@article{ author = {falahati, fatemeh and Alijani, Bohlol and saligheh, mohamm}, title = {The impact of climate change on the amount and temporal distribution of snow melt run off in the Amir Kabir dam watershed}, abstract ={In many areas, snow cover in the mountains is a major source of surface and underground water supply. Due to climate change and its effect on the time of melting ,it  is very important for environmental planning to predict the arrival time of water from snow melt to water consumption cycle. The purpose of this study is to investigate the volumetric changes and time distribution of snow flood flows in future by integrating remote sensing , GIS and climatic models.The studied area is the Upper Basin of Amir Kabir Dam, which is located on the southern slopes of Alborz Mountains. In this study, digital elevation maps (DEM) and GIS software were used to estimate parameters such as area, environment, main length, highest and lowest elevation points. In order to complete the snow cover data, MODIS products (MOD10A100) were extracted and the snow cover was extracted in the Upper Basin of Amir Kabir Dam. Next, runoff and snow melting models were simulated using SRM software. Calibration and validation of the model's acceptable performance were estimated. Then, in order to investigate the effects of climate change on the future of snowmelt runoff production in the basin of Amir Kabir Dam, the latest CMIP5 climatic models were used under four scenarios RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5. A survey on the relationship between snow cover area , temperature and precipitation was used to predict snow cover in the future. The increase in temperature in the autumn and winter season has led to a reduction in the shape of precipitation in the form of snow, and as a result, the amount of snow storm is reduced. The results show that the amount of runoff in the autumn and winter increases due to increased rainfall in the form of rain, and it will be  increased late winter and spring due to the increase in the amount of water resulting from snow melting. The results of this study are based on the increase of snow melt as a result of increased runoff volume, reduction of snow reserves and maximum flow transmission to earlier than normal conditions due to early snow melting due to temperature rise. Generally, in the future, the average annual runoff will be decreased about 1.1 cubic meters per second, and the average annual melting share will be about 13.9%}, Keywords = {climate change, snow melting, MODIS, SRM model, exponential microscale models}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2842-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2842-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Sepasian, Mahsa and alijani, bohloul and Salighe, Mohammad and Akbary, Mehry}, title = {Analysis of the effect of hot oppressive climate on cardiovascular mortality in Tehran metropolitan: Synoptic climatological approach}, abstract ={Tehran metropolitan with its large population, daily migrant workforce and many students, needs to planning and designing watch/warning system to reduce the climatic problems for human health.for this purpose, we need to study the climate accurately and Since the factors affecting the climate of warm and cold periods in Iran are different, in this study , the meteorological variables of Tehran warm period (May to September 2002) turned into 4 components in Temporal Synoptic Index (TSI) using PCA Method and using P-Array and Varimax rotation.By the scores of components for each day, the clustering method (in ward method) were used and, the warm days of the year was divided into two cluster named favorable and oppressive airmasses. The average maximum air temperature that is more effective in mortality, was 36.13 ° C. Days with temperatures above  34 ° C, less pressure, mild winds , dryness and more sunshine resulted in more adverse weather conditions, which resulted in a 34% increasing in mortality compare with favorable weather. The total number of deaths from cardiovascular disease during the study period was 154046 that about  67%of deaths have been simultaneous with oppressive airmass.The epidemiological study of mortality also confirms the results of previous research in this area and shows that the incidence of mortality is higher in older people as well as in men. It is clear that not all mortality can be attributed to the effects of climate, but results show that change in climatic conditions will affect on mortality and also for study the effect of climatic hazards on human health, it is better that we study the effect of all variables together on humans.}, Keywords = {air masses, oppressive weather, mortality, cardiovascular diseases, warning systems, Tehran metropolitan}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3102-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3102-en.doc}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Arsalani, Fatemeh and Alijani, Bohloul and Arsalani, Sabereh}, title = {Spatial analysis and evaluation of pollution and health risk of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb) available in Tehran Dust fall}, abstract ={Dust fall means the dust that in the air fall down on the ground (Hai et al, 2008). it is important to study the extent of heavy metal contamination of dust fall due to their threats that could affect human health. Due to the fact that the metropolis of Tehran has a population of over eight million people and One of the major cities in the world is currently facing a severe air pollution problem. The purpose of the present study was to determine  the level of pollution and health risk of heavy metals such as Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb in the dust falling of Tehran city. the Dust fallout samples were collected using Marble Dust Collector (MDCO) from 28 different locations across Tehran during the statistical period (2018/03/21- 2018/06/21). We used XRF analysis To identify and determine the concentration of heavy metals (Cd,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,Fe) in the collected dust. we used to spatial analysis to  determine Dispersion of pollution levels and health risk in different Zone of Tehran  city. In order to determine the level of pollution and Health Risk Assessment we used the pollution index (PI), integrated pollution index (IPI), Non-Carcinogenic Risk and Carcinogenic Risk. Based on the results of the calculations performed in the statistical period studied, the values of pollution index (PI) and integrated pollution index (IPI) are Pb> Cd> Cu> Cr> Ni, respectively. Accordingly, the regional trend of pollution from west to east is increasing. Therefore, Tehran's pollution index is high level of pollution in the most zone and and extremely high level of pollution in the eastern zone, which is a more worrying situation. Probably one of the reasons is the western winds, which are faster in the west than in the east. Also, Tehran's topographic pattern plays a role in this issue. Health risk assessment (HQ, HI, CR) showed that the contamination of the heavy elements studied was lower than the acceptable threshold for carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks. Therefore, it is not dangerous in terms of carcinogenicity. The risk of carcinogenicity and non-carcinogenicity in children and adults is higher in the southern and eastern zone of Tehran. Probably one of the reasons is the establishment of metal industries, cement production, sand mines and combustion processes in the south and west of Tehran metropolis.}, Keywords = {Spatial analysis, falling dust, Heavy metals, cancer risk, pollution index}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3129-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3129-en.docx}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {kargar, halimeh and saligheh, Mohammad and akbary, mehry}, title = {Indexing and effect of Regional Pressure Centers on Rainfall on the Northern Shores of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman}, abstract ={Conclusion The results showed that the length of the precipitation period in the study area is 8 months (out of 213 systems, 60 systems were recorded in January and 50 systems were recorded in December). June, July, August and December did not have a comprehensive rainfall system. The difference in height between the Mediterranean Cyclone  and the Arabian Anticyclone, i.e. the MAI index, was identified in 5 categories. The results showed that the higher the value of MAI index, the less rainfall systems and the higher the rainfall intensity. Most rainfall systems occur when the MAI index reaches 100 to 150 geopotential meters. In addition, the concentration of precipitation occurred in February when the MAI index reached 200 geopotential meters and above. In the continuation of the research, the difference between the Sudan Cyclone and Arabian Anticyclone, i.e. the SAI index, was also identified in 5 categories. The results showed that most of the systems occurred in the third category with a value of SAI index between 100 and 150 geopotential meters. Moreover, the results showed that the higher the value of the SAI index (, the lower the number of rainfall systems and the higher the average of rainfall systems.}, Keywords = {MAI Index, SAI Index, Coastal Rainfall, Arabian Anticyclone, Sudan cyclone, Mediterranean cyclone}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3235-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3235-en.docx}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Zarei, Sharifeh and Alijani, Bohloul and Hejazizadeh, Zahra and Mohammadi, Bakhtiar}, title = {Analyzing synoptic-dynamic patterns and examining the trend of changes in wide snowfall in the western half of Iran}, abstract ={In this research, the most important synoptic patterns of widespread snowfall in the western half of Iran have been investigated. For this purpose, the data of current weather code and snow depth of 36 synoptic stations during the statistical period of 1371-1400, for the months of October to March, were received from the Meteorological Organization of the country. In order to investigate wide snowfalls, the days when more than 70% of the studied area saw snowfall at the same time were extracted as a wide day. In order to perform synoptic-dynamic analysis of wide snowfalls in the western half of Iran, the classification method using cluster analysis was used and maps of representative days were drawn, including atmospheric temperature, moisture flux, geopotential height, tovai, front formation, jet stream, omega index, and orbital and meridian wind data. Trend analysis was also performed using the Mann-Kendall test.  The results showed that 4 models justify the widespread snowfall in the studied area in the best way. According to the results in all the models, at sea level, the collision of cold and dry air of northern latitudes with warm and humid air of southern latitudes has caused the formation of frontal fields in the western half of Iran. At the level of 500 hectopascals, the intensification of the meridional currents in the western winds caused the creation of closed centers and as a result the flow changed in the direction of the westerly winds, and the location of the western half of Iran in the east of Naveh Al-Aghti and Sardchal has provided the necessary conditions for air to rise. Also, there was no trend in the number of snow days in the western half of Iran at the significant levels tested. But; The number of snow days has been decreasing over time. In general, it can be concluded that due to the warming of the earth and climate change, the number of snowy days has decreased and these changes have led to a significant shortening of the snow season.}, Keywords = {Synoptic_dynamic patterns, changes trend, wide snowfall, Iran}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3380-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3380-en.docx}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Saffari, Amir and Ahmadabadi, Ali and Abbaszadeh, Amieali}, title = {Assessment of subsidence risk in Eyvanakey plain using Environmental factors and radar images}, abstract ={Subsidence is one of the most important natural hazards that has affected many plains of the country in recent years. Eyvanakey plain in Semnan province is among the plains that have faced this danger. Due to the importance of the subject, in this research, the evaluation of the subsidence risk and the estimation of the subsidence rate in this plain have been done. In this research, Sentinel 1 radar images, Landsat satellite images and SRTM 30 meters high digital layer are used as the most important research data. The most important research tools are GMT, ArcGIS and Super Decisions. Also, Fuzzy-ANP logic and SBAS time series models have been used in this research. This research has been done in two stages, in the first stage, the assessment of the subsidence risk and in the second stage, the estimation of the rate of subsidence in Eyvanakey Plain. Based on the results, 251 square kilometers of the study area (equivalent to 58.5% of the area) has a high and very high risk of subsidence, which mainly corresponds to the southern areas of the Eyvanakey Plain. Also, the results of the SBAS time series method have shown that the Eyvanakey plain has subsided between 28 and 533 mm during a period of 6 years. Considering that, the high risk class has the highest amount of subsidence in the study area, so it can be said that there is a strong relationship between the subsidence risk classes with radar images and the accuracy of the results of the subsidence risk classes is confirmed.  }, Keywords = {Subsidence risk, SBAS time series, Eyvanakey Plain}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3439-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3439-en.doc}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {RahimiMahmoodabadi, Alireza and SaeediRezvani, Navid and Ghasemi, Iraj}, title = {Assessing the Spatial-Physical Resilience of District 2 of Karaj Metropolitan Area Based on Sustainability Criteria in Facing Environmental Hazards}, abstract ={introduction: Resilience is the key to urban sustainability, and by reducing vulnerability, it creates a sustainable environment for cities and plays a fundamental role in reducing urban vulnerability to environmental hazards. Methods: The present research method is descriptive-analytical and applied in terms of purpose. The aim is to measure the resilience level of District 2 of Karaj and identify its strengths and weaknesses in facing environmental hazards. The research combines data from statistical documents, written reports, and questionnaire data obtained from surveys. The statistical sample consists of 30 experts related to crisis management in District 2 of Karaj, selected through the snowball sampling method. Data analysis was performed using mean statistics, standard deviation, and factor analysis. Results: The results indicate that enhancing the resilience of this area through improving the quality of physical infrastructure, better construction management, adherence to architectural standards, and urban planning principles can reduce vulnerability and create a sustainable and resilient environment. Additionally, the evaluation of building sustainability shows that the average index in District 2 was 4.45. The average indices for spatial organization were 4.43, geographical characteristics were 4.57, and infrastructure sustainability was 4.8. This indicates a favorable status of resilience and sustainability indices in District 2 of Karaj. Conclusions: Factor loadings show that the coefficients are above 0.6, confirming the validity of the resilience indices. Therefore, the urban resilience and sustainability of the region can be evaluated as favorable to highly favorable.  }, Keywords = {Spatial-Physical Resilience, Urban Sustainability, Environmental Crises, Vulnerabilities, District 2 of Karaj Metropolitan Area.}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3488-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3488-en.docx}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {MaghamiMoghim, Gholam Rez}, title = {The interaction of climate, geomorphology and hydrology in creating environmental hazards in Saluk National Park and Protected Area}, abstract ={Objective: “The main and overall objective of this research was to identify natural hazards threatening Saluk National Park and Protected Area. In this regard, based on the assumptions of this research, in addition to the main objective, three sub-objectives were also determined for it. The sub-objectives include identifying hazards arising from climatic, geomorphological, and hydrological conditions. Method: This research was conducted using field and library methods and descriptive analytical methods. The aim of the field studies was to identify the plant and animal species of this park and protected area, which was done using interviews with environmentalists, people living in villages adjacent to the park, and the results of censuses conducted by the Environment Organization. In library studies, concepts and definitions related to the environment and natural hazards were extracted from books available in libraries and documents of the Environment Organization. Statistics from meteorological stations in the region were used to study the climate of the region. Results: Initial studies suggested that climatic, geomorphological, and hydrological hazards may be the most important natural hazards of the park. Based on the studies, climatic hazards including drought, frost, and frost have greater impacts in the study area. Geomorphological hazards of the park resulting from external dynamic processes including landslides, landslides, and erosion are ranked second, and hydrological hazards, especially river floods in the eastern part of the park in the Ruin River valley and the southern alluvial fans of the park, are ranked third. Conclusions: The most important conclusion of this research is that the natural hazards of this park naturally act as an ecological moderator. And these hazards can have detrimental effects on this park when they interact with negative human interventions, but if they are aligned with positive human actions, their effects will not have a significant destructive impact on this park.  }, Keywords = {Keywords: natural hazards, national parks, protected areas, Saluk, Esfrain}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3422-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3422-en.docx}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {OmidiGhalehMohammadi, Shokoufeh and Mazidi*, Ahmad and Omidvar, kamal}, title = {Analysis of Convective Rainfall Events in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province}, abstract ={Objective: Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, due to its mountainous location and exposure to Mediterranean and Sudanese synoptic systems, has experienced intense rainfall events and considerable hydrological fluctuations in recent years. These conditions have often led to flash floods and posed serious threats to regional water resources. Accordingly, this study aimed to analyze rainfall intensities, estimate their values for different return periods, and construct Intensity–Duration–Frequency (IDF) curves as well as spatial distribution maps for four synoptic stations: Kouhrang, Farsan, Shahr-e-Kord, and Borujen. Methods: Precipitation data over a 20-year period (2000–2020) were collected, and rainfall intensities were calculated for durations ranging from 15 to 1440 minutes. Maximum rainfall intensities corresponding to return periods of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 200 years were then estimated using several statistical distributions, including Gumbel, Normal, Pearson type V, and Weibull. Goodness-of-fit tests were applied to identify the most suitable distribution. In addition, spatial interpolation methods within a GIS environment were employed to illustrate spatial patterns of rainfall intensity across the province. Findings: Results indicated that the Gumbel distribution provided the best fit to the observed data. It was also revealed that rainfall intensity decreases with increasing duration, while it increases with longer return periods. Spatial analyses showed that the highest intensities occur in the northwestern mountainous areas, particularly at Kouhrang station, and gradually decrease toward the southern and eastern parts of the province. Conclusion: The findings confirm that statistical distributions—particularly the Gumbel model—enable accurate modeling of extreme rainfall events in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. Moreover, the spatial variability of rainfall intensity highlights the necessity of incorporating such patterns into hydrological infrastructure design, flood management, and water resource planning. Keywords: Intensity–Duration–Frequency (IDF), Convective Rainfall, IDF Curves, Spatial Distribution, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari  }, Keywords = {Intensity-Duration-Frequency, Convective Rainfall, IDF Curves, Spatial Distribution, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3496-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3496-en.docx}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {SafariNamivandi, Mehdi and Gholami, Alimohammad and GhaforpurAnbaran, Parastoo and Emami, Kamyar}, title = {Assessment of the Status and Analysis of Factors Affecting Land Subsidence in Urban and Suburban Areas of Garmsar}, abstract ={Objective: Land subsidence is one of the hazards that affect many plains in Iran, including the plains of Semnan province. Given that the risk of subsidence is associated with many harmful effects, this study evaluates the subsidence situation in the urban area and urban outskirts of Garmsar and analyzes the factors affecting its occurrence. Methods: In this research, Sentinel 1 radar images, Landsat satellite images and information related to groundwater resources of the region have been used as the most important research data. The most important research tools have been ArcGIS, GMT and Google Earth Engine software. In this research, first, using the SBAS time series method, a map of the subsidence rate of the region has been prepared and then its relationship with the decline of groundwater resources and the type of land uses of the region has been investigated. Results: Based on the results obtained, the study area has subsided between 12 and 79 mm during a one-year period (from January 2021 to January 2022), with the highest rate of subsidence in the southern outskirts of Garmsar city. Conclusions: The results of this study also showed that the annual decline in groundwater resources in the southern wells of the region was more than 2 meters, and given that the highest rate of subsidence was also related to these areas, it can be said that the main reason for the subsidence of the region was the decline in groundwater resources. Also, based on the results, the development of human constructions, especially heavy structures, has been effective in intensifying the subsidence that has occurred.  }, Keywords = {Subsidence, Environmental factors, SBAS, time series Garmsar}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3489-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3489-en.docx}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Ghasemi, Maryam and Sayah, Monir and Vatankhah, Ate}, title = {Evaluating the conformity of villagers\' performance in the field of crisis management with the framework of the description of duties of the villager\'s institution}, abstract ={Rural areas, due to their close relationship with the natural environment and having limited capabilities, are highly vulnerable in the face of crises. With the establishment of village councils as a rural management institution in the country's villages, a suitable opportunity was provided to follow up, establish and continue the programs related to safety and crisis management in the rural community. Based on this, the aim of the current research is to measure the performance of fifth and sixth grade villagers in rural crisis management. The studied area is the central part of Bojnord city in North Khorasan province. The research method of the present study is descriptive-survey. In terms of the practical purpose and from the perspective of time, it was carried out in two periods of 1397 and 1401. The data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire. According to the description of the tasks of the rural organization, 14 tasks have been defined in the field of crisis management for villagers in three stages before, during and after the crisis. Out of a total of 77 inhabited villages, the villagers of 44 villages in the central part of Bojnord city, a total of 88 villagers have answered the questions of the questionnaire at two points in time. Data analysis was done using independent two-sample t-test and one-sample t-test in SPSS software. The results showed that 99% of the surveyed villages are exposed to floods and 95% are exposed to earthquakes. In order to compare the performance of the villagers according to the duties of the village organization, in the fifth (2018) and sixth (2024) periods, the t-test of two independent samples was used. The difference between the average performance of the villagers in the previous, during and after stages and in total the performance of the villagers in the fifth and sixth periods is average and not significant. Finally, due to the absence of a significant difference between the average performance of villagers in the fifth and sixth period, the average performance of 88 villagers in both periods was investigated with the theoretical median  }, Keywords = {crisis management, rural settlements, description of villagers' duties.}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3472-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3472-en.docx}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Aminmoghadam, jafar and Baharestanfar, Mohamadreza and Jafari, Mohammad-Hossei}, title = {Title: An Examination of the Legal Challenges of Local Governance in Enhancing Urban Resilience and Providing Reform Solutions in the Islamic Republic of Iran}, abstract ={Objective: This study investigates the legal challenges impeding local governance in Iran from enhancing urban resilience. Despite constitutional recognition, local bodies are hampered by a centralized system, legal ambiguity, and a lack of independence. The research aims to systematically analyze these challenges and propose reform solutions to improve the relationship between central and local authorities. Methods: The research employs a descriptive-analytical method, utilizing a review of legal documents and a comparative analysis with international experiences to dissect existing legal issues and propose reforms. Results The findings reveal a significant gap between the ideals of participatory democracy and good governance, and Iran's reality. An institutionalist approach shows that while formal structures like councils exist, they are undermined by a weak participation culture, lack of financial and decision-making autonomy, and ineffective accountability mechanisms. This prevents the realization of true democracy and effective local governance, rendering citizen participation merely instrumental. Conclusions: In conclusion, Iran's local governance is semi-functional and inadequate for crisis management. A multi-level reform agenda is essential, including constitutional revision, a comprehensive local governance law to ensure autonomy, and the creation of sustainable financial resources. Enhancing transparency and institutionalizing citizen participation are also critical. However, these legal and structural reforms will only succeed with a fundamental shift in political culture towards accepting responsible decentralization.  }, Keywords = {Local Governance, Decentralization, Islamic Councils, Legal Structure, Institutional Reforms, Public Participation.}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3524-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3524-en.docx}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Abdi, Komei and Roradeh, hematolah}, title = {Flood Hazard Zoning in Sari County Using Machine Learning Algorithms and an Ensemble Approach}, abstract ={Objective: Floods are among the most significant natural disasters in Mazandaran Province, particularly in Sari County, where they cause widespread economic, social, and environmental damages each year. The main objective of this research is to identify and map flood hazard zones using machine learning algorithms, namely Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM), and to apply an ensemble approach in order to enhance prediction accuracy and reduce model uncertainty. Method: In this study, a set of spatial datasets including a Digital Elevation Model (DEM), land use/land cover derived from satellite imagery, geomorphological indices (slope, aspect, and drainage density), geological data, distance from roads and streams, vegetation index (NDVI), and climatic variables (precipitation and temperature) were collected. These datasets were processed using GIS and RS techniques and prepared for model training and validation. The models’ performance was assessed using evaluation metrics such as Accuracy, F1-score, AUC, and ROC curve analysis. Findings: The results indicated that both RF and SVM demonstrated high performance in flood hazard mapping, as reflected by strong evaluation metrics. Moreover, the ensemble approach improved prediction reliability and reduced errors compared to single-model predictions. The generated maps revealed that a significant portion of Sari County falls within high and very high hazard zones, which overlap with are::as char::acterized by intense rainfall, high drainage density, and steep slopes. Conclusion: This research highlights that machine learning algorithms, particularly when applied in an ensemble framework, are powerful tools for identifying flood-prone areas. The findings can serve as a scientific basis for urban planning, disaster management, and flood risk reduction strategies in Sari County and other comparable regions.  }, Keywords = {: Ensemble Approach, Flood, Hazard Zoning, Machine Learnig, Random Forest (RF), Sari County Support Vector Machine (SVM),}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3526-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3526-en.docx}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Savari, Moslem}, title = {Environmental Risk Assessment in Tourism Destinations and Strategies for Reducing It in Dezful County}, abstract ={Objective: Risk assessment in tourism destinations plays an important role in maintaining tourist safety and environmental sustainability. Identifying potential threats such as natural disasters, overcrowding, cultural damage, and social hazards provides the basis for more accurate planning and more effective tourism management. The present study was conducted with the aim of assessing environmental risks in the tourist areas of Dezful County. Methods: The statistical population included tourists from rural areas of Dezful County, which, according to the statistics of the Cultural Heritage Organization, are visited by more than 10 million people annually. The sample size was determined as 384 people using the Krejci and Morgan table, and sampling was carried out randomly. In this study, 33 villages in four districts of the county were examined. The data were analyzed using a questionnaire and confirmatory factor analysis. Results: According to the results of the study, only the Choghamish district faces high political risks, and the other districts have a moderate threat in this area. In the area of financial and economic risks, the matter is different, and only the central district faces a moderate threat, and the other districts face a high level of threat. However, the most important result of this study was in the area of social risks, where all districts showed a low level of threat, which indicates appropriate security and comfort for tourists traveling to this city. The results of the study also show a moderate level of environmental risks in the Shahyoun, Sardasht, and Choghamish districts, and even in the central district, these risks are in the low priority range. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis of tourism risk reduction strategies in Dezful city were classified into information and educational factors, legal and security factors, precautionary factors, and infrastructure factors. Conclusions: The present study showed that social risks in Dezful county are at a low level and the security of tourists is ensured. However, economic and environmental risks in some sectors require more attention and management. Implementing the proposed solutions can help improve the quality of the tourism experience and the sustainable development of the region.  }, Keywords = {Risk reduction, rural tourists, tourist destinations, natural hazards, Shushtar County}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3522-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3522-en.docx}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Karami, Mehrdad and Pourjafar, Mohamadrez}, title = {Land, Political Ecology, and Spatial Resilience: Mechanisms of Land-Use Change in Tension with Spatial Resilience and Passive Defense (A Case Study of Shemiranat County – Lavasanat Region)}, abstract ={The phenomenon of land-use change in the peripheral areas of Tehran Metropolis, particularly within the Lavasanat region, has transformed over the past two decades from a merely physical and economic process into a strategic issue in spatial governance, territorial resilience, and passive defense. This study aims to elucidate the institutional, spatial, and ecological mechanisms influencing land-use change and its consequences for the region’s spatial resilience, adopting an integrated approach and employing both qualitative and quantitative methods. Data were collected from three main sources: content analysis of legal and policy documents related to land management, semi-structured interviews with experts and local officials, and spatial analysis of land cover data using a land-use change prediction model. Findings indicate that land-use change in Lavasanat results from the simultaneous interaction of three levels of action: the degradation of ecological structures—which has reduced the land’s natural capacity to absorb and mitigate environmental hazards—, institutional weaknesses that have undermined land monitoring and control, and spatial concentration that has heightened exposure to risks. Concurrent with the sharp decline of agricultural lands and the loss of natural buffer zones, these transformations have weakened environmental functions, intensified physical vulnerability, and reduced the efficiency of passive defense. Analytical results suggest that Lavasanat is undergoing a transition from a stable spatial system to a fragile and defenseless one. The process of land-use change in this region is not merely the outcome of demographic or economic pressures but rather a reflection of the disruption in spatial governance and institutional deficiencies in land management. Consequently, what appears outwardly as "development" has, in practice, led to a gradual process of "territorial defenselessness" and the erosion of both ecological and institutional resilience.  }, Keywords = {Land-use change, spatial resilience, passive defense, political ecology, unsustainable development, Lavasanat}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3535-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3535-en.docx}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Heydari, Milad and Barati, Ali Akbar and AziziKhalkheili, Taher}, title = {Analyzing the effects of risks and hazards of rural ecosystems on the development of various types of rural tourism}, abstract ={Objective: A major part of rural risk, such as production risks, economic risks, and severe climate changes, is related to agricultural risks, which have significant negative impacts on the agricultural sector. This study aimed to investigate the effects of risks and hazards of the rural ecosystem on the development of various types of rural tourism in the rural tourism area of ​​Mahmoudabad County, located in Mazandaran Province, in order to examine the development of various types of rural tourism as a strategy for resilience and adaptation of villagers, as well as a preventive strategy in villages against economic, environmental, and social shocks, as well as reducing vulnerability and diversifying the rural economy. Methods: The research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive (non-experimental) and correlational (variance matrix analysis) in terms of data collection method with the aim of showing the relationship between variables. The study population included all 88 villages in Mahmudabad city. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire and the respondents were the villagers. The structural equation modeling (SEM) method based on Smart-PLS was used to analyze the data. Results: The results of the research on prioritizing dimensions and hazard and risk items for rural ecosystem assessment show that economic, environmental, and social risks were ranked in priorities one to three, respectively. Based on the path coefficient (pc), only the direct effect of environmental pressure (with a path coefficient of 0.338 and a T-value of 2.467) was significant. About 30 percent of the changes in the development of tourism types are explained by the proposed model with the direct effect of environmental hazards and the indirect effect of economic hazards and social hazards. Conclusions: As a general conclusion, the types of rural tourism in the region should be given serious attention as opportunity driven entrepreneurship and necessity driven entrepreneurship. In this regard, recognizing ecological values ​​through education and long-term propaganda for the sustainable development of rural livelihoods with emphasis on the development of green tourism, ecotourism, and agrotourism is recommended}, Keywords = {Rural resilience, Green tourism, Social risks, Economic risks, Environmental risks.}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3521-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3521-en.docx}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {AbdollahiMilani, Sama and Rahmani, Sama and ImaniShamloo, Jav}, title = {Evaluation of Green Infrastructure Benefits Using I-Tree Canopy Software (Case Study: El-Goli Park, Tabriz)}, abstract ={Objective: The study aims to evaluate the ecological, environmental, and economic services provided by urban vegetation within the El-Goli green network in Tabriz. Specifically, it focuses on assessing the role of green infrastructure in mitigating urban environmental challenges through carbon sequestration, air pollution reduction, and surface runoff management. The research seeks to provide insights that support informed urban planning and the sustainable expansion of green spaces. Methods: This study is a quantitative research that employed library-based methods (literature review, definitions of urban green infrastructure, and expert opinions) and field observations, combined with statistical analysis using i-Tree software for data collection. Data analysis was conducted using a descriptive-analytical approach, and the results are presented in tables. Evaluation Parameters: The ecosystem services assessed in this study include carbon sequestration and storage, air pollution reduction, and stormwater management.Assessment Parameters: Key ecosystem services evaluated include carbon capture and storage, air pollution reduction, and surface runoff management. Results: The El-Goli green network in Tabriz sequesters approximately 75.84 tons of carbon annually. The green network removes about 2,077 tons of air pollutants per year. Among the pollutants analyzed, ozone was the most effectively removed, while carbon monoxide showed the lowest removal rate. The findings underscore the significant role of the El-Goli green network in improving urban air quality and contributing to climate change mitigation. Conclusions: This study used i-Tree Canopy 7.1 to assess the ecosystem services of El-Goli Park in Tabriz from ecological and economic perspectives. The vegetation area was measured, and trees and shrubs were counted to estimate carbon storage, air pollutant removal, and surface runoff mitigation. Results showed that the park annually sequesters 75.84 tons of carbon, removes 2,077 kg of air pollutants, and mitigates 1.92 liters of surface runoff. Considering the software’s limitations, it is recommended that ecosystem productivity in the park and other urban green spaces be enhanced through the protection of valuable trees, increasing effective plant species, developing dense vegetation cover, and implementing bioretention networks.}, Keywords = {Carbon Sequestration ,Air Pollution, Urban Green Network, Ecosystem Services, Environment, Tabriz}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3503-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3503-en.doc}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Fathi, Saeed and Khorshiddoust, Ali Mohamm}, title = {Zoning and spatial analysis of potential hazards (A case study of Silvana district)}, abstract ={Zoning and Spatial Analysis of Potential Environmental Hazards Case study: Silvana District Abstract Natural hazards can be considered as one of the most important threats to humankind and nature that can occur anywhere in the world. Natural hazards are one of the main obstacles to sustainable development in different countries and one of the important indicators of the development of world countries is their readiness to deal with natural hazards. