind should characterize himself with these genuine characters. He should do his duty as not making problem to the life of any creature; this being human, plant, animal or rock and soil and etc. He should do the good and justice. On the objective side, he should give intrinsic value for every creature on the earth including the environment and its components. In this way, we treat the environment with respect and dignity and not let ourselves to destroy or damage it. However, to achieve these goals we should use resources only as much as we need biologically, consider the long run benefits instead of short term benefits, treat the nature as having intrinsic value, implement the environmental distance from wild life, using vegetarian diet.       One important notice is the nature of human who we are asking to do these mandatories. Are we sure that what we are ordering human will be done by him. If he does not do then none of these comments is valuable. Therefore, we first should understand the humans and educate them to accept our orders. This is why that the ethics become important. We should train moral humans and then ask them to do. He will do only when he gets overarching and believed knowledge   about the subjects we are offering. The main reason for the distortion of the nature is that the humans are not aware of the value of nature and the long run results of their actions. This is possible only through the good and responsible training of man. We are now missing this education. In brief, we understand that the main solution for the destruction of nature is empowering the humans with morals, especially environmental ethics. But to implement this objective, at the first point we need a wise and understandable human. Therefore, first we should train people and ask them to act as a moral and generous person and care for the nature and all creatures of the universe.   Key words: Corona Virus, Covid-19, sustainability, environmental ethics, human-nature relation, Markov Blanket, natural resources, UNEP One Health program, Gaia, Anthroposcene.      }, Keywords = {Key words: Corona Virus, Covid-19, sustainability, environmental ethics, human-nature relation, Markov Blanket, natural resources, UNEP One Health program, Gaia.}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {1-20}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.4.28.1}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3156-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3156-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Azizpour, Farhad and Riahi, Vahid and azizi, somayeh}, title = {Spatial analysis of corona outbreak in rural area of Damavand city}, abstract ={ Abstract As information about disease and mortality grows, so do appropriate methods for analyzing this type of data that meet different needs. One of these methods is spatial analysis of the disease, which considers its geographical distribution along with other risk factors. The present study is an attempt to depict the spatial pattern of coronary heart disease distribution in rural settlements of Damavand and to explain the factors affecting the spatial distribution of this disease in the study area. Spatial analysis of corona prevalence using spatial statistics analysis methods can extract and analyze the spatial patterns governing the geographical distribution of this disease. For this purpose, the present study seeks to answer the following questions: What pattern does the spatial distribution of coronary heart disease in the rural area of Damavand city follow? What factors have influenced this spatial distribution pattern? Due to the nature of the subject, the present study is of the combined type and in terms of applied results. The method of data collection is based on documentary-library and survey-field data. Initially, the statistics of the number of patients with coronary artery from the beginning of April 2020 to the end of July 2020 were collected by referring to Damavand health center. Then spatial analysis is applied to them. In order to study the spatial pattern of corona disease distribution and to recognize its non-random structure from various statistical indicators such as mean, percentage, hot spot analysis and also to properly understand the pattern of hot spot clusters by measuring directional geographical distribution (standard ellipse) in GIS software environment. Used. After describing the structure and pattern of dispersions, one should look for the cause and reasons of dispersions. Thus, in field surveys, after determining the number of patients with coronary artery disease, snowball interviews were conducted with 23 residents of Damavand city in order to identify and analyze the factors affecting the spatial distribution pattern of coronary heart disease in this city. After conducting the interviews and collecting the data, in order to analyze them, the underlying theory in the Maxiquida software environment was used. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between the factors affecting the prevalence of the disease in the study area as independent variables with coronary heart disease as a dependent variable in SPSS environment. Then, Moran's spatial autocorrelation analysis model was used to know the type of distribution pattern of the identified factors. This part of the findings is divided into two parts according to the questions raised in the research:  Spatial distribution pattern of coronary heart disease in rural areas of Damavand city Out of a total of 67 villages, 21 rural points (31.34%) and 1 rural point (1.49%), respectively, have the lowest and highest number of patients with coronary heart disease. Based on the analysis of clusters of hot spots and elliptical curve of geographical distribution, most hot spots are located in the west and northwest of the city and the villages located in these spots with low health centers have almost high population density that are adjacent to each other and They are close to the cities and on the main road. Most of the cold spots are located in the east and southeast of the region. Factors affecting the distribution pattern of coronary heart disease in rural areas of Damavand city After determining the spatial pattern of corona disease distribution in the rural area of ​​Damavand city, the effective factors in the spatial distribution pattern of this disease should be identified and analyzed. These factors include: Weak official information on coronary heart disease; Weak local community attention to the principles of health exposure to corona risk; Simplifying the risk of coronary heart disease; Short geographical distance between settlements; High level of inter-residential interactions; Weakness in providing health services. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between the factors affecting the prevalence of the disease in the study area as independent variables with coronary heart disease as a dependent}, Keywords = {Spatial distribution, Corona disease, rural settlements, Damavand city.