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to it and appropriate measures should be taken to reduce the vulnerability of human settlements. Nowadays with increasing population growth, population dynamics and the large number of people exposed to various types of disasters, the need to identify environmental potential hazards and identification of hazardous areas are felt more and more. Meantime, some people may not be aware of potential hazards of their place of residence. So by identifying and evaluating potential hazards and their Risks before the occurrence, we can significantly reduce the severity of the damages and contribute to sustainable regional development. The negative effects of natural disasters can be minimized by the availability of comprehensive and useful information from different areas and Multihazard mapping is one of the most effective tools in this regard. According to the above mentioned, in this study, the spatial analysis of potential hazards in Silvana district in Urmia County has been studied. This study area due to specific geographic conditions such as position, complexity of topographic and ecological structures, in general, the existence of environmental factors for hazards has been selected as the study area. There have been a number of hazards in the past and assessing of this area is necessary, because of the lack of previous studies. For this purpose, by reviewing various reports and doing field observations, three hazards including Flood, Landslide, and Earthquake are identified as potential hazards of the study area. For assessing hazards, 12 factors in 6 clusters such as Slope, Aspect (Topographic factors), Lithology, Soil type, Distance to Faults (Geological factors) Precipitation (Climatological factors), River Network Density, Groundwater Resources (Hydrological factors), Land use, Distance to Roads (Human factors), Observed Landslide Density and Seismicity (Historical factors) as the research factors has been selected. For weighting factors, Analytic Network Process (ANP) Method in Super Decisions 2.6.0 software environment has been used. The results of the analysis show that Slope (0.201), Precipitation (0.161), Lithology (0.112), Distance to Faults (0.106), Land use (0.096), Rivers (0.078), Seismicity (0.06), Soil Type (0.055), Landslide Density (0.047), Aspect (0.033), Groundwater (0.03) and Distance to Roads (0.016), Respectively have maximum to minimum relative weight. Then, weighted maps are standardized with using FUZZY functions. For this purpose, Fuzzy membership functions such as Linear, Large and Small has been selected based on each factor. For some factors such as Slope, Aspect, Lithology, Soil type, Rivers density, Land use, Seismicity and Landslide density, Fuzzy linear function has been used. For some others such as Groundwater and Precipitation, Fuzzy large function has been used and for distance to Faults and distance to Roads, Fuzzy small function has been used. Finally, weighted maps were overlay in ArcGIS 10.4.1 environment with Fuzzy Gamma 0.9 operator and potential hazards zoning maps is obtained. Final results indicate that major parts in the Northwest, West and South of the study area located in high risk zones and 59 percent of the total area exposed to high risk. Based on hazard zoning maps, 44 percent of the area exposed to Flooding, 48 percent exposed to Landslide and 44 percent exposed to Earthquake. Also, 61 percent of the population or 37394 people exposed to one hazard, 7 percent or 3817 people exposed to two hazard and 8 percent or 4914 people exposed to three hazard. According to surveys, only 21 percent of the study area is considered as a low risk area but that does not mean that environmental hazards will never happen in these areas. In general, and based on results, it is concluded that Silvana district has a high potential for environmental hazards. Final results of the research show that potential hazards identifying and preparation of hazard zoning maps can be very useful in reducing damages and achieving sustainable regional development. Therefore, considering the ability of hazard zoning maps to identify areas exposed to risk and assess the type of potential hazards, These analyzes should be considered as one of the most appropriate and useful tools in different stages of crisis management that can be the solution to many problems in preventing and responding to natural disasters and therefore, it is recommended that they be used in the crisis management process. Keywords: Spatial Analysis, Environmental Hazards, Silvana, ANP Method, Risk  }, Keywords = {Spatial Analysis, Environmental Hazards, Silvana, ANP Method, Risk}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-20}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.1.1}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2908-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2908-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {aalinejad, Mohammad Hossein and JahanbakhshASL, Saee}, title = {Simulation of runoff from Gamasiab basin snowmelt with SRM model}, abstract ={   Simulation of runoff from Gamasiab basin snowmelt with SRM model     Abstract Snow cover in a basin affect its water balance and energy balance. So, snow cover variation is a major factor in climate change of a region. Study of temporal variation of snowmelt and snow water equivalent depth is very important in flood forecasting, reservoir management and agricultural activities of an area. In the most of the mountainous basins of the country, information on snow cover were not available. Also, the number of meteorological stations in high altitude areas do not match with information needed for snowmelt simulation. Therefore, indirect methods such as the analysis of satellite images to obtain the needed parameters for simulation is necessary, which is the one of the most effective methods in estimation of runoff originated from snow. Using the NOAA satellite data for zoning the snow cover of area started firstly in the USA since the 1961 and continuous until today (spatial and temporal resolution of satellite images increased by starting the MODIS work). Gamasiab River is one of the important branches of Karkheh basin. Its basin area is about 11040 km2 between latitude 47 degrees 7 minutes to 49 degrees 10 minutes east and latitude 33 degrees 48 minutes 4 degrees 85 minutes north. The altitude of this basin is 1275 to 3680 meters above sea level. In this study, for simulation of runoff originated from melting snow, firstly snow cover in the basin of Gamasiab in 2014 to 2017 calculated by using the satellite images of MODIS in the google earth engine system. Also, air temperature and precipitation data of synoptic stations in the area of study and daily stream flow discharges of Polechehr hydrometric station, from November of 2014 to July of 2017 was used. Then, weather and snow cover area included as the input of SRM for simulation of snowmelt runoff. To obtain the information needed to the model, physiographic characteristics of the basin including the area and different classes of height obtained from the Arc-Hydro and Hec_GeoHMS in DEM maps of GIS software. Then the snow cover areas obtained from the images of MODIS in daily interval that obtained by google earth engine system. Using the digital elevation map (DEM) and the accession of the Arc-Hydro and Hec_GeoHMS software of GIS, firstly flow direction map plotted. Secondly flow accumulation and stream flow network maps plotted, and by introducing the basin output to the program (Polechehr hydrometric station) borders of the basin identified and classification of the basin accomplished according to the three distinct height classes. Monitoring the snow surface cover during the daily time interval showed that the area covered with snow in winter season. This area decreases as the air temperature increases. The SRM model simulated the snowmelt of Gamasiab basin with good accurately, in which, the percent of volume error or Vd was lose than 2% and the R2   was above 0.9. The results of this research showed that the using the images of MODIS yields a reasonable estimation of the snow cover area of Gamasiab with local of data. Also simulation results showed the high capability of the SRM in snowmelt runoff of the area under study. Result showed that the coefficient of determination and volume percent of error of model was 0.93 and %0.3 for 2014-2015 and it was 0.9 and 3.33 for 2015-2016 years, respectively. The results of this study, was in consistent with the previous studies fading in which in addition of model's parameters, physiographic characteristics, basin play a major role in the accuracy of the simulation. According to the calculated and observed runoff diagram, in both years of study, peak temperatures begin in March, as the weather warms and the snow melts, and will continue until April. Considering the snow cover, it can be concluded that the main runoff of March Peak is related to snowmelt, but with the change in the shape of precipitation from snow to rain and the warming of the weather, April peak is related to rain. Regardless of acceptable simulation results of the model, the lack of snow survey station in the study area, (yield the model to face with difficulty) in process. To overcome this shortcoming, we used the presumptions of the model and recommended values of the model.   Keywords: MODIS; Remote sensing; Runoff Snow; SRM; Gamasiab.       }, Keywords = {Snow, Remote Sensing, SRM, Modis, Gamasiab.}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {21-36}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.1.21}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3119-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3119-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Saffari, Amir and Hatamifard, Ramin and Parvin, Mansor}, title = {Karst Geomorphology effects on the environmental hazard of groundwater vulnerability (Case study: the Aleshtar and Nourabad basins)}, abstract ={ Karst Geomorphology effects on the environmental hazard intrinsic vulnerability of groundwater resources (Case study: the Aleshtar and Nourabad basins)   Introduction Karst is the result of the dissolution (physical and chemical) in carbonate (limestone and dolomite) and evaporate rocks. Karst developing is affected by climatological and geological factors. In the other words Karst landscapes and karst aquifers are formed by the dissolution of carbonate rocks by water rich in carbon dioxide waters. Karst aquifers include valuable freshwater resources, but are sometimes difficult to exploit and are almost always vulnerable to contamination, due to their specific hydrogeologic properties, therefore, karst aquifers require increased protection and application of specific hydrogeologic methods for their investigation. The groundwater protection in karst aquifer has a special importance, because the transit time for unsaturated and saturated zone is so quickly that the attenuation of the pollutant. Karst groundwater vulnerability mapping should form the basis for protection zoning and land use planning. A conceptual framework was devised for vulnerability mapping based on this European approach. Social and economic life of cities such as Nourabad, Alashtar, and numerous rural societies is connected to the Gareen anticline springs. In this paper we used PaPRIKa method for vulnerability assessment in the Aleshtar and Nourabad basins.   Material and Methods  The Gareen anticline in the Zagros Mountain range is located in the active deforming Zagros fold-thrust belt and Sanandaj-Sirjan zon. Alashtar and Nourabad karst aquifers are located in the north of Lorestan province. There are several thrust faults with northwest–southeast strike such as Gareen-Gamasiab and Gareen-Kahman Faults. Nourabad unit is composed mainly by gray limestone rocks, embedded marl limestone, recrystallized limestone and pyroclastic rocks. One of the most important features of the structural geology of the Alashtar unit, is abundance of the sedimentary rocks and scarcity of igneous rocks in this area. In other words In the Study basins the main geological formations incloud: Bakhtiarian conglomerate, carbonates of Sormeh, Taleh Zang, Pabdeh and Kashkan Formations. The groundwater vulnerability assessment methods (PaPRIKa) applied at the test sites were designed specifically for karst aquifers. They are based on various types of information concerning the physical characteristics of the unsaturated and saturated zones, the aquifer structure and its hydrological behavior. The PaPRIKa method takes into consideration criteria for both structure and functioning of the aquifer. Based on EPIK and RISK resource methods, PaPRIKa method was developed as a resource and source vulnerability mapping method, allowing assessing vulnerability with four criteria: Protection, Rock type, Infiltration and Karstification. The P map (Protection) considers the protection provided to the aquifers by layers above the aquifers: the S (soil texture, structure and thickness), Ca (permeability formations), the Uz (thickness, lithology and fracture degree of unsaturated zone) and E (Epikarst aquifer). Moreover, including the catchments of water losses where the vulnerability is higher. R map (Rock type) considers the lithology and the degree of fracturing of the sutured zone. I map (Infiltration) distinguishes concentrated from diffuse infiltration. Ka map (Karstification development) assesses the drainage capacity and the organization of the karst conduits network. To  calculate  the vulnerability  index,  the  four  mentioned  maps(P. R. I. Ka)  have been  combined  using  the  following  equation coefficients (eq.1):   PaPRIKa Index= 0.2 P + 0.2 R + 0.4 I + 0.2 Ka                                        (1) eq   Due to the fact that karst geomorphology has a great impact on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of water resources and the vulnerability assessment of these resources, fuzzy logic has been used to zonation of the Karst development in the Aleshtar and Nourabad basins.  In the fuzzy method used a gamma operator (eq.2): µ Combination= ((Fuzzy Algebraic Sum) (Fuzzy Algebraic Product)) 1-γ                                                (2) eq                     The vulnerability map for aquifers was prepared using the software Arc GIS10.4.   Discussion and Results In the Gareen Antarctic region, due to the availability of suitable Karstification, includes: Lithology, Active Tectonics, Mediterranean climate (with average rainfall of between 454-448 mm and average temperature of 13 C˚) features are formed by various forms of karst such as closed pits (Doline, Swallow Hole, Aven, Polyeh (Peljee), several types of Karrens, dissolution Cavities, small and large Caves and Springs. The most important karst features in this area including Dolines (Solutional, Collapse, Subsidence and Dropout) which are known the Karst Nival. Based on the Karst development zoning map by using the fuzzy logic, 15% of the study area has been developed. Due to the vulnerability based on PaPRIKa method, the Aleshtar and Nourabad basins divided into 5 categories. Resuls show that the vulnerability of the study area is mainly classified as High or Very High, due to the highly developed Epikarst, which minimizes the protective function of the unsaturated zone. There are many karst landforms such as dolines and Swallow Holes that are highly vulnerable.   Conclusions The final evaluation of the vulnerability ground waters in the Aleshtar and Nourabad basins using the PaPRIKa method shows that the study area is divided into five vulnerable (very high, high, moderate, low and very low). So that areas with a very low, low and moderate vulnerability are 27.3%, 22.3% and 20.6% of the basin area respectively. Also that areas with a high and very high vulnerability are 17% and 12.8% of the study area cover, respectively. Due to the lack of soil and plant cover, heavy snowfall and the formation of Karst-Nival (including Dolines) highlands of the Gareen Anticline have a very high vulnerability potential. Validation of the results of the karstic aquifers vulnerability to Electrical Conductivity (EC) data and monthly discharge of springs shows that the Zaz and Ahangaran springs are in a high vulnerability zone. In the aquifer of this springs, Rapid reductions in EC are detected after each recharge period. Also in contrast Rapid increases in EC with reductions in recharge. This situation shows the High developed of this aquifers, as a result, the potential for vulnerability in these aquifers is high. But in the springs of Niaz and Abdolhosseini in the Nourabad basin, the EC chart has not changed much compared to recharge. Therefore, the aquifer of these springs is less undeveloped or low developed and also less vulnerable.   Key Words: Gareen Anticline, Geomorphology, Karst, Lorestan, Pa    }, Keywords = {Gareen Anticline, Geomorphology, Karst, Lorestan, PaPRIKa method}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {37-54}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.1.37}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2917-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2917-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {lashkari, hasan and jafari, mahnaz}, title = {Synoptic Patterns that Determine the Trajectory of Precipitation Systems of Sudanese Origin}, abstract ={Synoptic Patterns that Determine the Trajectory of Precipitation Systems of Sudanese Originntroduction   Introduction Precipitation as an important climatic element has many irregularities and fluctuations. Iran, especially its southern half, has significant precipitation fluctuations. Several atmospheric systems are involved in the formation of precipitation in this region from of Iran. Sudanese system is one of the most important precipitation systems in Iran. This system, in different synoptic conditions, enters Iran from different input sources and passes through Iran in different ways. The important and influential role of Sudan's low pressure on precipitation in Iran, especially in the southern part of the country, has been repeatedly demonstrated in numerous studies. But the formation and its expansion have received little attention. These reasons have led to the consideration of the position of Sudan's low-pressure synoptic expansion as an influential factor in the southern half of Iran precipitation. Therefore, the position of the expansion of this important climatic system has been investigated separately in the precipitation of the three regions south west, south middle and south east.   Materials and Methods Two categories of data were used for this study. These data include daily precipitation data from the Iranian Meteorological Organization and the ERA interim gridded data include Sea Level Pressure (SLP) and the Geopotential Height of the 700 HP atmospheric level of the ECMWF. Second category data with horizontal resolution of 0.5 × 0.5°  degrees during 1997-2017 statistical period were prepared. To achieve the purpose of the study, the southern half of Iran was first divided into three regions: South-West, South-Mid and South-East. After extracting daily precipitation of the selected stations in all three geographic regions, a total of 142 precipitation systems was identified by applying the required criteria. From this number of precipitation systems, respectively, were obtained in the south west 107, south middle 19 and southeast 16, respectively. Then, the source of precipitation systems was extracted using the atmospheric lower level maps. Subsequently, the central core and zone of the first closed curve around the Sudanese low pressure were extracted separately for each group. The main axis of the Sudanese low-pressure trough are also drawn on all rainy day. Finally, the model or pattern of atmospheric circulation in the precipitation systems of the regions is presented separately.   Results and Discussion The purpose of this study was to determine the position of the central core and the pattern of expansion of the first closed curve around the Sudanese system and the Sudanese system trough in precipitation in each of the three regions of the southern half of Iran. Since the arrangement of precipitation systems may vary in different months of the year, depending on the general atmosphere of the atmosphere, the position of the core, the pattern of expansion of the low-pressure trough and the trough of 700-hPa atmospheric level is analyzed separately each month. In the synoptic pattern of systems, entering from the south west of Iran, the Arabian Subtropical High Pressure with the southwest-northeast direction is located in the eastern half of the Arabian Peninsula and west of the Oman Sea. In this pattern, the troughs are generally north-south. As a result, the rainfall intensity and intensity of precipitation systems, entering the south west of Iran are higher than the other two routes. The focal point of troughs this route is between 30 to 40° east (Eastern Mediterranean). In systems with South-Mid route, the Arabian Subtropical High Pressure has slightly shifted southward and found a northeast-southwest axis. In this pattern, the Mediterranean troughs are generally northeast-southwest. This pattern causes precipitation in the eastern half of the Iran. Or at least no precipitation in the northwest and west of the Iran. The synoptic pattern of precipitation systems that enter Iran from the southeast is somewhat more complex. In this pattern, the Arabian Subtropical High Pressure has an unusual eastward shift. So that it is based in India. The troughs of this path showed two completely opposite patterns. In some systems, the troughs in the southwest-northeast direction with the orbital inclination, covers the whole of Saudi Arabia and southern Iran. On the contrary, in some systems the troughs stretch quite opposite to the first group, the northwest-southeast direction. This asymmetry in the expansion of the troughs should be traced to the general topography of the Tibetan Plateau and the circulation pattern of caused by the presence of the Tibetan anticyclone. Basically Mediterranean troughs are disrupted in their usual eastward displacement after a longitude of 60 degrees. As you can see, the Sudanese low-pressure troughs for the South-East Route lack structural discipline and coordination.   Conclusion The results of this study show that the location and pattern of expansion of the first closed curve around low pressure in different precipitation months and systems of the three zones do not differ significantly in location. Rather, it is the most important system in determining the direction of Sudanese systems, the Arabian Subtropical High Pressure and the pattern of expansion of the eastern Mediterranean trough. In the synoptic pattern of systems, entering from the south west of Iran, the Arabian Subtropical High Pressure with the southwest-northeast direction is located in the eastern half of the Arabian Peninsula and west of the Oman Sea. In this pattern, the troughs are generally north-south. In systems with South-Mid route, the Arabian Subtropical High Pressure has slightly shifted southward and found a northeast-southwest axis. In this pattern, the Mediterranean troughs are generally northeast-southwest. The synoptic pattern of precipitation systems that enter Iran from the southeast is somewhat more complex. In this pattern, the Arabian Subtropical High Pressure has an unusual eastward shift. So that it is based in India. The Sudanese low-pressure troughs for the South-East Route lack structural discipline and coordination. This asymmetry in the expansion of the troughs should be traced to the general topography of the Tibetan Plateau and the circulation pattern of caused by the presence of the Tibetan anticyclone.   Keywords: Synoptic Patterns, Sudanese Low Pressure system, Eastern Mediterranean Trough, Southern Half of Iran, Arabian Subtropical High Pressure.      }, Keywords = {Keywords: Synoptic Patterns, Sudanese Low Pressure system, Eastern Mediterranean Trough, Southern Half of Iran, Arabian Subtropical High Pressure.}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {55-78}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.1.55}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3104-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3104-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {RahiZehi, Hossien and Khosravi, Mahmood and HamidianPour, Mohse}, title = {The Spatio-Temporal Variations of Aerosol Concentration Using Remote Sensing in Sistan and Baluchestan Province (2018 - 2000)}, abstract ={      The Spatio-Temporal Variations of Aerosol Concentration Using Remote Sensing in Sistan and Baluchestan Province (2018 - 2000)       Abstract Atmospheric particles play an important role in balancing the energy budget of the Earth's surface. The Sistan and Baluchestan province because of the specific geographical conditions during the year is witnessing the spread of dust particles caused by dust storms. This paper investigates the spatial changes of this phenomenon in the region to identify the association of dust accumulation and the reasons for these concentrations. In this study, the AOD Index data of the Aqua and Terra Modis Satellite Sensor (MODAL2_M_AER_OD) with 10 × 10 km spatial resolution were used. Then, by using statistical methods, a spatial analysis was done and the temporal and spatial changes trends at 95% and 99% significance level were performed using the nonparametric Mann-Kendall method. The results showed that the maximum concentration of aerosol in areas such as Zabol, Zahak, Hirmand, Hamoun, Iranshahr, Bampour, Jazmurian basin, Chabahar, and Konarak. On average, the highest variations in aerosol concentration were in the southern regions of the province include Dashtiari, Polan, and Chabahar, and the least in the northern part of Polan, Chabahar, Konark, and Bampour areas. The trend of changes was evaluated at two significant levels of 95 and 99%. The results of this section showed that the AOD had a positive and increasing trend in June, July, and August in the areas of Dalgan, Iranshahr, Bampour, Bazman, Mirjaveh, Nokabad, Zahedan, Nosratabad, Zaboli, Qasrqand, Irandegan, and Sib-va-Soran Plain and areas such as Korin, Zabol, Zahak, Sirkan (Bamposht), Hamoun have a negative and decreasing trend. The average changes in aerosol concentration in June, July, and August show a significant increase in the aerosol concentration from 2015 to 2018 up to 0.8.   Keywords: Environmental Changes, Dust, Environmental Hazards, Climate.}, Keywords = {Environmental Changes, Dust, Environmental Hazards, Climate.}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {79-92}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.1.79}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3095-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3095-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Naseri, Erfan and MassahBavani, Alireza and Sadi, Tofigh}, title = {Detection and Attribution of Changing in Seasonal variability cause of climate change (Case study: Hillsides of Central Southern Alborz Mountains)}, abstract ={ Detection and Attribution of Changing in Seasonal variability cause of climate change (Case study: Hillsides of Central Southern Alborz Mountains) Abstract One of the most important challenges for the human communities is Global Warming. This vital problem affected by Climate Change and corresponding effects. Thus this article attempted to assess the trend of real climate variables from synoptic stations. Daily precipitation, Daily Maximum Temperature and Daily Minimum Temperature have been selected for the Hillsides of Southern Central Alborz Mountains and have been tried to prove climate change and attribute the related forcing such as Greenhouse Gases. The Capital of Iran located in this region and this region has a special occasion, because at least a quarter of Iranian population live in these provinces (Tehran and Alborz) and four big dams located in this region. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s defines ‘‘detection’’ of climate change as ‘‘the process of demonstrating that climate or a system affected by climate has changed in some defined statistical sense, without providing a reason for that change,’’ while ‘‘attribution’’ is defined as the process of evaluating the relative contribution of multiple causal factors to a change or event with an assignment of statistical confidence. Regional D&A studies provide an insight to local changes in natural systems and may help in planning and developing robust adaptation strategies. Previously, formal detection and attribution have been used to investigate the nature of changes in various climatological variables such as air temperature, surface specific humidity, ocean heat, sea level pressure, continental river runoff, global land precipitation and precipitation extremes. However, almost all of these studies deal with climatological or meteorological variables at the global or continental scale. Studies which have attempted to formally detect and attribute regional hydrometeorological changes to anthropogenic effects are rare. Regional-scale D&A analysis is more difficult because the detection of anthropogenic ‘‘signal’’ in natural internal climate variability ‘‘noise’’ is determined by the signal-to-noise ratio which is proportional to the spatial scale of analysis, especially for real observation data. For overcoming this issue interpolation method (IDW) has been applied to transfer point data to area (gridded) data. The point data gathered from 3 synoptic stations (Mehrabad, Karaj and Abali). Then transferred data have been Standard and Averaged for 3 years. Standard values of annual and seasonal amounts have been computed for individual stations as the average of the standard values of annual and seasonal amounts available 3 years anomaly values. Estimates of annual or seasonal variables anomalies were obtained by averaging the annual or seasonal by 12 or 3 respectively. For detecting and attributing 3 simulation signals (ALL, GHG and NAT) selected from Canadian General Circulation Model (CanESM2.0) of CMIP5 archive subcategories. Space–time series of observations and model simulated variables responses to external forcings (the “signals”) first have been compared qualitatively by computing correlation coefficients between observations and simulations. This simple method does not optimize the signal-to-noise ratio nor provide a quantitative measure of the magnitude of model simulated response relative to that in the observations. Nevertheless, it provides an easy-to-understand view of the similarity between observed and model-simulated changes. Optimal detection and attribution analysis very often requires a reduction of dimensionality. This is typically done by projecting both observations and simulations onto leading empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) of internal variability and using the residual consistency check to determine the number of EOFs to be retained in the analysis. To produce internal variability for residual test and consistency, Pi-Ctrl Runs have been used. The Preindustrial simulations have high volume, this subject complicates calculation therefore Experimental Orthogonal Functions (EOFs) have been used to reduce the Pi-Ctrl simulations volume and provide situations for Optimal Fingerprint. Optimal Fingerprint method is the best method for Detection and Attribution. Results have been obtained by this manner indicated Global Warming affected the study region by affecting on mean cumulative winter precipitation (0.88), mean spring minimum temperature (0.78) and mean summer maximum temperature (0.76). These numbers are the beta coefficient that named scaling factor. Although the scaling factor for the mean spring minimum temperature affected from GHG signal obtained (0.73), but the GHG forcing alone didn’t have a significant effect on the precipitation and maximum temperature. Also, NAT signal didn’t have significant effect on the region alone, too. The obtained results of this study indicate the earlier studies, such as Wan et al, 2014.   Key words: Climate change, Detection, Attribution, Optimal Fingerprint, Hillsides of Central Southern Alborz Mountains  }, Keywords = {Climate change, Detection, Attribution, Optimal Fingerprint, Hillsides of Central Southern Alborz Mountains}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {93-110}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.1.93}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3108-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3108-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {ZanganehAsadi, Mohammad Ali and NaemiTabar, Mahnaz}, title = {Relationship between hydrogeomorphic features and suspended sediment load under Kashfarud basins}, abstract ={ Relationship between hydrogeomorphic features and suspended sediment load under Kashfarud basins   Introduction As a stressful stimulus, river sediment is the most significant threat to aquatic ecosystems. To prevent or minimize the damage, three stages of the erosion process should be investigated (Naseri et al., 2019: 83). Determining the amount of sediment transported by rivers is important from different aspects. Sediment carried by water flows is considered a factor effective in shaping the geometric structure and geomorphic characteristics of rivers (Tashekabood et al., 2019: 282). Data and methodology To estimate the amount of annual suspended sediments, the flow and sediment statistics of hydrometric stations (8 stations) and meteorological stations (13 stations) were employed (Figure 2). The research statistical period is 25 years (1993-2017). The altitude, area, and perimeter of the basins were obtained from topographic maps with a scale of 1.25000. To investigate the correlation between independent and dependent variables, the normality tests of Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov were performed in SPSS16 software. To extract the geomorphic features of the basins, the digital elevation model was used. Then, ground surface corrections and pretreatments such as removal of hydrological pits were performed and ground drainage pattern was determined. Stepwise multivariate regression In the present study, stepwise multivariate regression was used to reduce the number of independent variables and determine the effective factors in the sedimentation of the basin. This method investigates the effect of several independent variables on a dependent variable (Zare Chahuki: 2010). In stepwise multivariate regression, the independent variable that has no more significant effect on the dependent variable is removed from the analysis, hence excluded from the equation. The general form of the stepwise regression equation is: Equation 1                                                                            Y= a + B1X1 + B2X2 + …… + BnXn + e Data description and interpretation The principal component analysis method was used to determine the most effective characteristics of sediments as well as their grouping. In principal component analysis, variables that have a high correlation and are distributed in a multidimensional space are reduced to a set of non-correlated components, each of which is a linear combination of the main variables. The obtained non-correlated components are called principal components (PCs). Prior to component analysis, the KMO coefficient was used to ensure the appropriateness of the data for principal component analysis. This coefficient fluctuates in the range of zero and one and if its value is less than 0.5, the data will not be suitable for principal component analysis and if the values of this coefficient are between 0.5-0.69, The proportionality of the data is moderate and if the value of this coefficient is more than 0.7, the data will be quite suitable for performing principal component analysis. Regression analysis results In this study, the sediment weight of the basin was considered as a dependent variable and other parameters as independent variables. The variables of slope, precipitation, basin length, Elongation Ratio (R), circularity coefficient, and unevenness of the basin have a higher correlation with the amount of sediment production in the basin than other variables. An eigenvalue was used to determine the number of factors. The minimum eigenvalue for the selection of final factors is 1, and factors with an eigenvalue bigger than 1 are considered final factors. The results showed that the three factors of circularity coefficient, compactness coefficient, and basin form coefficient have an eigenvalue bigger than 1. Conclusion The results showed that geomorphic parameters have a high correlation with the amount of annual sediment. The results showed that seven factors of slope, precipitation, basin length, elongation ratio, circularity coefficient, unevenness coefficient, and form ratio of the basin were the most important in estimating the amount of suspended sediment based on the principal components analysis method. The average of special sediment varies from 134 tons per year in Dehbar basin to 16 tons per year in Kardeh basin and also the average annual sediment varies from 261.6 tons per year in Golmakan basin to 156.7 tons per year in Shandiz basin. Evaluation of Bartlett's test of sphericity tests and KMO values is 0.9. Therefore, the data is suitable for factor analysis. The percentage of variance explained by each factor indicates that the circularity coefficient with 50.71% of the variance explains all the research variables. In total, three factors of circularity coefficient, compactness coefficient, and form ratio of the basin could explain 82.6% of the variance of all research variables. Therefore, the results are consistent with Lu et al. (1991), Sarangi et al. (2005), Tamene et al. (2006), Zhang et al. (2015), Salim (2014), and Ares et al. (2016). Khorram Dareh sub-basin with heavy rainfall (504 mm) has the lowest specific sediment, which is due to the geological structure of the region. Based on the calculated indicators, most of the studied sub-basins are elongated. The form ratio of the basin is less indicative of the elongation of the basin. The highest branching ratio of the basins is in the vicinity of faults. Also, high circularity values indicate points prone to sedimentation. River sections up to degree 3 are located in more subdued areas and have a steeper slope. Golmakan, Khorram Darreh, Zashk, and Dehbar sub-basins have a high potential for sedimentation. Regression equations of sediment measurement curves are usually used in sediment load estimates. The most important reason is the ease of application of these equations. According to the research results, it can be concluded that the integrated use of principal component analysis, cluster analysis, and multivariate stepwise regression has a suitable and acceptable efficiency in estimating suspended sediments. Testing the regression model concerning different climatic and hydrological regimes of Iran’s watersheds to achieve an efficient pattern of using these equations can be fruitful in estimating sediment load in different regions.   Keywords: Hydrogeomorphic, Sediment erosion, Kashfarud basin, Stepwise multivariate regression}, Keywords = {Hydrogeomorphic, Sediment erosion, Kashfarud basin, Stepwise multivariate regression}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {111-128}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.1.111}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3127-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3127-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {hosseiniseddigh, sayyed mahmoud and jalali, masoud and Jafarie, Teimour}, title = {Study changes and spatial pattern seasonal of outgoing long wave radiation in IRAN}, abstract ={Study changes and spatial pattern seasonal of outgoing long wave radiation in IRAN   Introduction Changes in OLR can be considered as a critical indicator of climate change and hazard; studies have shown that since 1985, long-range radiation has increased the output of the Earth and is a cause of increased heat in the troposphere. This has led to an increase in drought and a slight decrease in the cloud in the upper terposphere, as well as an increase in Hadley's rotation toward higher latitudes. On the other hand, clouds play an important role in the long-wave changes of the Earth's output and are adequately evaluated at the global energy scale at all spatial and temporal scales. Data and methods In the present study, in order to calculate the variability and the pattern of seasonal spatial dependence of the long-range radiation output of Iran, OLR data from 1974 to 1976 were daily updated from the NCEP / NCAR databases of the National Oceanic and Oceanographic Organization of the United States of America. To calculate Iran's long-range output radiation, in the Iranian atmosphere (from 25 to 40 degrees north and 42.5 to 65 degrees east), using Grads and GIS software. First, the general characteristics of the earth's long wave were investigated. To obtain an overview of the spatial status of the seasonal changes of the long-wave and its variability over the country, the average maps and coefficients of the long-wave variations of the earth's output were plotted in the spring, summer, fall, and winter seasons. In this study, the slope of linear regression methods using mini tab software was used for trend analysis. Hotspot analysis uses Getis-Ord Gi statistics for all the data. Explaining the results The results of this study showed that the mean of long wave in Iran is 262.3 W/m2. The highest mean long-range radiation output in spring, autumn, and winter is related to latitudes below 30 degrees north, especially in the south and south-east of Iran, with the highest mean in autumn and winter with wavelengths. High output 282-274 W/m2 as well as spring with mean W/m2 295-291 below latitude 27.5° C, which is in Sistan and Baluchestan provinces, south and southeast of  Fars. Hormozgan has also been observed; the lowest OLR average in these seasons is observed above latitude 30 ° N in the northwestern provinces with the lowest mean in the season Yew and winter with mean long wavelength output 213-225 W/m2 and also observed in spring with mean 226-235 W/m2 at latitude 37.5 ° C and latitude 44 ° N in Maku and Chaldaran Is. In summer, the highest OLR averages of 316-307 W/m2 are observed in east of Iran with centralization of Zabol, Kavir plain and Tabas desert as well as west of Iran in Kermanshah, Khuzestan and Ilam provinces, with central length The latitude is 47.50 degrees north and latitude 32/32 east in Ilam province in the city of Musian, due to desertification, saltwater and sand, as well as the absence of high clouds, indicating an increase in the frequency of earthquakes and It is a drought that will lead to shortage of rainfall and increased rainfall in these areas; the lowest average long-range radiation output in summer with W/m2 235-226 extends as a narrow strip from southeast to Chabahar and extends to the middle Zagros highlands in Chaharmahal Bakhtiari province and northwest areas in Maku, Chaldaran, Khoi, Jolfa, Marand, Varzegan, Kalibar, Parsabad, Ahar and Grammy cities. It has also been observed in the northern coastal provinces of Iran including Mazandaran, Gilan, Astara, Talesh, Namin. According to the trend of long-wave radiation output of Iran increased by 0.16 W/m2 and decreased by 0.37 W / m2 with increasing latitude. Seasonal trends indicate that 100 percent of the country has a significant increase in winter and no significant fall in autumn. 21.24% in summer and 18.35% in spring have no significant decreasing trend, which in south-east includes Sistan and Baluchestan, Kerman, Fars and Hormozgan provinces and 78.76% in summer and 81.65% in summer. Spring has a significant non-significant upward trend. The spatial dependence of the hot spots on Iran's long-wave radiation at 90, 95 and 99% confidence levels is 45.49% in spring, 37.57 in autumn, and 44.55% in winter. The high wave radiation of summer is 42.2%, which is observed in north of Sistan and Baluchestan province with central Zabul and in east of Lot and Tabas desert and in west of Ilam province with central of Musian. But in spring, autumn and winter in the south and southeast of the country including Sistan and Baluchestan, Hormozgan, Kerman, South Fars, Bushehr provinces and in central Iran including Lot Plains, Desert and Salt Lake and Tabas sandy desert. It is also observed in western Iran in Ilam province, so that these areas correspond to the tropical belt at latitude 30 degrees north. This is due to its location in the subtropical region, the low latitude of Iran, especially south and southeast to central Iran including Lut Plain, Desert and Tabas Desert due to its proximity to the equator, the angle of sunlight is higher and perpendicular. Spun. The spatial dependence of cold spots on long-wave radiation at 90, 95 and 99% confidence levels in spring is 33.44%, autumn is 41.41% and in winter is 44.55%. Cold spots of long-wave radiation are 25.5% in the summer, located at latitudes above 35 ° N in the subtropical belt and include northeast areas in North Khorasan Province in the cities of Bojnourd, Esfarain, Jajarm, Mane and Semlaghan, Safi Abad and northern coastal areas in Golestan, Mazandaran, Guilan, and northwestern provinces of Iran including Ardabil, East and West Azerbaijan, Qazvin and Zanjan North Tfaat Kvh¬Hay Zagros includes the provinces of Kurdistan, Hamedan, Markazi, Qom, Kermanshah North East part. Minimum OLR cold spot with average output longwave radiation of 213 W/m2 220 northwest of Khoy, Maku, Chaldaran, Jolfa and Marand can be an indicative role for determining convective activity and dynamic / frontal precipitation. Keywords: Temporal and Spatial Variations-OLR-Spatial Index of Statistics Gi.  }, Keywords = {Temporal and Spatial Variations-OLR-Spatial Index of Statistics Gi.