}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {21-40}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.4.28.21}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3153-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3153-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Saidi, Abbas and Rahmani, Bijan and Ghaffarirad, Rasol}, title = {Spatial Analysis of Structural-Functional Changes of Rural Settlements as a result of Construction and Utilization of Reservoir Dam and Irrigation Network (Case Study: Alavian Dam and Irrigation Network in East Azarbaijan Province)}, abstract ={Abstract: Spatial planning as an alternative approach to sustainable development in geographical knowledge is based on a proper and appropriate understanding of space as a systematic phenomenon that has a fundamental role in guiding society towards the principles of sustainable development such that social and economic development and Improving the quality of life of each region depends on its spatial planning system. The construction of dams is considered to be an interventionist measure in the environmental system, which may lead to positive or negative impacts. While these impacts can be recognized directly in all elements and phenomena that are related to the geographical space, they play an important role in the process of spatial development and "production of space". This article questions to what extent the construction of the Alavian dam affects the integrated spatial reorganization of rural settlements. To investigate this, the Alavian reservoir dam in East Azarbaijan province (Iran) has been selected as a case study. The construction of the dam and the Alavian drainage network in the Maragheh and Bonab areas began in 1990 and ended in 1995 aiming to provide drinking, agricultural and industrial water as well as flood control. We hypothesized that the implementation of this project has caused a wide change in the structural and functional status of the spatial system as well as the changes in the environmental, socio-cultural and economy of the human settlements located at the margin of the reservoir. We studied such structural/functional changes in the spatial system of the Alavian dam and its irrigation network. It is presumed that "the role of the construction and Utilization of the dam and irrigation networks" has a great impact on "developments of the spatial system of rural settlements", mostly in social, economic and environmental. In summary, we offer the following hypotheses: In terms of segmentation, the top-down approach and structural approach, implementation and exploitation of the dam and Alavian irrigation network have not changed the spatial system of rural settlements within the scope of the project. Spatial performance due to the construction of the dam and the Alavian irrigation network is different in structural and functional changes of the spatial system of rural settlements according to their dispersal and spatial distribution. In this study, a descriptive-analytical method was used based on a comparative strategy. Within the framework of structural-functional scanning theory, four main criteria with 40 related indicators were selected to study the effects of reservoir dam construction and the irrigation network on all human settlements located in the geographical scope of the design. These criteria are considered to be the most important structural-functional components that are based on sustainable development. All data (quantitative and qualitative) required for this research were collected using two methods of library studies and field survey and then analyzed. Data collection tools, including village and household questionnaires, interviews, focus group meetings, observation and field surveys, were collected through all data collection tools. The general questionnaire for all villages (27 villages) was completed in full format. The household size of the samples was calculated using a Cochran method with a confidence level of 95 percent for all 370 households. The household questionnaire was randomly filled out. The questionnaire of villages and households was completed according to the impact of the construction of the Alavian reservoir Dam separately and with a proportional distribution in the upstream and downstream villages. To analyze the data, normality, correlation, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U and Kendall coefficient were performed using SPSS software. This study presented an innovative way to evaluate the effects of construction of the dam and irrigation network on the variation of the spatial system of rural settlements in an integrated manner based on spatial paradigm. The findings of this research are the result of collaborative fieldwork to describe the relationship between dam construction and irrigation network and changes in the spatial system of villages. Spatial planning as a new, comprehensive and systematic approach to geographic knowledge can well support the theory of sustainable development. This approach is based on the harmonious and balanced development of the environmental-ecological, socio-cultural, economic and physical conditions of the spatial system. To sum up, it can be said that observation of the spatial organization of the areas affected by the implementation of the dam and the Alavian irrigation network, as a result of uncompetitive development policies, is indicative of the imbalance and inequality in access to opportunities (such as access to agricultural water, increased agricultural production, increased income, etc.). Accordingly, due to lack of a Integrated and systematic approach based on the principles of spatial planning in the study and implementation of the Alavian Reservoir Dam, is not possible the conditions for positive change in rural settlements. It actually causes disarray, disunity and imbalance of the spatial system of the regions. In other words, is one of the most important reasons for failure of development projects in third world countries, ignoring the dimensions and structural-functional aspects of spatial systems. The project of construction of Alavian reservoir dam and its irrigation network can be a good example of such projects.}, Keywords = {Spatial Planning, Unbalanced Development, Systematic Approach, Alavian Dam, Spatial Organization.}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {41-64}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.4.28.41}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3111-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3111-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Rafati, Somayeh}, title = {Investigation of Spatial Properties and Environmental - Synoptic Conditions of MCSs Formation Causing Flood in March 2019}, abstract ={Extended Abstract Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCSs) are the convective precipitation structure that is most frequently associated with floods at mid-latitudes, mainly due to the high degree of organisation, which allows the structure to be maintained for a longer period of time and to become more extensive. Moreover, MCSs are an important link between atmospheric convection and larger-scale atmospheric circulation. Based on the results of previous studies, it can be claimed that Sudanese low pressure systems in many cases are the cause of the formation of MCSs, especially in southwestern Iran. Although many studies have been done in Iran on these systems and how they are formed, but the role of some environmental components of their formation and intensification, such as vertical wind shear, High and Low Level Jets (HLJ and LLJ) has received less attention. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the role of these factors in addition of the known factors that cause the formation of these systems. For this purpose, the flood of 24 and 25 march 2019 in the south and southwest of Iran has been selected as a case study. To track and investigate the spatial characteristics of MCSs in this study, IR channel of the second-generation Meteosat imagery (MSG) on March 24 and 25, 2019, with a spatial resolution of 3 km and a temporal resolution of 15 minutes from Eumetsat site was extracted. After calibration and georeference of the images, the brightness temperature was calculated. The exact choice of temperature threshold for the identification of convective systems is optional and depends on the spatial resolution and wavelength of imagery. The size distribution obtained from the 207 or 218 k thresholds are not very different, especially for larger convection systems. Therefore, in this study, a threshold of 218 degrees Kelvin was used. Also, there is no agreement among researchers on the criterion of minimum length or area in the definition of MCSs, and this criterion is mostly determined by the characteristics of the region and the selected temperature threshold. In this study we select a threshold of 10 thousand square kilometers. In other words, the system was identified as MCSs, which at some point in life had an area of more than 10,000 square kilometers. The daily precipitation data of GPCC database were used to investigate the scattering of precipitation produced by these systems. Also, to understand the synoptic and environmental conditions of occurrence of MCSs on studied days, first geopotential height data, zonal and meridional wind components, potential temperature, relative humidity, vertical velocity and CAPE from ECMWF database were extracted and then the required maps and diagrams were prepared to synoptic and environmental analyses. In general, the results of this study showed that three MCSs on March 24 and 25, 2019 affected different parts of Iran. The maximum area of ​​the cold core of the first system is about 73,000 square kilometers and has traveled from west to north of Iran. The second system, which affected Iran from the west to the northeast, had a maximum area of ​​about 660 thousand square kilometers. The cold core of the third quasi-stable system with a linear extension (northeast-southwest) and a maximum area of ​​about 440 thousand square kilometers, has moved slightly to the southeast. The synoptic conditions of the formation of these systems have been the same as the common pattern of the formation of Sudanese low pressure systems and MCSs. In this pattern, Azores high pressure can bring the cold air of the high latitudes to the middle latitudes and hot and humid air is injected by the high pressure over the Oman Sea and the Arabian Sea, which activates the Red Sea convergence zone along with the Mediterranean system. These conditions have led to the formation of the minimum potential temperature zone in the eastern Mediterranean with significant temperature and pressure differences compared to its environment, resulting in the formation of LLJ. This LLJ has been very effective in transferring hot and humid air to western Iran. So that in the peak hours of convective activity in the center of Iran, a potential temperature difference of about 30 degrees Kelvin with the environment has created that has played an effective role in the formation of convective storms. The transfer of hot and humid air by the LLJ has led to the formation and continuation of convection and the release of latent heat to enhance the convergence and longer life of convection systems. On the other hand, the coupling of LLJ and HLJ, by strengthening the MCSs in the western part of Iran and strengthening the divergent flow at higher levels, has strengthened the HLJ, which in turn has led to strengthening the convective system. Vertical wind shear probably also led to the formation of new convective cells in areas far from the origin of the primary convective cells. During the peak hours, unstable convective activity was observed over a large part of Iran, especially the southern and western parts, and its maximum was observed from the southern half of the Red Sea along the convergence zone to the west of Iran. Therefore, various components of the Sudanese low pressure system play an important role in the formation, continuity and development of mseoscale convective systems. It seems that low-level jet, vertical wind shear and its interaction with the Red Sea convergence zone and the outflow of primary convective cells have a very effective role in the occurrence of this phenomenon. Thus, more detailed studies of this issue using mesoscale numerical models will probably identify unknown aspects of Iran's climate.  }, Keywords = {Extreme precipitation, High Level Jet, Low Level Jet, Vertical Wind shear, MSG Imagery.}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {65-88}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.4.28.65}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3172-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3172-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Keikha, Zahra and Bazrafshan, Javad and Ghanbari, Sirous and Keikha, Aleme}, title = {The spatial analysis of the local community to have the effective social indexes on resiliency against the environmental hazards (case study: villages of Sistan region)}, abstract ={The occurred disasters in recent decades show that communities and people have getting incrementally vulnerable against the hazards. Therefore, social resiliency is the capacity of change, adaptation, and power of resisting against the social stresses and disasters. This research aims at the spatial analysis of the local community to have effective social indexes on resiliency against the environmental hazards in the Sistan region. The methodology of the research is applied due to its nature and descriptive-analytical with the quantitative-surveying approach based on structural equations modeling (SEM) due to its method. The statistical population of the research includes heads of households in 373 villages that 189 people were selected as a statistical sample in proportion to the population volume by Cochran formula using the stratified random sampling method. Inventory was used as a tool to collect data of research, and validity and reliability of tools were studied and confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis, and Cronbach’s alpha test and composite reliability, respectively. SEM method with partial least squares technical approach and SMART PLS3 software was used to analyze the research data in inferential statistics level. Findings of research showed that the path coefficients of social indexes relationship with social resiliency are significant based on t-value and p-value. In a way that t-value of this path is 11.28 and higher than its critical value, 2.58, and the p-value is lower than 0.05.  