}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {129-148}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.1.129}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3116-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3116-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Barati, Mohammad Javad and FarajzadehAsl, Manuchehr and Borna, Rez}, title = {Evaluation of SADFAT model performance in daily forecast of Land Surface Temperature in the city of Tehran}, abstract ={Evaluation of SADFAT model performance in daily forecast of Land Surface Temperature in the city of Tehran   Abstract The high spatial and temporal limitations of TIR images for use in urban climatology have been identified as a current scientific challenge. Therefore, the use of Data Fusion Algorithms in Remote Sensing has been considered. In the old methods, two bands of one sensor were used for Data Fusion. In these methods, a panchromatic band was used to increase spatial accuracy, so only spatial resolution was increased. To solve this problem, the Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model (STARFM) was used to integrate the images of two Landsat and Modis gauges to increase the spatial and temporal resolution of the reflection. but, this algorithm is designed for pixels and unmixing areas that are the same in Modis and Landsat pixels. The use of this model was not suitable for urban areas with a different of landuse. Therefore, the Enhanced STARFM model (ESTARFM) was developed. The ESTARFM model was improved in 2014 to predict thermal radiation and LST, taking into account the annual temperature cycle and the unevenness of the earth's surface, and the SADFAT model was introduced. In this study, the performance of SADFAT model in the use of OLI spatial resolution and MODIS temporal resolution in LST forecast in urban areas was examined. The metropolis of Tehran has different surface covers and multiple microclimates. So if the algorithm works successfully, This model can be used in other cities to improve urban heat island studies. The inputs for the algorithm are thermal radiance of Modis and Landsat   images, the red and near infrared band of Landsat for daily production of LST in 2017 in the city of Tehran. The algorithm uses two pairs of Modis and Landsat images at the same time and sets of Modis images at the time of prediction and then calculate the conversion coefficient for relating the thermal radiance change of a mixed pixel at the coarse resolution to that of a fine resolution. In this way, LST is generated in areas with a variety of landuse. All the estimated pixels were compared to the base image pixels in that range to evaluate the results of the model. The comparison results for the autumn days with the average correlation coefficient of 0.86 and RMSE equal to 0.122, showed that the model has the highest accuracy in this season and in other seasons with the average correlation coefficient of 0.76 and RMSE about 0.4, has provided good accuracy. Visual interpretation of the results of SADFAT showed that this model is able to accurately predict the LST of the land cover in different surface coatings and even in areas where one or more urban land uses are mixed in one MODIS pixel. However, the borders are well separated and the features are not combined. Although the boundaries are clearly defined, in some land uses, the predicted LST is somewhat higher than the observational image. Landsat and Modis satellites pass through an area with a small time difference, so they are suitable for combining with each other. But in predicting reflectance with the SADFAT algorithm, there are systematic and variable errors that we need to be aware of in order to increase the output accuracy. One of the systematic and unavoidable errors is the instability of the Terra and Aqua satellites passing through at any point, ie at each satellite pass, the location of the study area in Swath and the size of the pixel changes. Due to the distance of the study area from the vertical center of measurement on the ground (Nadir), the amount of this error varies on different days and should be checked for each day. The preventable error is the sudden change in one or more images used (16 days of the same pass time interval for Landsat) is high for estimating surface reflectance with spatial and temporal resolution. These changes may be due to human factors such as air pollution or natural factors. Natural factors such as clouds and dust storms are the main sources of error in using the SADFAT model because they are sudden and temporary and cover a wide area. The occurrence of these two factors has a great impact on reflectance. Therefore, a sudden change in these factors, in one or more images, causes a large error in the calculations. The study also found minor spatial errors in the prediction, so that even on days when the results were better, points were observed where the values ​​in the predicted LST images did not match exactly with the OLI sensor. The reason for this may be due to changes in vegetation. Although there are some systematic and variable errors in the images and the implementation of the algorithm The results of this study showed that the performance of this model is reliable for predicting the daily LST with a spatial resolution of 30 meters in Tehran. This method is able to support urban planning activities related to climate change in cities, so it is recommended that its performance be examined separately for different land cover in the city and the efficiency of this algorithm be evaluated with other sensors such as Copernicus Sentinels.   Key words: Spatial and Temporal Data Fusion, SADFAT, Heat island, LST, Urban climatology  .}, Keywords = {Spatial and Temporal Data Fusion, SADFAT, Heat island, LST, Urban climatology}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {149-166}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.1.149}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3135-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3135-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {ghasemi, iraj and ghasemisiani, mohamm}, title = {Spatial analysis of natural resilience in border areas Case study: zehak county}, abstract ={Spatial analysis of natural resilience in border areas Case study: Zahak county problem statement Occurrence of natural disasters such as drought, floods and earthquakes in geographical areas, especially in rural areas, often have devastating effects. Hence, resilience has become doubly important, especially in special areas that are of special importance and sensitivity. On the other hand, border areas have a special place in policy-making and planning is important in this areas. One of these areas is Zahak county in Sistan and Balochestan province, which due to the instability and reduction of the inflow of river water resources, as well as climatic conditions and drought in combination with other factors, the traditional employment opportunities of the often rural population face serious challenges and therefore the county5b is deprived. Increasingly, the sustainability of livelihoods is facing problems. The question is, how do the spatial zones and the villages located in these zones react to the change of internal and external natural factors? Which areas and villages are more resilient?   Method of research This article deals with the spatial analysis of environmental resilience in Zahak county and its purpose is to investigate the differences in resilience in different areas of the county. The general approach to the study is integrated and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Data were collected using documentary and field methods with observation tools and questionnaires and findings of a specialized panel. The statistical population of this research is the villages of more than 20 households in Zahak city that have had governor of a rural district or village council. . Description and interpretation of results The villages of Zahak county are threatened by the threat of these resources due to their dependence on natural resources. The results show that none of the defined geographical areas in the rural area is sustainable and three rural areas are semi-sustainable and one rural is unstable. Assessment of sustainability in micro zones also shows that naturally unstable villages are often sparsely populated, which means that activity has not developed either. After qualitative and quantitative evaluation of various natural and environmental indicators in the county and their impact on the resilience of places and settlements in the county, settlements and places in terms of resilience were classified into three levels of high, medium and low resilience. In total, 46.7% of settlements and places are at high level of resilience, 37% at medium level and 16.3% at low level of resilience. After matching the settlements and places with the geographical area of ​​the village, three of the four geographical areas are in transition and one is unstable. This study shows that the resilience of individual villages cannot perform well when it is located in areas surrounded by villages with low resilience and the whole area becomes unstable. Thus, in special areas such as Zahak county, crisis management should focus on providing natural resources and preventing vulnerability to natural crises, and it is expected that with natural stability, housing and activity will be sustainable.   Key word Resilience, special areas, Zahak county, border areas, geographic zoning  }, Keywords = {resilience, special areas, border areas, Zehak county, geographic zoning}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {167-188}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.1.167}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3134-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3134-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {soleimanimehranjani, mohhamad and movahhed, Ali and zanganeh, ahmad and ahmadi, zeinab}, title = {Explain the Processes of Modernization on the Spatial Mismatch in Urban Neighborhoods (The case of, Region 4 of Tehran Municipality)}, abstract ={ Explain the Processes of Modernization on the Spatial Mismatch in Urban Neighborhoods (The case of, Region 4 of Tehran Municipality)   Modernization processes and modern urban planning policies have had significant effects and consequences on the spatial transforms of cities in the world and Iran. Among that processes, we can mention the growing gap between social groups and urban spaces based on a number of contexts and mechanisms that, from the late 1960s onwards, have been conceptualized and measured experimentally under what is called the “spatial mismatch hypothesis”. The basic methodology for estimating the state of spatial mismatch in cities or urban regions is based on the logic of “spatial segregation” between social groups and land uses simultaneously; Because based on the spatial mismatch hypothesis, it is not possible to explain the segregation mechanisms between social groups in the city without considering its relation with segregation mechanisms in urban spaces or land uses, and vice versa. Based on such methodological logic, the present paper has assessed the state of spatial (mis)match in Region 4 of Tehran Municipality. The method of data collection was in the form of libraries and data available in the Statistics Center (General Census of Population and Housing in 2016 and at the level of demographic blocks of the region), Road and Urban Development Organization, Municipality of Region 4. Variables used to analyze the spatial mismatch in the region The level of education, employment in study abroad and inside the country, employment and unemployment status, level of housing infrastructure, type of housing ownership, changes in land use pattern and the amount of daily commutes in the study area.  Findings obtained based on the defined variables and techniques used in Segragation Analyzer and ArcGIS software show that the state of spatial mismatch in this urban region (like many other cases in cities around the world) is high, but its intensity is higher in terms of job and literacy of social groups in relation to the state of activity and residential land uses. Relying on such findings, some strategies and policies have been proposed to reduce the state of spatial mismatch in Region 4, and to contribute to a more even and equitable distribution of development in this region and hence reduce poverty among the lower classes.   Keyword: Urban modernization, spatial mismatch hypothesis, socio-spatial segregation, Region 4 of Tehran Municipality  }, Keywords = {Urban modernization, spatial mismatch hypothesis, socio-spatial segregation, Region 4 of Tehran Municipality.}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {189-214}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.1.189}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3165-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3165-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {vali, Abbas Ali and mehrabi, mahvash}, title = {Analysis, resilience and socio-economic vulnerability of urban communities to drought (Case study: Yazd province)}, abstract ={Explanation of the subject: The annual drought phenomenon, by affecting economic, social and environmental issues, leads to the vulnerability of urban and rural households and the instability of their livelihoods. Yazd is one of the provinces with drought. Consecutive droughts in the province necessitate integrated management and community adaptation in times of drought. Method: Taking into account the length of the statistical period of 20 years and to obtain the results with a high level of confidence, the main data of the census documents that have been compiled for the development of cities and villages have been used. By analyzing the main components of several factors, it was selected as the main components. By calculating the standard precipitation index in the arid region, the driest year was determined and by calculating the weighted average of their correlation index with the main components of socio-economic and ecological environment based on appropriate statistical inference. At the end of the year, the effect of drought on different dimensions was presented by step-by-step linear regression, analysis and communication between them to adapt and resilience of individuals in society.  According to the general results, one of the most important economic and dry economic losses is the annual income of the villagers, which can be due to the decrease in the area under cultivation and production of the main agricultural products. In the social sector, people with knowledge and awareness should increase their adaptive capacity to the occurrence of drought, in order to reduce the vulnerability of social issues to the phenomenon of drought. The results show that unemployment insurance has increased following the drought. The main reason for this is the unemployment of farmers affected by drought, so changing jobs along with temporary migration or the production of handicrafts, etc. can increase the relative income of households at the time of occurrence and prevent unemployment in these conditions. Increasing unemployment will cause other social harms such as poverty, declining health, increasing disease, and reducing judicial and social security. According to the results, one of the components that has established a high standard of rainfall during the drought year is the theft of livestock, which shows a decrease in the social security of the community. People in the study community increase their adaptability to the annual drought by increasing breeding work, such as rangeland improvement, rainfall collection, biological improvement, afforestation, and irrigation reform.}, Keywords = {Drought, resilience of human societies, regression analysis, standard precipitation index, principal component analysis}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {215-232}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.1.215}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3132-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3132-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Dargahian, Fatemeh and Khosroshahi, Mohammad and Lotfinasabasl, Sakineh}, title = {Potential dangers of drought in Shadegan wetland and Identify areas affected by dust from it}, abstract ={Potential dangers of drought in Shadegan wetland and Identify areas affected by dust from it   Introduction Shadegan wetland is located at the end of Jarahi watershed. This wetland is one of the most important international wetlands registered in the Ramsar Convention, which is currently undergoing ecological changes and is still on the red list of the Montero Ramsar list. This wetland is extremely important due to its high biodiversity and various functions such as flood control, air conditioning and soil erosion control, habitat of various plants and animals and providing livelihood for a part of human societies. One of the most important functions of the wetland, according to the findings of the present study, is the important role of Shadegan wetland in preventing the production and control of fine dust. There are 143 wetlands in Iran, of which 25 are registered in the Ramsar Convention. Shadegan wetland is one of the wetlands of Ramsar Convention, which in the last decade, a large area of ​​it has become dry and has become a center of dust. In this research, it is important to know that in case of drying of Shadegan wetland, which areas in which seasons will be more affected by dust due to atmospheric currents. Data and methodology In this study, the boundary of the wetland was determined based on the highest water advance line during a 30-year statistical period (1988-2017). According to satellite images, the border of the wetland has been determined to be about 164,000 hectares based on the rainiest year and month. Wetland area changes were used to monitor the water level of Shadegan Wetland through Landsat TM, ETM + and OLI satellite data from 1998 to 2017 in the period of June. Three stages of preprocessing, processing and post-processing were performed on the images and supervised classification by support vector machine (SVM) method was used and the images were classified into three classes of water, vegetation and without cover or soil. On the other hand, the classification accuracy for the images was calculated using two indicators, overall accuracy and kappa. To calculate the dry area of ​​the lagoon, floor changes without cover were calculated. The most important cities around Shadegan wetland, which in case of wetland drought may be most affected by wetland dust due to proximity and proximity, and have socio-economic importance and the center of the province and port status, were identified. In this study, the cities of Ahvaz, Abadan and Mahshahr were identified and studied as areas affected by wetland dust during drought. In order to study the role of drying of Shadegan wetland in the dust of the surrounding areas, seasonal and annual dust mites were prepared and drawn. Data on the direction and speed of hourly winds along with the dust were used. Then, using WR-PLOT software, in addition to the annual long-term total rainfall, the seasonal distribution of the direction and speed of events was extracted and the rainfall related to each season was plotted and analyzed, and areas affected by drought in different seasons of the year. Wetlands with greater impact were identified.   Result The trend of 30-year changes in the soil cover of Shadegan wetland is increasing in total, so that according to the freshwater area of the wetland, which was obtained in this study 164 thousand hectares, 22960 square kilometers has been added to the dry area of the wetland during these 30 years. The largest soil area of the wetland in 1994 was about 87.4% of the total area of the wetland. The lowest soil area of the wetland in 1998 was about 19%. Sugarcane projects have entered the wetland from the north of Shadegan Zahab Wetland since 2002, but due to widespread drought, it has not been able to increase vegetation and reduce the soil area of the wetland. During the long-term statistical period, spring is the predominant period of pollination in Ahvaz western synoptic station and secondarily in the northwest. The southeast direction is of third importance, but nevertheless, the dryness of the north and northeast parts of the wetland can affect the south and southeast of Ahvaz in this season in Abadan synoptic station. Drought on the west side of the wetland is not a threat to the city of Abadan. In Mahshahr synoptic station, the predominant direction of long-term seasonal rainfall is northwest. In case of drought, Shadegan wetland will be affected from the northwest. During the long-term statistical period, the summer season was dominated by dust and affected in three stations, such as the spring season, with the difference that in this season, dust is more abundant. During the long-term statistical period, autumn is the predominant direction for flowering and is affected in three stations such as spring and summer, but in this season, the southeast and south directions are more intense and frequent than spring and summer. During the long-term statistical period, winter is the predominant period of pollination in Ahvaz synoptic station, west and secondarily, northwest. The southeast and south directions are of third importance, but in this season, the southeast and south directions are more intense and frequent than other seasons. In this season, due to the expansion of the westerly wind to the lower offerings, unstable atmospheric systems enter Khuzestan from the south and southeast and bring dust with them from areas such as western and southern Iraq and northern Saudi Arabia, and to the southeast. Northwest and passing through the dry parts of the lagoon and the active dust center of the southeast of Ahvaz, the metropolis of Ahvaz will face problems caused by dust in this season. Due to the cold weather and the inversion phenomenon, the dust of this season, which is associated with wetland and inland resources, has a greater impact on the field of view and causes great damage to the equipment and infrastructure facilities by subsiding on the city of Ahvaz. Conclusion Drying of wetlands due to various climatic or human factors can lead to increased dust activities. When a wetland dries out, the salts that settle in it become sources of dust. Wetland fine-grained sediments with air velocity less than the erosion threshold due to small diameter and large volume enter the air streams and are dispersed in the air. Active dust centers in the southern half of Khuzestan province have the largest area in the whole country. Shadegan wetland is bounded on the north by the dust center of the south and southeast of Ahvaz with an area of ​​185043.3 hectares and on the west by the center of the south of Horalazim and north of Khorramshahr with an area of ​​258916.4 hectares and on the east by the dust center of Mahshahr - Omidieh Hindijan with an area of ​​254654.4. Shadegan wetland joins the southeastern center of Ahvaz in case of drought from the north and northeast, as if parts of it, known as Hor Mansoureh, have become part of the southeastern center of Ahvaz in the last decade due to several droughts. Is. From the west, parts of it are connected to the dust center north of Khorramshahr and join it if the drought continues. It is connected to Mahshahr-Omidieh and Hindijan centers from the east. In recent years, parts of the wetland and dust centers have overlapped. If the wetland continues and dries, for natural and managerial reasons, more parts of the wetland will dry up and become dust centers and affect important population, political and port cities of Khuzestan Data and will face irreparable social and economic losses.   