In addition, WASPAS model was used for the spatial analysis of the effective social factors on the resiliency of the studied villages. This showed that villages of Zahak city have the maximum Qi and villages of Hamoon city have the minimum Qi. Thus, it is concluded that there is a significant relationship between the social indexes and the resiliency of the villagers. Moreover, the volume of the social index effect is high. Since villagers have higher Qi, they have more social resiliency. Hence, it is claimed that the villages of Zahak region have higher social resiliency.  }, Keywords = {spatial analysis, resiliency, social indexes, environmental hazards}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {89-104}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.4.28.89}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3065-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3065-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {sheikhy, Valiollah and malakooti, hossein and ghader, sarm}, title = {Numerical simulation of the adaptive and control strategies of Tehran metropolis summer heat island by evaluating heat fluxes}, abstract ={Abstract Increasing population growth and consequently the development of urban areas can profoundly affect climate events and thus intensify phenomena such as heat stress. Given the expected effects of this phenomenon on human health, it is very important to provide mitigating operational solutions to control future conditions. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of simulating the effect of urban planning solutions on dynamic processes in the urban environment and at the local scale in Tehran city using the WRF mid-scale numerical model. Simulations were performed using 4 nested domains with a two-way interactive nesting procedure. The study used a simple Single-Layer Urban Canopy Model and a more advanced multi-layered approach called Multi‐layer urban canopy (BEP). The results of the simulations, after comparing the two urban schemes with a sensitivity measurement for different strategies, showed that the surface reflectance change scenario has the greatest impact on the land surface compared to the two scenarios of increasing urban green areas and reducing building density. Due to Tehran's specific topographic location and high overall temperature in this region, Tehran is relatively vulnerable to heat stress. Compared to the intensity of 5.5 °C for base mode, applying control measures can reduce the intensity of UHI up to 3 °C when using bright colors with high reflectivity for the ceiling and 1 ° C by replacing impermeable surfaces with natural vegetation in urban areas of Tehran.}, Keywords = {Climate change, Cool Roofs, Urban Heat Island, Land Use, WRF Model}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {105-126}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.4.28.105}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3084-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3084-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {varjavandnaseri, Hossein and Tahmasbi, Asghar and Darabi, Hasan and Yavari, Ahmadreza and Amiri, mohammadjavad and Nabibidhendi, Gholamrez}, title = {An Analysis on formal actors and institutions of water challenge governance on Zayandeh roud river basin}, abstract ={   Extended Abstract: The increasing challenge of water in many regions of the country is rooted in inappropriate governance of water resources at the basin levels. Investigating the interactions of different stakeholders and institutional arrangement affecting it is one of the key elements of governance system. The most important obstacle to achieving the optimal governance model of water resources in developing countries is the unknown path from governmental management, to good governance. The analysis of stakeholders and influential entities on their interactions is considered as one of the important pillars of governance assessment frameworks. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the water resources of Zayandeh roud basin from the perspective of interactions between actors and formal institutions affecting their interactions. In this regard, it is attempted to answer two main questions: firstly, what is the organizational structure in management of Zayandeh roud?, Second, how far are the organizations’ policies and programs involved in the management of the watershed ? In this study, Isfahan, Chaharmahal - bakhtiari , Khuzestan and Yazd which are related to the river basin issues, were selected for social network analysis. Organizations and governmental and non- governmental institutions related to the process of sustainable management were questioned. In this regard, according to the numerous studies conducted in the field of Zayandeh roud and Gavkhoni wetland , the number of organizations and related institutions were identified. Then, the network matrix of actors’ policy and collaboration was formed and centrality indices of input and output grades and betweenness centrality indices were measured through Ucinet software. There are a wide range of active actors in management of Zayandeh roud river basin, each in an attempt to obtain more water resources from this river. As mentioned in the conceptual framework of the research, two key aspects are investigated. Key stakeholders analysis and their role in water resource management and review of actors ' policies in water resource management in two dimensions of belief in changing policies, and the need to change policy from the viewpoint of other actors. Accordingly, the research findings are presented in the following parts. decision making and facilitating information flow Power and control of actors in the network of organizational collaboration Co - ordination role in the enterprise - cooperative network The findings of this research show that in the dimension of capacity and flow of information watershed management, Regional water organization in Isfahan province and in the next rank of water resources management, Zayandeh roud coordination council and Isfahan provincial governor are organizations that have high output degree and can play a key role in information flow. In other words, information that is necessary for the actors and other organizations is better flowed by these organizations. In terms of supervision on the network of interactions and control over other actors in the basin, which was measured with the degree of centrality of input, Isfahan parliament representatives in the first and the agriculture jihad of Isfahan province gained the highest rank respectively. After these organizations which are mainly government and dependent entities, non - governmental organizations of three other provinces have the lowest rank in terms of ability to control the network. The lower power of NGOs in the social network of the organization indicates a low planning system for the management of the watershed. Comparative studies in the river basin show that the feature of the extent and diversity in the social - ecological system of a watershed among several distinct political areas can reveal the importance of the position of organizations that have a bargaining power in the watershed management network. Betweenness centrality index in information exchange network has a fundamental role. The actors with the intermediary rate and high control power among the organizational stakeholders are the same organizational entrepreneurs who have an important role in establishing relationships and increasing interactions among other actors. If the actors with high degree of mediation are removed from the network, information exchange in the network will be disrupted. It is obvious that without knowing these corporate entrepreneurs or in other words, actors with high mediation ability in the exchange information network, any activity in the direction of comprehensive management of land and sustainable development will be associated with time and cost. In connection with the task of coordination in watershed management, the Jihad of agriculture organization, department of environment and water room committee of Isfahan have obtained the highest degree of betweenness centrality which seems to be a suitable place due to their organizational functions. In this regard, attention and reinforcement of organizations such as NGOs and parliament representatives of three other provinces and provincial governor of these three provinces with low degree of betweenness centrality can be suggested. The lack of such interaction is undoubtedly one of the challenges facing sustainable management of the region. According to the results of other studies, it can be said that to achieve sustainable and integrated management of land and preservation of natural areas, it is necessary to study the pattern of relationship between organizational stakeholders. The results show that the Regional water organization of Isfahan province and the Zayandeh roud coordination council have a higher position in decision making and information flow. On the other hand, the high performers of water resources such as Iran’s water resources management company and the Zayandeh roud coordinating council and in the next level, Regional water organization, the provincial governor and the parliament representatives of Isfahan are the best critics of the watershed governance. In contrast policies of jihad agricultural organization, farmers and Regional water organization of Isfahan have been criticized by other actors.}, Keywords = {water governance, low water challenge, Zayandeh roud , key stakeholders , formal institution}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {127-146}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.4.28.127}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3121-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3121-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Najafi, Esmaiel and IraniHeris, Sayyad and Jafari, Farsh}, title = {Investigating and analyzing the effects of environmental hazards on the dimensions of sustainable development with a good governance approach (Case study: Mazandaran province)}, abstract ={    Abstract Since the early 1990s, the idea of ​​sustainable urban development has been a fundamental and very important issue for decision makers and thinkers. Because it encompasses the historical concept of development and at the same time has become very important in determining the current international, national and regional policies (Pugh, 2004). In recent years, governance has become a hot topic in public sector management, and this is due to the important role that governance plays in determining public health. Therefore, according to environmental resources, good governance means the way in which decision makers promote sustainable development, which includes the protection of the living environment (Shuakrizadeh and Ashrafi, 2011). Governance is the institutional capacity of public organizations to provide goods demanded by the public and to help the citizens of the country or their representatives efficiently, transparently, fairly, and with accountability to limited resources. This definition of governance represents an international organization and development institution such as the World Bank that seeks to support reforms through good governance programs aimed at strengthening the strategic capacity of donor governments while intending to engage civil society. Strengthen sovereignty. (Krueger,2007). Environmental hazards and ecological crises are the result of the interaction of environmental, economic, cultural, health and even political variables. The scope of these variables is local-spherical, so that no place in the earth is far from its consequences, with the difference that the scope and depth of the crisis is severe and weak (Kaviani rad, 2010). Investigating the effects of environmental hazards in relation to sustainable development with a good governance approach is very important and very important in terms of nature, so the present study with descriptive-analytical approach and based on library and field studies to study the effects of environmental hazards on sustainable indicators of Mazandaran province It has dealt with the characteristics of decent humility. Brief descriptions of the concepts of sustainable development and development, environmental hazards and proper governance are also given in the text of the article. The most important natural and human hazards in Mazandaran province are earthquakes,  mass movements, floods, fires, droughts, frosts, pollution of water resources, soil erosion, pollution of agricultural products, urbanization and urban development, waste, etc. It brings a lot, attention to earth sciences and the environment can, in addition to preventing risks, accelerate the process of sustainable development. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on library and field studies. In order to gather information within the framework of theoretical foundations of research, by referring to library resources (Persian and Latin books, publications, dissertations and reputable foreign sites), the required materials have been collected. Statistics and information related to the development indicators of Mazandaran province have been extracted from the statistics of the Statistics Center of Iran and then examined with SPSS software, Table No. (3). The Cochran's formula was used to determine the sample size. The statistical population in this study is Mazandaran province and the population of the province in the general census of population and housing in 2016, 3,283,582 people, which by placing the total population of the region in the above formula with a probability level of 95% to calculate the sample size by estimating distributions. There were two sentences (Cochran). A total of 384 questionnaires were distributed among residents and officials in the study province, a simple random method. Based on the appropriate governance indicators in relation to environmental hazards and sustainable development of Mazandaran province, it was evaluated as lower than average (2.78 with theoretical average 3). Based on the results of factor analysis after Warmax matrix period, the participation index shows the role of urban management in increasing people's participation in improving urban environment and reducing social anomalies in Mazandaran province and reducing environmental degradation (with a coefficient of 0.772). , In the index of accountability, accountability of urban managers to the demands and complaints of people about environmental degradation and employment status (with a coefficient of 0.645), in the index of effectiveness and efficiency, the effect of managers' programs on reducing pollution (air, water, etc.) and Increasing the quality of social and infrastructural indicators of sustainable development (0.772) and the variability of the effectiveness of the implemented projects On the part of environmental managers in the cities of Mazandaran province (with a coefficient of 0.720), in the transparency index, what is your level of knowledge about the approval of plans and programs to deal with the effects of environmental hazards on the development indicators of the province (with a coefficient of 0.660) ) And how much do you know about the budgets spent on environmental protection and development and development programs and job creation in the province (with a coefficient of 0.639), in the indicator of responsibility, willingness to accept responsibility in economic, social and environmental fields? What is the level of the neighborhood itself (with a coefficient of 0.592), in the index of the central law, the amount of legal treatment of officials with factors Local and regional pollutants are environmental degrading factors (with a coefficient of 0.8595), in the Justice and Equality Index, the government's attention to dealing with environmental degrading factors in the city and shortening the hand of land grabbers in Mazandaran province (with a coefficient of 0.739) They had a higher operating load. In relation to the impact of human and natural hazards on sustainable development indicators, which clearly include environmental, economic and social indicators, justice and equality indicators and participation in Mazandaran province are better than other indicators. It shows that the indicators of transparency, accountability and rule of law are less than average in the eyes of the people and are not in a good position in this regard.}, Keywords = {Environmental Hazards, Decent Governance, Sustainable Development, Mazandaran Province.}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {147-164}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.4.28.147}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3130-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3130-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {shohani, nader and shohani, Farshad and shohani, fariba and Bakrizadeh, ‎ Hakim ‎ and asgari, shamsollah}, title = {Investigating the role of microorganisms on the rate of hospitalization of ‎}, abstract ={Abstract Iran and especially the West and Southwest regions of Iran are intermittently confronted with the phenomenon of dust and its problems. West of Iran Due to the natural environment and proximity to areas of dust source in West Asia, a region susceptible to the occurrence of dust phenomena is frequent. Fragments are the most important and perhaps the main threat to the health of individuals. Statistics show the destructive and negative effects of these microorganisms or The same dust is on people in the West and Southwest of Iran. Statistics and studies from the south and west of the country show that more than 100 days have been infected between the years 77 to 91, which has many health problems, and others Items have been created.Method of research In this article, a descriptive-analytical study. Then, using a questionnaire on the relationship between the phenomenon of dust and the health of citizens with the hypothesis: there is a significant relationship between the phenomenon of dust and the occurrence or exacerbation of heart disease in residents of Ilam. This study is a descriptive-analytic study in terms of post-event topic. The statistical population of this study was all patients admitted to Mustafa Khomeini Hospital in Ilam in the years 92-88. In this paper, we try to first analyze the dust phenomenon, the frequency of its occurrence in the past and recent decades, and investigate the origin and conditions of formation of the phenomenon, and then to the effect Dusty storms on the cardiovascular health of the inhabitants of the area (with an emphasis on the city of Ilam). The results of multivariate statistical analysis including Pearson correlation coefficient, regression test, Chi-square test, ANOVA (variance analysis), and Kundal's correlation test showed that the relationship between the arrival of microorganisms in the statistical period of the study with the number of patients suffering from cardiovascular disease At the significance level, 0.05 was significant and indicates the existence of the relationship. This means that as the amount of entropy to the city of Ilam increased, the number of cases of this disease also increased.  }, Keywords = {Health, Dust, Rhizard, Disease, Drought, Climate.‎}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {165-186}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.4.28.165}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3118-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3118-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Roshani, Hamideh and Mostafazadeh, Raoof and Esmali-Ouri, Abazar and Zabihi, Mohse}, title = {Spatiotemporal variation of precipitation using PCI and SI indices in Golestan province}, abstract ={Introduction and objective: Temporal and spatial variability of rainfall is one of the determining factors for water resources management, agricultural production, drought risk, flood control and understanding the effect of climate change. The impact of spatiotemporal patterns of precipitation on flood/drought hazard and available water resources is an undeniable issue in water resources management. Precipitation concentration (PCI) and Seasonality (SI) indices are the important indicators to determine the distribution of precipitation in a region which can lead to identify and manage before occurring natural hazards including flood and drought and hydro-meteorological storms. Several methods available to study the spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall. Indicators of rainfall concentration and seasonality are among the methods of studying rainfall dispersion that depend on the distribution of rainfall patterns at different time scales. Accordingly, the study and understanding of temporal and spatial changes in rainfall can lead to sound management policies in the field of water and soil resources by planners and decision makers.   Methodology: The precipitation concentration index is presented as a powerful indicator for determining the temporal distribution of precipitation to show the distribution of precipitation and rain erosion. The increase in the value of this indicator indicates a low dispersion and a higher concentration of rainfall, which is closely related to the intensity of rainfall. Seasonality index as one of the key factors in detecting seasonal variation in the variables of natural ecosystems, measures the time distribution of hydrological components at different times of the year and uses each hydrological variable to classify different hydrologic variable regimes. In this regard, the present research aimed to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution and trend analysis of PCI and SI for 41 rain gauge stations of Golestan province (38-year study period) in annual, seasonal and dry and wet time scales. The Mann-Kendall test was used to determine the trend of time changes in PCI and SI indices during the study period in all selected rain gauge stations in Golestan province. Mann-Kendall test is one of the non-parametric tests to determine the trend in hydroclimate time series. The advantages of this method include its suitability for use in time series without a specific statistical distribution, as well as the effectiveness of this method in data with extreme values in time series. In order to determine the spatial pattern of PCI and SI indices in different time scales (annual, seasonal, and dry and wet periods), the method of inverse distance weighting was employed in GIS environment. In this method, a weight has been assigned to each point that decreases with increasing distance from the known value point. On the other hand, the effectiveness of the known point in estimating the unknown point and calculating the mean also decreases. In this regard, the best results are obtained when the behavior of the mathematical function is similar to the behavior of the observed phenomenon. The study area in terms of extent, topographic diversity, type of land use has a high heterogeneity that affects the characteristics and temporal and spatial occurrence of dry and wet periods. The average annual rainfall varies from about 150 to 750 mm over the study area.   Results: According to the results, the average of PCI for annual, spring, summer, autumn, winter, dry and wet periods in the research area were obtained 13.15, 11.96, 13.15, 10.72, 9.96, 14.72, and 1072, respectively. Also, Chat station with 0.79 (seasonal distribution with dry and wet seasons) and Shastkalateh station with 0.47 (mainly seasonal distribution with short dry season) had the maximum and minimum of SI in the Golestan province, respectively. In addition, 27 and 14 of studied stations had the increasing (Significant and no-significant) and decreasing (Significant and no-significant) trend for PCI and SI.   Conclusions: Non-compliance of precipitation in Golestan province with a single temporal and spatial pattern is another achievement of the present study. The results of the current research can be used as a roadmap for water resources planning and policy making in the study area. It is noteworthy that the PCI and SI indices do not emphasize the cumulative values of precipitation and address the pattern of rainfall distribution, which can be a better criterion for assessing changes in precipitation patterns at different time scales. In this regard, determining the priority of areas for protection and management of water and soil resources, and spatial pattern of agricultural crops. The trend of changes in PCI and SI indicators and its relationship with important climatic components can be considered in assessing the changes in pattern of precipitation and climatic variables.    }, Keywords = {Seasonality index, Precipitation distribution, Spatial distribution, Temporal scales, Water resources management}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {187-204}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.4.28.187}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3141-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3141-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {ghasemi, iraj and ebrahimisalimi, shei}, title = {Risk assessment and prioritisation between individual and group tourists at the desert destination (case study: Marnjab Desert)}, abstract ={Introduction The development of the tourism industry, in addition to paying attention to the infrastructure of this industry, requires comprehensive planning of persuasive factors, as well as reducing the environmental and natural risks of tourism destinations. According to research, tourists are affected by four types of risks, including health, cultural, political and economic, but among the natural hazards that endanger the health of tourists is of particular importance.  Among the tourist destinations, ecotourism has a significant success, which causes many hazards in these areas. Maranjab desert for the relative temperament of temperature, tourist attractions, diversity of animal species and vegetation, and the existence of typical and prominent forms of desert is one of the most visited areas of desert ecotourism. Therefore, many problems and dangers are threatening. In this research, an attempt has been made to identify and analyze the main natural and environmental hazards of the Maranjab desert with a descriptive-analytical method based on library and field studies. methodology The general approach of mixed-method with the priority of quantitative method is based on qualitative studies. For this purpose, after identifying the risks, a questionnaire for prioritization was collected through interviews with experts and then evaluated and analyzed through the FMEA technique. The method of FMEA is one of the tools for continuous improvement of product and service quality. The purpose of the FMEA is to identify the risks and risks of the product and process that may be latent or obvious. Once identified, the next step is to make decisions that can be addressed. This method is used in medicine, manufacturing and services industries. In recent years, the use of this model for risk assessment in the humanities and tourism has also become popular. This method is based on three key components of probability of occurrence, severity of occurrence and probability of discovery.  