Keywords: Dust center, dust, wind direction and speed, Shadegan wetland, Right of water  }, Keywords = {Dust center, dust, wind direction and speed, Shadegan wetland, Right of water}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {1-14}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.2.1}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3174-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3174-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {kefayati, narges and ghorbani, khalil and abdollahzade, Gholam Hossei}, title = {Regional leveling of drought vulnerability in Golestan province}, abstract ={Regional leveling of drought vulnerability in Golestan province Narges Kefayati*1-  Khalil Ghorbani2- Gholamhossein Abdollahzadeh 3-   1- PhD student of irrigation and drainage, Department of Water Engineering, College  Of Water   Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources,Gorgan,Iran. (Corresponding Author)* 2- Associated Professor, Department of Water Engineering, College  Of Water   Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resourcesm, Gorgan, Iran. 3- Associated Professor, Department of Agricultural Promotion and Training, Faculty of Agricultural Management, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources   Abstract Drought is one of the natural phenomena that causes a lot of damage to human life and natural ecosystems. In general, drought is a lack of rainfall compared to normal or what is expected, when it is longer than a season or a period of time and is insufficient to meet the needs. Drought causes damage to the agricultural sector. The vulnerability of the agricultural sector in each region depends on three factors: the degree of drought exposure, the degree of sensitivity to drought and the capacity to adapt to drought. A review of previous studies indicates the diversity of indicators and methods used to assess vulnerability, which indicates the importance of the issue. Institutions responsible for agricultural management can only manage drought properly if they have the appropriate tools to measure the vulnerability of the agricultural sector to drought. Therefore, the first step in drought studies is to identify vulnerable areas and assess the vulnerability of areas. Vulnerability measurement in geographical dimensions and measurement of indicators by main vulnerability components have received less attention. Based on this, the present study has investigated drought vulnerability in Golestan by scientific method and by combining the three mentioned components and has compared the exposure situation, sensitivity level and level of drought adaptation capacity among the cities of Golestan province. Golestan province as one of the important agricultural hubs is highly dependent on the amount of annual rainfall. Due to fluctuations in rainfall and drought in some parts of the province, there have been 4 outbreaks and as a result, 7-12 and 10 days of drought have occurred, which has caused severe damage to the livelihood of farming families. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare drought vulnerability among cities in Golestan province by three components (exposure, sensitivity and adaptation). First, by reviewing the sources, the effective indicators on drought vulnerability are identified separately by the three components and judged by experts (faculty members of water engineering, agriculture and plant breeding, agricultural extension and education, and agricultural economics and experts of water engineers). 55 appropriate indicators in three main dimensions of vulnerability, namely: a) exposure (14 indicators), b) sensitivity (26 indicators) and c) compatibility (17 indicators) were developed and data related to the indicators were collected. The weights of the indices were extracted by Shannon entropy model and by the TOPSIS method the combined index was compiled separately into three vulnerability components. The final result of the combined index was combined with the GIS layers of the cities of Golestan province, and the level of vulnerability of the cities was determined separately for the desired components. The results showed that in terms of exposure to Bandar-e-Gaz, Bandar-e-Turkmen and Aq Qala are in the first to third ranks, respectively, and are exposed to drought. Azadshahr, Galikesh and Bandar-e-Turkmen counties are in the first to third ranks with the highest sensitivity to drought, respectively. The cities of Gomishan, Galikesh and Maravah Tappeh are the most adapted to drought, respectively. Finally, the results of calculating the total vulnerability index showed that the cities of Marwah Tappeh and Bandar-e-Turkmen are the most vulnerable areas to drought in Golestan province. The findings of this study showed that rainy areas can be more exposed to drought at the same time than other areas and there is no direct relationship between rainfall and drought exposure. This confirms the findings of other studies such as Kramker et al. And O'Brien et al. On the other hand, the findings of this study showed that there is no direct relationship between rainfall and vulnerability to drought and the most  rainy areas of a region at the same time can be the most vulnerable to drought. This is in line with the findings of Tanzler et al. And Salvati et al. On the relationship between rainfall and drought vulnerability. Due to the fact that the rainy areas of this province are more exposed to drought than other areas and farmers in these areas have shown a higher degree of sensitivity to drought and are more vulnerable to drought than other areas, it is recommended Measures should be taken to reduce the sensitivity and increase the adaptation capacity of farmers in these areas.   Keywords: Drought, Vulnerability, Exposure, Sensitivity, Compatibility, Regional Leveling}, Keywords = {: Drought, Vulnerability, Exposure, Sensitivity, Compatibility, Regional Leveling}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {15-32}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.2.15}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3198-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3198-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {karimi, Mostafa and Heidari, Sousan and Rafati, Somayeh}, title = {The trend of atmospheric water cycle components (precipitation and precipitable water) in catchments of Iran}, abstract ={The role of environmental and climatic environment on the transport and emission of carbon monoxide pollutants Iran in 2018   Introduction Air pollution, as one of the most important environmental hazards in urban areas, is closely related to weather conditions. Today, pollution in metropolitan areas has become an important issue that requires the study and presentation of practical solutions to improve living conditions in this area. Therefore, understanding the relationship between synoptic systems and air pollutants helps a lot in how to solve environmental problems and future planning. Therefore, in this study, compression algorithms of carbon monoxide emission and transfer from domestic and foreign sources were analyzed. For this purpose, GEOS-5 / GMAO / NASA satellite images were used. The results showed that the highest amount of pollution from the seasonal point of view is related to the cold and early morning seasons and the lowest is related to the early afternoon and hot season of the year. And Khuzestan are densely populated carbon monoxide cores. Low pressures of the eastern Mediterranean play an important role in reducing pollutants in the southwest of the country and in the south of the country, under the influence of atmospheric currents from the topographic cut of Bandar Abbas, air streams polluted with carbon monoxide are able to penetrate into the interior to the southern half of Kerman. Increased by low pressure systems in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The Zagros Mountains also play an important role in preventing the entry of pollutants produced by western neighbors into Iran. In summer, Iran is polluted by carbon monoxide carriers by monsoon currents from central and southern Africa to Iran and has caused a lot of pollution.                                                                 materials and Method The geographical location we study in this study is Iran. Iran is the 16th largest country in the world. Iran is located in the northern hemisphere, the eastern hemisphere in Asia and in the western part of the Iranian plateau and is one of the Middle Eastern countries. Meridian 5 44 passes east of the westernmost point of Iran and meridian 18 63 passes east of the easternmost point of Iran. 1648195 sq km is bordered by Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan and Pakistan to the east, Turkey and Iraq to the west, the Persian Gulf and the Sea of ​​Oman to the south. Iran is one-fifth the size of the United States and almost three times France. . Iran is a mountainous country. More than half of the country is covered by mountains and heights, and less than 1/4 of it is arable land. In general, Iran's heights can be divided into four mountain ranges: North, West, South and Central Mountains. East divided, which is therefore the twenty-third highest mountain in the world.                                         This study is based on the method of environmental analysis to focus on circulation, so that based on the concentration of carbon monoxide in 2018, synoptic patterns of this phenomenon have been identified. Satellite imagery of surface carbon monoxide was then obtained from three GEOS-5 / GMAO / NASA organizations. Also for synoptic analysis, MSLP and WS satellite images were received and analyzed from GFS / NCEP / US National Weather Service organizations and also one of the sensors used for pollutant studies is MOPITT. The MOPITT sensor is a tool for measuring troposphere pollution that can detect atmospheric pollution. This sensor is the first satellite sensor designed for use in gas correlation spectroscopy and is part of NASA's Operational Program (ESE), which has been operating since 1999 and is installed on three satellites Terra, Aura, Aqua Depending on the type of mission in space, it acts as an orbiter. This sensor measures only two variables of methane and carbon monoxide in the atmosphere of the troposphere of the atmosphere, for which purpose 3 bands and 8 channels for measuring monoxide with a size of 62.4 microns (using 4 channels), 33.2 It uses microns (using 2 channels) and methane measuring 26.2 microns (using 2 channels). The MOPITT sensor is specifically designed to measure carbon monoxide. The geographical boundaries of the study area were also selected to include all atmospheric systems affecting the study area.                                                                                                                                           Conclusion The meteorological condition and the physical and dynamic properties of the atmosphere can play an important role in the level of air protection. The main factor that can cause the scattering and transmission of air forces is the use of the ground and the levels of reception of the atmosphere, and the synoptic systems as a service provider providing services for upward movement and distribution of air pollutants, as well as the definition of chalk. As a decision made in this field, Iran can use its images in this field in 2018 2018, MSLP, WS will provide you with GFS / NCEP / US National Weather Service. With great intensity you can go to Tehran and southwest to destroy yourself and access your officials. In the imagination carbon monoxide is possible and used in the southwest of the country. Now in your country and change the status of lists proposed by Coriolis, increase the high pressure of carbon monoxide in Mr. Tropical from the Middle East and Iran. This program allows you to modify your suggested lists. Carbon monoxide pollutants sent to a drawer in the international province of the country and available in Bandar Abbas, a road nest free from high mountains and as a corridor company you can get from this par of the air pollution as carbon monoxide through the air to this one Use the land up to the Kerman province.                                                                           Keywords: Carbon monoxide, Compression systems, Monson, Atmospheric pollution, Topography  }, Keywords = {precipitation, precipitable water, humidity, variability, Man-Kendall test, ERA5}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {33-54}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.2.33}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3176-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3176-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {hejazi, asadollah and naseri,}, title = {Zoning the possibility of landslides downstream of Sanandaj Dam}, abstract ={Zoning the possibility of landslides downstream of Sanandaj Dam 1-Introduction The purpose of this study is to select the best model and identify landslide risk areas in the downstream basins of Sanandaj Dam. Every year, mass movements in the region cause damage to roads, power lines, natural resources, farms and residential areas, and increase soil erosion. Kurdistan province, with its mostly mountainous topography, high tectonic activity, diverse geological and climatic conditions, has the most natural conditions for mass movements. According to the available statistics, this province is the third province in terms of landslides after Mazandaran and Golestan. (Naeri, &Karami, 2018). The Gheshlagh River Basin is a mountainous region with a north-south trend. In terms of construction land, it is located on the structural zone of Sanandaj-Sirjan. The study area with an area of 970.7 square kilometers is located downstream of Sanandaj Dam. The city of Sanandaj is being studied within the region. Due to the type of climate and morphological processes, effective parameters are provided for landslides in the geography of the region. 2-Methodology In this study, 9 effective factors for landslides, including slope, slope direction, fault distance, road distance, waterway distance, lithology, land use and precipitation were used. Using Google Landsat 8 ETM satellite imagery, Google Earth software identified 237 slip points. Then, the coordinates of the slip points were transferred to the Arc GIS software and a map of the landslide distribution area in this environment was prepared. Also, in this study, 89 non-slip points were prepared for use in the training and testing stages of Persephone neural network inside slopes less than 5 degrees. Artificial neural networks are made up of a large number of interconnected processing elements called neurons that act to solve a coordinated problem and transmit information through synapses. Neural networks begin to learn using the pattern of data entered into them. Learning models, which is actually determining their internal parameters, is based on the law of error correction. In this method, by correcting the error regularly, the best weights that create the most correct output for the network are identified. The neurons are in the form of an input layer, an output layer, and an intermediate layer. ahp includes a weighting matrix based on pairwise comparisons between factors and determines the level of participation of each factor in the occurrence of landslides. In this model, a large number of factors can be involved and the weight of each factor can be obtained using expert opinion. 3-Results According to the results of the high-risk class neural network model, which occupies 31% of the basin area, it is the widest risk zone in the region. The middle class also accounts for more than 29 percent of the area, followed by the low-risk class. The results of the AHP model show that the middle class, with 32% of the area, has the highest dispersion in the region, the low-risk class and then the high-class are in the next position. The AHP model was used to prioritize the parameters affecting the landslide. The parameters of slope, lithology and land use play the most important role in the occurrence of landslides, respectively, and have the least role for slope direction, distance from fault and height. The results of the models used are consistent with the reality of the region's wide-risk hazards, and high-risk areas based on the models used are mostly located in the west and southwest of the basin. These areas correspond to the mountain unit and the steep slope. Based on the results of AHP model, the impact of human factors in the occurrence of landslides is weaker than the natural factors of the region and human factors play a stimulating and aggravating role in primary factors. Five methods for error detection were used to evaluate the models used 4-Discussion and conclusion  .Due to the sensitivity of unstable slopes in the region, any planning to change the use and construction that increases the weight of the load on unstable slopes should be done in terms of geomorphological and geological conditions of the region. Keywords: hazard zoning, landslide, neural network, AHP. Sanandaj Gheshlagh Watershed  }, Keywords = {hazard zoning, landslide, neural network, AHP, Sanandaj Gheshlagh Watershed}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {55-70}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.2.55}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3175-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3175-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Pourbeyranvand, Shahrokh}, title = {Seismic risk investigation by Strain rate variation study in central Alborz by using GPS data}, abstract ={Seismic risk investigation by Strain rate variation study in central  Alborz by using GPS data Abestract   The Alborz Mountains, South of Caspian Basin and separates Central Iran from Eurasia.  Talesh and Kopeh Dagh bound the Alborz as major thrust belts in the west and east respectively. The tectonic evolution of this important region is still unsolved and there are many questions to answer, such as the origin of the Alborz Mountains as well as its crustal structure. The Alborz is of great important in natural and most particular, seismic hazard investigations, because of the existence of Tehran megacity. This importance resulted in development of a relatively dense network of GPS stations in this regions and adjacent areas. The Alborz Mountains formed successively during the collision of Central Iran with Eurasia in the Late Triassic (Cimmerian Orogeny) and the collision of Arabia with Eurasia. Tectonic activity in this belt is currently thought to be controlled by two motions with different velocities, the 5 mm/yr northward convergence of central Iran to Eurasia causing a compression from 7 Ma and the 4 mm/yr left‐lateral shear northwestward motion of the South Caspian Basin resulting in a left lateral transpressive tectonic environment in the Alborz . Since middle Pleistocene transtensional motion is also observed in the region because of acceleration of SCB motion toward North West. GPS studies in the Zagros started in 2000 and are continuing by gradual expansion of the permanent GPS network and several GPS campaigns and temporary stations. These studies have significantly improved our understanding of the surface deformation in the Alborz. In this study the interpolation of GPS velocity vectors in a rectangular grid and calculation of the strain at the center of each grid cell, were used for the study of the strain rate variations in the central Alborz. We used velocity vectors from Djamur et al. (2010) to estimate the strain rate field in the Alborz. To avoid edge-effects in the strain calculation, we only showed the results for the central part of the dataset. The GPS velocities are interpolated onto a rectangular north-south grid of 0.2 by 0.2 degrees and strains are calculated at the center of each grid cell, following the methodology of Haines et al. (1998) and Beavan & Haines (2001). The study of the strain rate variations can help in understanding the tectonic settings of the region and the obtained results, combined with other geodetic, geological and seismological studies, already performed in the region, can provide a comprehensive insight into the geodynamic evolution of the range. The results showed spatial variations in principle strain rate axes directions and areal strain rate or dilation, which in combination with seismicity data, reveals important information about the fault movement mechanisms in the area. Observed anomalies in dilation, showed important correlations with seismicity, subsidence and uplift, dip slip and strike slip movements on the faults in the region and confirmed deformation partitioning which takes place due to tectonic forces, acting on pre-existing faults and weak fracture planes. The partitioning of the deformation causes dominant strike slip motion in some parts of the Central Alborz, while shortening occurs dominantly on other parts of the mountain range. These different parts are spatially separated in the region and correlate with the seismicity with regard to the faulting mechanisms expected from the orientation of the major faults and the directions of strain rate axes.   Key words: areal strain rate Central Alborz, deformation partitioning, dilation, faulting mechanisms, GPS, seismic ris  }, Keywords = {areal strain rate Central Alborz, deformation partitioning, dilation, faulting mechanisms, GPS, seismic risk.}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {71-82}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.2.71}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3131-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3131-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {jahantigh, Hossein and Dolatshahi, zeynab and zareicheghabalaki, zahra and toulabinejad, meysam}, title = {Factors affecting the depth of the boundary layer turbulence West of Iran in the summer and winter seasons (Case Study: Kermanshah Upper Air Station)}, abstract ={Introduction The daily cycle of radiant heating from sunrise and sunset leads to the daily cycle of tangible and hidden heat fluxes between the earth's surface and the atmosphere. These fluxes, which cannot directly reach the whole atmosphere, are confined to the shallow layer near the surface, called the boundary layer of the atmosphere. . The processes that take place in this layer are important in various aspects such as the dynamics of fluxes and atmospheric systems, surface radiation, the hydrological cycle, and air pollution research. The thickness of the boundary layer of the atmosphere varies with time and place, and its size varies from a few hundred meters to several kilometers on land under different conditions. This thickness depends on various factors such as the type of atmospheric systems and their structure, surface fluxes, steep vertical arrangement and wind direction and surface cover. The depth of the boundary layer can be calculated by different methods. This depth, which indicates the thickness of the turbulence zone near the surface, is usually called the depth of the mixed layer or the depth of the mixture. The methods used to determine the boundary layer of the atmosphere or the depth of the mixed layer are commonly used to investigate air pollution. Estimating the depth of the mixed layer is one of the most important parameters in the pollutant diffusion model. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the causes of monthly fluctuations in the height of the western border layer of the country with respect to the barley station above Kermanshah.   Materials and methods Data on inversions of Kermanshah meteorological station during February and August 2012; Obtained from the Meteorological Organization of the country. Also, the data related to the vertical barley survey in this station, which were collected by radio sound, were used and the statistics of daily vertical barley survey above the Kermanshah synoptic station were obtained from the climatic database of the University of Wyoming. After obtaining information about vertical barley survey in Kermanshah station, Skew-T diagram, indicators and profile information of atmospheric conditions were drawn to recognize the dynamic and thermodynamic status of the atmosphere during the selected days in RAOB software environment. Then, in order to study the lower atmosphere more accurately, the changes in the vertical index of potential temperature, using daily radiosound data, the curves of potential temperature changes in terms of altitude were plotted. Then, using Huffer's computational method, days with critical inversion at potential temperature were found. Then, using geopotential height, wind and vertical ascent (omega) data, the synoptic causes of boundary layer depth fluctuations (mixed) and the effective factors were investigated.   Results and discussion The main purpose of this study is to implement Hafter's proposed model to investigate the monthly fluctuations of the height of the boundary layer of Kermanshah station. The results of using Hafter method in estimating the depth of the mixed layer of the city and its daily changes for Kermanshah station in August and February 2012. In this regard, the effective factors in minimizing and maximizing the mixed layer in every two months (August and February), including: the synoptic situation in the study area on selected days, heat transfer, humidity, vertical arrangement and wind speed were investigated.   Conclusion The results showed that in August, the depth of the layer during the month was between 3680 to 10292 meters. In this month, temperature subsidence, type of synoptic systems and vertical wind arrangement have directly played a significant role in the growth or weakening of the layer. Considering the comparison of the role of effective factors in maximizing and minimizing the depth of the boundary layer in August, it can be concluded that all factors have a positive role in maximizing the depth of the mixed layer; while the vertical wind arrangement plays an essential role in minimizing the layer depth in this month. In February, the depth of the mixed layer was about 2273 to 7017 meters and significant fluctuations in the values ​​of the depth of the mixed layer were observed during the month. In this month, temperature subsidence, vertical wind arrangement and synoptic systems have been effective in changing the depth of the mixed layer. Comparing the results obtained from both months, it can be said that the amount of surface flux is higher in summer than in winter; thus, the average depth of the mixed layer in August has almost doubled to February. In general, it can be concluded that the depth fluctuations of the mixed layer in winter due to the passage of different systems and the occurrence of atmospheric instabilities, have more changes than in summer.  }, Keywords = {the mixed layer, Hafter model, arrangement of wind, temperature advection, Kermanshah}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {83-100}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.2.83}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3197-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3197-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Seravani, Changiz and Abdollahzadeh, Gholamhossein and Sharifzadeh, Mohammad Sharif and Ghorbani, Khalil}, title = {Vulnerability assessment of households to flood risk in the rural areas: case study of Aqqala and Gomishan Counties}, abstract ={Zoning map Vulnerability of Flood Spreading areas (Case study: Musian Flood spreading station in Ilam province)       Introduction One of the flood plain hazards is a change in the pattern of surface flows due to natural factors or human activities. Changes in the stream pattern are the changes that occur due to the surface stream patterns in terms of the shape of the drains, drainage form and quantitative morphological indices of the basin. These changes ,by formation of flood, submersibility, erosion, longitudinal and transverse displacements of rivers and streams, environmental degradation, etc., have a great deal of risk and harm to residents of the land adjacent to the watersheds, including the demolition of residential buildings,  valuable agriculture lands, facilities, river structures, buildings and relation routes, etc. There are several watersheds in the Musian Plain Basin that regularly change the direction of surface streams and, while displacing large volumes of sediments of erosion-sensitive structures, degrades crops, rural dwellings, connection paths, facilities, Irrigation canals obstruction, water supply and a lot of financial and physical damage to the residents of the region. Therefore, in order to solve these problems, in 1997, the Dehloran flood spreading plan was carried out at a level of 5000 hectares from the Basin of Musian Plain. Although some of the changes in the dynamics of the region, such as stream pattern, flood control, supllying groundwater aquifers, etc., have been caused by the implementation of this plan, but the problem of the concentration of watersheds behind the embankments composed of sensitive formations ,and the release of these areas will have many financial and even physical losses. Therefore, with the implementation of this research, it is attempted to identify the domain and risks that threaten the lowlands and to identify the appropriate measures to prevent them from happening with the zoning and inspection of the vulnerable areas of the Musain Plain.     Methodology This study was conducted in five stages to prepare a vulnerability map of the flood spreading area of ​​Mosian plain. First, the implementation phases of the flood distribution plan were separated. In the second stage, information layers of effective factors in changing the flow pattern and concentration of surface currents behind the flood spreading structures were prepared. These layers included elevation, slope, and direction classes, which were prepared based on the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) extracted from the 1: 50,000 topographic maps of the Armed Forces Geographical Organization, as well as the layers of geological formations and land use changes. The lands were prepared based on the maps of the Geological Survey of Iran and the processing of Landsat satellite images of eight OLI sensors in 2013, respectively, by the method of determining educational samples. In the third stage, each class of effective factors in changing the flow pattern (mentioned layers) was given a score based on the range of zero to 10. The basis of the scores of the classes of each factor was according to the number of classes and the average of the total classes of that factor. The fourth stage in the GIS environment was created by combining the weight layers created, the vulnerability layer of the study area (quantitative map of vulnerability areas) of the basin. Then, by analyzing the vulnerability layer (filtering), the pixels and small units were removed or merged into larger units. The last (fifth) step was to classify the quantitative layer and then extract the qualitative map of the vulnerability zoning according to the range of scores based on the five very low, low, medium, severe and very severe classes. A summary of the research steps is shown in the form of a diagram.   Results and Discussion The results showed that the most important threat and danger factor is the concentration of waterways behind erosion-sensitive embankments. Also, the study area in terms of vulnerability includes three classes with medium risk, high and very high and covers 16, 62 and 22% of the area, respectively. Flood and upland Spreading areas, risk areas and lowland lands are the most vulnerable parts of the basin in terms of floods and sedimentary deposits.   Conclusion Based on the results obtained by combining the information layersof the factors influencing the stream pattern change, the zoning map of vulnerable areas of the region was created in 5 classes. Except for very few and very small classes that are not present in the region, there are other cases at the basin level: Medium class:Includes about 16% of the basin. The existing watersheds in this part are ranked 1th class, and some of them are entering the rivers of Dojraj and Chiqab in the eastern and western parts. The formations of this part are often Bakhtyari and limitedly Aghajari. The floors have a height of 100 to 400 meters and the gradient is from 0-2 percent to 20 percent. Medium class: About 62% of the basin level. The watersheds that flow in this section are in 1to 5 class. The formations of this part are often alluvial and bakhtiari of lahbori sections. It has a height of less than 100 meters to 300 meters and a gradient of 2-0 percent to 20 percent. very intense: it covers about 22% of the basin's surface. The existing watersheds are of of class 2 and 3. The formations of this part are often alluvial and bakhtiari of lahbori sections. They have height classes of 100 to 300 meters and the gradient is 5-2 percent and is limited to 5 to 10 percent in the slopes.   Keywords: Vulnerability, Aquifer, zoning, Satellite imagery, Environmental hazards, Musian}, Keywords = {Vulnerability, Flood risk, Flood adaptation, Flood sensitivity, Golestan province.}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {101-118}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.2.101}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3232-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3232-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Ahmadi, Mahmoud and Alibakhshi, Zahr}, title = {The assessment of hot spots changes in Tehran and satellite based on land use and its role in urban heat hazards}, abstract ={Evaluation of hot spots changes in Tehran city and satellite based on land use and its role in urban heat hazards Expanded abstract Problem statement: Urbanization and human activities affect the urban climate and clearly affect the air temperature close to the surface. In Tehran and its satellite, factors such as climatic region, season, time of day and wind regimes, topography, urban environments, population density, residents' activity, vegetation structure and urban physical form play an important role in the formation of urban heat islands. The purpose of this research is to determine the type of spatial distribution of heat islands of Tehran metropolis and satellite cities using land use and land cover. Replacing natural land cover with impervious surfaces due to urban development has negative environmental, social and economic impacts, in addition to beneficial aspects. Most of the albedo belong to the built areas and the bare land and the smallest of the Albedo belong to the aquatic areas and vegetation. In this research, the hypothesis is whether the suburbs may have higher temperatures than urban areas depending on the type of land use? In fact, it is examined the spatial distribution of the heat island of Tehran and its satellites, in which the use of land and land cover are analyzed as a factor contributing to the creation, intensification or reduction of the thermal island. Methodology: Extraction and preparation of imagery data through the Landsat 7 Satellite ETM + sensor over the years 2001-2015 and selection of June as the hottest month of the study area. These images were extracted from Route 164 and Row 35 of the USGS. An assessment was carried out through the accuracy of ground surface temperature data by Landsat satellite images and obtained temperatures from the weather stations in the area based on the Taylor diagram. In order to investigate the spatial structure of the cells obtained in each map, each containing surface temperature and heat island extraction, it used the methods of world spatial autocorrelation (high and low clustering, spatial correlation) and local (Cluster and Outlier analysis, hot spot analysis). The high and low clustering statistics show how the concentration of high or low values ​​in the region. In the next step, the results of analysis of Anselin Local Moran and hot spots were compared in map format. Hot spots were analyzed in all studied regions and in all 7 cities. The area of ​​hot spots was investigated over the course of 15 years and the results were presented in table and diagram form. Land use was surveyed for every 7 county. In the last section were studied, the relationship between hot spots in each city and type and land use changes over 15 years. Surface spatial analysis of the surface temperature of the area showed that the cells follow a cluster pattern and their trend towards clustering. Any kind of land cover and land use will create special features in a place that can be increased or decreased with a specific microclimate. Explaining and results: After selecting the years 2001, 2005, 2010, and 2015 as the sample and survey of the temperature of each land use in that year, it was determined that artifact, pasture, bare lands, forest, aquatic areas, agriculture and green spaces were respectively have the highest to the lowest temperature in the area. On the other hand, in the area of heat island in a region are Rabat Karim, Ray, Islamshahr, Tehran, Shahriar, Karaj and Shemiranat, respectively. In spite of the reduction of aquatic areas and even bare lands, because of the large impact of green space or agricultural land was reduced the extent of heat islands during the statistical period, and on the contrary, the reduction of green space and agricultural land in places where even their forest areas have grown, has increased the levels of heat islands. This suggests that the dispersion and extent of green spaces has a more effective role in reducing the heat island compared with the creation of limited forest and planted surfaces in one place. Hence, in Tehran despite the significant growth of artifacts, due to the increasing growth of green space, the heat islands has been reduced compare with the Ray, Robatkarim and Islamshahr cities, which are exactly on its suburbs.   Keywords: Heat Island, hot spots, land use, Tehran, satellite cities.    }, Keywords = {Heat island, hot spots, land use, Tehran, satellite cities}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {119-134}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.2.119}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2982-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2982-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {EsfandiaryDarabad, Fariba and Layeghi, Sedigheh and Mostafazadeh, Raoof and Haji, Khadijeh}, title = {The zoning of flood risk potential in the Ghotorchay watershed with ANP and WLC multi-criteria decision making methods}, abstract ={The zoning of flood risk potential in the Ghotorchay watershed with ANP and WLC multi-criteria decision making methods     Extended Abstract Introduction Flood is one of the most complex and natural destructive phenomena that have many damage every year. The northwestern region of the country, due to its semi-arid and mountainous climate and thus of high rainfall variability, is one of the areas exposed to destructive floods. Flood risk zoning is an essential tool for flood risk management. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to determine the flood risk zones in the Ghotorchay watershed by using the analytical network process (ANP).   Methodology In this research,, with geographic information system (GIS), satellite images, synoptic station data, analytical network process and the combination of layers, the flood potential of has been modeled in the Ghotorchay watershed. The final map of flood risk based on a combination of factors and climatic and physical elements including land use, geology, vegetation, topography, slope and land capability was prepared. The weight of each criterion was determined by ANP method and used by weighted linear composition (WLC) method for spatial modeling and incorporation of layers.   Results The results of flood risk zoning showed that the Qal layers from geology, slopes of less than 3 precent, land capacity of units 5, 6 and 7, and as well as poor vegetation cover were identified as flood zones. The results obtained from the analytical network process model indicate the fact that part of the watershed is affected by the risk of flooding with the very high potential, which is mainly located in the downstream of watershed. For this reason, the streams of rank 3 and 4 are considered as flood zones and flood guide areas to the downstream areas. Also, river networks of 5 and higher ranks are in the range of floodplains or river coastal and usually have surface and extensive floods.   Conclusion The flood prone areas and providing effective solutions for flood management is one of the main steps in reducing flood damage. Therefore more precise management and control of basins with multiple dams, embedding flood alert systems in flood plain areas and performing basic measures is one of the most urgent measures to prevent, improve and control this natural disaster. Key words: Analytical network process, Biological protection, Floodplain, Flood risk assessment, Ghotorchay  }, Keywords = {Analytical network process, Biological protection, Floodplain, Flood risk assessment, Ghotorchay}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {135-150}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.2.135}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3191-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3191-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {jafari, mohammadreza and Asgari, Shamsullah}, title = {Zoning map Vulnerability of Flood Spreading areas (Case study: Musian Flood spreading station in Ilam province)}, abstract ={One of the causes of environmental hazards is the change in the pattern of surface water flow in floodplains following the construction of flood Spreading networks. The purpose of this study is to prepare a zoning map of vulnerable areas of the flood Spreading station of Musian plain  in Ilam province after the implementation of the aquifer project in this plain. To prepare this map, five factors influencing the change in flow pattern including elevation, slope, flow direction, geological formations, and landuse change were examined. Then, in the GIS environment, each class of the mentioned factors was given a score of zero to 10 based on the range and the corresponding weight layers were created. Then, by combining the created weight layers, the vulnerability zoning map of the area was created based on 5 classes: very low, low, medium, high and very high. The results showed that the most important threat and danger factor is the concentration of waterways behind erosion-sensitive embankments. Also, the study area in terms of vulnerability includes three classes with medium risk, high and very high and covers 16, 62 and 22% of the area, respectively. Flood and upland Spreading areas, risk areas and lowland lands are the most vulnerable parts of the basin in terms of floods and sedimentary deposits.