After returning the questionnaires and evaluating the quality of response, a random sample of 100 questionnaires was selected and analyzed based on the method of analysis of failure factors and its effects. According to the purpose of the study, half of the audience had an individual trip and half of them traveled to the area with the group. Audiences were asked to assign a score between 1 and 10 for each component of the method. Accordingly, each factor will have a score in each case, which is obtained from the average score of the audience and has been between 1 and 10. After identifying and evaluating the risk perceived by the audience, in an interview with professors and}, Keywords = {Risks, Tourism Planning, Ecotourism, Marnjab Desert, FMEA}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {205-222}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.4.28.205}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3120-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3120-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Kazemi, Alireza and Barmayehvar, Behno}, title = {Assessment of Safety Management in Reducing Accidents of Construction Sites in the Urban Construction Projects of South of Tehran}, abstract ={Due to the insecurity of the construction industry, the purpose of this study is to evaluate safety management and investigate its impact on reducing accidents of sites in urban construction projects in the south of Tehran. Due to the nature and type of research, the present study is descriptive-correlational and practical research. The statistical population in this study is supervising engineers working in the field of urban construction in the south of Tehran (15, 16, 17, 18, 19, and 20 areas). Therefore, according to the latest statistical report published by the Tehran Engineering System Organization (5000 people) and based on the Morgan table, 351 acceptable answer sheets were collected. In this research, data collection and information were performed using the library-documentary method and field method (with the help of observation tools, interviews, and especially questionnaires) and through a combined method (quantitative-qualitative) with quantitative nature and focus as well as survey strategy. Also in this research, in addition to utilizing the capacities of qualitative content analysis, the methods of quantitative analysis include descriptive statistics including frequency, average, and standard deviation, as well as inferential statistics including Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Friedman, Pearson, T-tests and regression analysis by SPSS 24 software, was used. Questionnaire questions were validated by reviewing previous research, consulting with experts, and validating with factor analysis and reliability using Cronbach's alpha method. The results show that among the three effective factors in improving safety management and reducing site accidents in urban construction projects in the south of Tehran, the factors of “use of protective equipment”, “compilation of responsibilities” and “risk management” with averages of 4.0864, 4.0741, and 3.9812 are ranked the first, second, and the third rank, respectively. Besides, the average part of various site accidents is 4.0000. According to the results of the research, from the total types of site accidents of “injuries to people due to non-use of personal protective equipment”, “damage to urban underground facilities during nailing operation”, “life and financial losses due to standard and unsafe construction site equipment”, “occurrence of silent death in workers' rooms due to unsafe gas appliances and lack of proper ventilation, “collapse of structural parts during welding”, “fall of workers, materials, and equipment from a height”, and “collapse of the walls of the pit and adjacent plaques due to lack of standard and standard excavation” are ranked first to seventh with an average of 5.7692, 4.8148, 3.8490, 3.7322, 3.7236, 3.1282, and 2.9829, respectively. According to previous research, the “policy (compilation of responsibilities)” factor has the first impact on the safety of the construction industry, but in a case where the field of research is limited to construction projects and urban constructions (personalization) in which in such projects safety management is not generally systematic in the site, the prioritization between the factors affecting the safety management of the site has changed and the “policy (compilation of responsibilities)” factor is transferred to the second rank and the “use of protective equipment” factor is placed in the first rank. Therefore, builders and employers, and that project supervisors must be required to closely monitor this carefully formulate safety responsibilities in construction workshops. Considering that, the factor of “non-use of personal protective equipment” is in the first place as the cause of site accidents and has already been ranked in the fifth place of safety hazards, so it can be concluded that since the last decade, the factor of “non-use of personal protective equipment” has risen from the fifth to the first rank. Therefore, it is necessary to pay more attention to the use of protective equipment in construction sites in Tehran, project supervisors should be stricter in this regard, and engineering organizations and municipalities should enact stricter rules and regulations. According to the supervising engineers active in the field of research, “damage to urban underground facilities during nailing method” is in the second place in the classification of common types of site accidents in the field of urban construction of Tehran and nailing method for stabilization of deep urban ditches causes legal problems to enter the privacy of adjacent license plaques and obtain notarized consent from the owners of adjacent license plaques, in addition to the risk of damaging underground urban facilities and causing heavy damage to the project and it is necessary to use other modern methods of deep pit stabilization, including the “Top-Down” method. In this study, “human and financial losses due to non-standard construction site equipment” is classified in the third rank of site accidents. Therefore, the municipalities and organizations of the engineering system must make the issuance of technical inspection certificates for site equipment mandatory and if the employer and the constructor do not provide the necessary documents in this regard or to prevent the continuation of executive operations. Because accidents due to non-observance of safety issues in construction sites continue to occur for various reasons, it is necessary to establish stricter rules and regulations regarding non-compliance with safety issues in construction sites in the field of urban construction and the use of a safety officer in the site with relevant educational and professional backgrounds and qualifications is mandatory for all construction sites. The results of this study show that increasing attention and accuracy in the areas of responsibility compilation, risk management, and use of protective equipment improves safety management and reduces accidents in construction sites in the field of urban construction of south of Tehran.}, Keywords = {Safety Management, Reducing Accidents, Construction Project, Construction site, Tehran City}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {223-238}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.29252/jsaeh.7.4.28.223}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3138-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3138-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} }