}, Keywords = {Vulnerability, Aquifer, zoning, Satellite imagery, Environmental hazards, Musian}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {151-164}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.2.151}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3145-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3145-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {khaleghi, somaiyeh and hosseinzadeh, mohammad mahdi and fatolahatikandi, payam}, title = {Simulation of Kaleibar Chai River Changes Using CAESAR Model}, abstract ={River channel changes, bank erosion and sedimentation are the natural processes of the alluvial rivers that destroy the agricultural land and damage to human installations around the river. In the present study, the CAESAR model was used to assess the changes of the Kaleibar Chai River in order to measure the variation of 3 km of its main channel.CAESAR is a cellular automata model for river system evolution. CAESAR  is a cellular model  that uses a regular mesh of grid cells to represent the river catchment studied. Every cell has properties of elevation, water discharge and depth, vegetation cover, depth to bedrock and grain  size.  It  is  based  upon  the  cellular  automaton  concept,  whereby  the repeated  iteration of a series of  rules on each of  these cells determines  the behaviour of the whole system. CAESAR has a set of rules for a hydrological model, hydraulic model (flow routing), fluvial erosion and deposition and slope erosion  and  deposition.  For  every  model  iteration,  cell  properties  (e.g. elevation) are updated according to the rules, and the interaction between an individual cell and its neighbours. For example, the amount of fluvial erosion in a cell may depend upon the depth of water in the cell and the slope between that cell and its neighbours. For modeling, the input data such as topography (DEM), daily discharge (year 2012) and sediment grain size were prepared and then channel modifications were simulated. Channel changes were identified before and after the simulation by plotting profiles of each cross-sections and were analyzed sensitive to erosion and sedimentation.Six cross-sections were selected before and after simulation. Results showed that the channel geometry has changed. The width and depth and form of the channel have changed. And only the mean depth of the channels was changed in sections 1, 2, 6 and 4. The erosion was dominated in the cross- sections 1, 2, and 3 (the initial part of the main channel). Then the sedimentation was dominated in the cross- sections 4, 5 and 6.  }, Keywords = {Erosion and sedimentation, CAESAR, Kaleibar Chai River.}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {165-178}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.2.165}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3054-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3054-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {karampoor, mostafa and khamoshian, yeganeh and heidari, Hamed and amraei, fatemeh}, title = {The role of environmental and climatic factors on the transmission and emission of carbon monoxide in Iran in 2018}, abstract ={Air pollution, as one of the most important environmental hazards in urban areas, is closely related to weather conditions. Today, pollution in metropolitan areas has become an important issue that requires the study and presentation of practical solutions to improve living conditions in this area. Therefore, understanding the relationship between synoptic systems and air pollutants helps a lot in how to solve environmental problems and future planning. Therefore, in this study, compression algorithms of carbon monoxide emission and transfer from domestic and foreign sources were analyzed. For this purpose, GEOS-5 / GMAO / NASA satellite images were used. The results showed that the highest amount of pollution from the seasonal point of view is related to the cold and early morning seasons and the lowest is related to the early afternoon and hot season of the year. And Khuzestan are densely populated carbon monoxide cores. Low pressures of the eastern Mediterranean play an important role in reducing pollutants in the southwest of the country and in the south of the country, under the influence of atmospheric currents from the topographic cut of Bandar Abbas, air streams polluted with carbon monoxide are able to penetrate into the interior to the southern half of Kerman. Increased by low pressure systems in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The Zagros Mountains also play an important role in preventing the entry of pollutants produced by western neighbors into Iran. In summer, Iran is polluted by carbon monoxide carriers by monsoon currents from central and southern Africa to Iran and has caused a lot of pollution}, Keywords = {Keywords: Carbon monoxide, Compression systems, Monson, Atmospheric pollution, Topography}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {179-190}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.2.179}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3154-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3154-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Alijani, Bohloul}, title = {Geography and sustainable development}, abstract ={Geography and the Paradigm of Sustainable Development   Extended Abstract Geography and sustainable development The relation between society and environment has gone through different phases. During the years before the World War II, the environmental determinism controlled this relation. However, after the 1950’s the anthropocentrism replaced the environmental determinism and humans began to overuse the nature in such a way that nature lost its sustainability and many hazards and crises occurred. These destructions were so intense and widespread that some researchers compared with the episodes of geologic time and named the era beginning from 1970’s the Anthropocene epoch. During this period, the planetary boundaries were crossed in some areas such climate change, nitrogen cycle and biodiversity. Climate change has created most of other hazards. To overcome these problems in 1978 the Brandtland report   announced the sustainable development as not to spend resources more than the nature’s production capacity and not to pollute the nature more than it can assimilate. In other words, the nature should remain in its sustainable state so that the future generations can live with no limitations. The principles of the sustainable development were defined in the earth summit of Rio in 1992 such as social equity, economic viability, and environmental sustainability. These principles were broken down in 17 goals. The Rio conference asked all countries to achieve the sustainable development goals by 2030.  Methodologically the sustainable development requires integrated multidisciplinary approach to investigate the complex system of human- environment in different temporal and spatial scales to achieve the social equity, economic viability, and environmental sustainability. For this reason, many disciplines such as natural resources, environmental sciences, ecology and geography have contributed to the field. Different data from natural resources, human needs and drivers and environmental changes are required to process in very complicated models. In addition to different variables, the hazards are very important component of the sustainable development research, which also requires multi-aspect complicated approach and models. Spatial dependency is another aspect of sustainable development as it differs from place to place in many characteristics. In brief, from the spatial perspective the sustainable development is an integrated multi-approach research about the human-environment system to establish the sustainability on the earth. All of the related fields should study the sustainable development in collaboration with each other. However, the geography due to its long history of studying the relation between human and environment and its spatial dependency is the best single scientific field which can afford studying the sustainable development. Since the earliest times geography has developed quantitative methods, spatial techniques such as geostatistics, and environmental ethics to conserve the nature and human prosperity. The multi approach and systematic works are the main characteristics of Geography. On the other hand, Geography’s vision of defining the location for human’s activities while saving the nature’s sustainability covers the sustainable development completely. Therefore, geography is the overarching field for the sustainable development and it is the main intention of geographers to research and implement the sustainable development to reduce the environmental hazards and develop the sustainable environment for all the human beings at present and in the future. Geography studies the sustainable development through three steps including spatial analysis, spatial planning, and spatial management. In addition, geographers should learn different skills such remote sensing, multivariate statistics and above all develop a common language between different branches of geography.   Keywords: geography, sustainable development, environmental ethics, human nature relationship, Anthropocene, planetary boundaries, sustainability.    }, Keywords = {geography, sustainable development, environmental ethics, human nature relationship, Anthropocene, planetary boundaries, sustainability.}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {1-16}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.3.1}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3251-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3251-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Aalinejad, Mohammad Hossein and JahanbakhshASL, Saeed and Khorshiddoust, Ali Mohamm}, title = {Investigation of Temperature and Precipitation Changes in the Seymare Basin by Using CMIP5 Series Climate Models}, abstract ={Investigation of Temperature and Precipitation Changes in the Seymarreh Basin by Using CMIP5 Series Climate Models   Abstract Panel reports on climate change suggest that climate change around the world is most likely due to human factors. Temperature and precipitation are two important parameters in the climate of a region whose variations and fluctuations affect different areas such as agriculture, energy, tourism and so on. Seymareh basin is one of the most significant sub-basins of Karkheh. The purpose of this study is to predict the impact of climate change on precipitation and temperature of the Seymareh Basin in 2021-2040 period. These effects were analyzed at selected stations with uncertainties related to atmospheric general circulation models (GCMs) of CMIP5 models under two scenarios of RCP45 and RCP85 through LARS-WG statistical model. Then the uncertainties of the models and scenarios were investigated by comparing the monthly outputs of the models by the coefficients of determination coefficient (R2) in the forthcoming period (2021-2040) with the base period (1980–2010). The root mean square error (RMSE) calculations presented the best model and scenarios for generating future temperature and precipitation data.             The Seymareh catchment is the largest and the main Karkheh sub-basin that covers parts of Kermanshah, Lorestan and Ilam provinces. The length of the largest river at the basin level to the site of the Seymareh Reservoir Dam is approximately 475 km, and the area of the basin is 26,700 km2. Geographic coordinates of the basin are from 33° 16 ́ 03 ̋to 34°59 ́ 29 ̋north latitudes and 46°6 ́9 ̋to ̋ 5 ́ 0 ° 49 Eastern longitudes, minimum basin height 698 m at the dam outlet and its maximum height 3,638 m. It is on the western highlands of Borujerd. The information used in this study was obtained from the Meteorological Organization of the country. For this study, three synoptic stations of Kermanshah, Hamadan and Khorramabad, which had the highest statistical records and had appropriate distribution at basin level, were used. These data included daily and monthly temperature and precipitation information, and sunshine hours. The LARS-WG fine-scale exponential model was proposed by Rasko et al., Semnoff and Barrow (1981). We used daily data at stations under current and future weather conditions. In order to select the best GCM model from the models mentioned above, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, precipitation and sunshine data were entered daily in the base period (1980–2010) and data were generated for five models under two scenarios of RCP45 and RCP85 for the period 2040–2021. The data were generated in 100 random series and the mean of required variables (minimum temperature, maximum temperature and rainfall) were extracted monthly in the period 2021-2040. Then, root mean square error (RMSE) and determination coefficient (R2) were used to evaluate the performance of the models and compare the results. To ensure the models' ability to generate data in the coming period, computational data from the model and observational data at the stations under study should have been compared. The capability of the LARS-WG model in modeling the minimum temperature, maximum temperature, and radiation at the stations under study was completely consistent with the observed data. The model's ability to exemplify rainfall was also acceptable, however the highest modeling error was related to March rainfall. By comparing the observed and produced data including monthly average precipitation, minimum and maximum temperatures through five mentioned models with their indices, the best model and scenario for future fabrication were determined. The results of this comparison showed that among the available models, HADGEM2-ES model under RCP 4.5 scenario had the best result for precipitation and HADGEM2-ES under RCP 8.5 scenario predicted the best result for maximum temperature. Determining the best model, precipitation data, minimum temperature and maximum temperature produced in the selected models and scenarios were analyzed to investigate the climate change temperature and precipitation for the future period. The results of this study indicated that due to the wide range of output variations of different models and scenarios, by not taking into account the uncertainties of the models and scenarios can have a great impact on the results of the studies. It was also found in this study that the LARS-WG exponential model was capable of modeling precipitation data and baseline temperature in the study area, so that the radiation data, minimum and maximum temperatures were completely consistent with the data. The observations are consistent and the models' ability to predict rainfall is very good and acceptable manner. In investigating the uncertainties caused by atmospheric general circulation models and existing scenarios, the best model to predict precipitation in the study area is HADGEM2-ES model under RCP 8.5 scenario, the best model for temperature estimation model HADGEM2-ES under RCP scenario No. 4.5. The overall results of this study revealed that the average precipitation in the basin will decrease by 4.5% on average, while the minimum temperature will be 1.5° C and the maximum temperature will be 2.17° C. The highest increase will be due to the warmer months of the year. Notable are the disruptions of rainfall distribution and the high temperatures will have significantly negative consequences than rainfall reduction.   : Climate Change, Climate Scenarios, Uncertainty, LARS-WG, Seymareh.    }, Keywords = {Climate Change, Climate Scenarios, Uncertainty, LARS-WG, Seymare.}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {17-32}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.3.17}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3107-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3107-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Badri, Seyed Ali and Tahmasbi, Siamak and Hajari, Bahram}, title = {Sciento-metrics Approach to Disaster Resilience Studies in Iran}, abstract ={Investigation of Temperature and Precipitation Changes in the Seymarreh Basin by Using CMIP5 Series Climate Models   Abstract Panel reports on climate change suggest that climate change around the world is most likely due to human factors. Temperature and precipitation are two important parameters in the climate of a region whose variations and fluctuations affect different areas such as agriculture, energy, tourism and so on. Seymareh basin is one of the most significant sub-basins of Karkheh. The purpose of this study is to predict the impact of climate change on precipitation and temperature of the Seymareh Basin in 2021-2040 period. These effects were analyzed at selected stations with uncertainties related to atmospheric general circulation models (GCMs) of CMIP5 models under two scenarios of RCP45 and RCP85 through LARS-WG statistical model. Then the uncertainties of the models and scenarios were investigated by comparing the monthly outputs of the models by the coefficients of determination coefficient (R2) in the forthcoming period (2021-2040) with the base period (1980–2010). The root mean square error (RMSE) calculations presented the best model and scenarios for generating future temperature and precipitation data.             The Seymareh catchment is the largest and the main Karkheh sub-basin that covers parts of Kermanshah, Lorestan and Ilam provinces. The length of the largest river at the basin level to the site of the Seymareh Reservoir Dam is approximately 475 km, and the area of the basin is 26,700 km2. Geographic coordinates of the basin are from 33° 16 ́ 03 ̋to 34°59 ́ 29 ̋north latitudes and 46°6 ́9 ̋to ̋ 5 ́ 0 ° 49 Eastern longitudes, minimum basin height 698 m at the dam outlet and its maximum height 3,638 m. It is on the western highlands of Borujerd. The information used in this study was obtained from the Meteorological Organization of the country. For this study, three synoptic stations of Kermanshah, Hamadan and Khorramabad, which had the highest statistical records and had appropriate distribution at basin level, were used. These data included daily and monthly temperature and precipitation information, and sunshine hours. The LARS-WG fine-scale exponential model was proposed by Rasko et al., Semnoff and Barrow (1981). We used daily data at stations under current and future weather conditions. In order to select the best GCM model from the models mentioned above, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, precipitation and sunshine data were entered daily in the base period (1980–2010) and data were generated for five models under two scenarios of RCP45 and RCP85 for the period 2040–2021. The data were generated in 100 random series and the mean of required variables (minimum temperature, maximum temperature and rainfall) were extracted monthly in the period 2021-2040. Then, root mean square error (RMSE) and determination coefficient (R2) were used to evaluate the performance of the models and compare the results. To ensure the models' ability to generate data in the coming period, computational data from the model and observational data at the stations under study should have been compared. The capability of the LARS-WG model in modeling the minimum temperature, maximum temperature, and radiation at the stations under study was completely consistent with the observed data. The model's ability to exemplify rainfall was also acceptable, however the highest modeling error was related to March rainfall. By comparing the observed and produced data including monthly average precipitation, minimum and maximum temperatures through five mentioned models with their indices, the best model and scenario for future fabrication were determined. The results of this comparison showed that among the available models, HADGEM2-ES model under RCP 4.5 scenario had the best result for precipitation and HADGEM2-ES under RCP 8.5 scenario predicted the best result for maximum temperature. Determining the best model, precipitation data, minimum temperature and maximum temperature produced in the selected models and scenarios were analyzed to investigate the climate change temperature and precipitation for the future period. The results of this study indicated that due to the wide range of output variations of different models and scenarios, by not taking into account the uncertainties of the models and scenarios can have a great impact on the results of the studies. It was also found in this study that the LARS-WG exponential model was capable of modeling precipitation data and baseline temperature in the study area, so that the radiation data, minimum and maximum temperatures were completely consistent with the data. The observations are consistent and the models' ability to predict rainfall is very good and acceptable manner. In investigating the uncertainties caused by atmospheric general circulation models and existing scenarios, the best model to predict precipitation in the study area is HADGEM2-ES model under RCP 8.5 scenario, the best model for temperature estimation model HADGEM2-ES under RCP scenario No. 4.5. The overall results of this study revealed that the average precipitation in the basin will decrease by 4.5% on average, while the minimum temperature will be 1.5° C and the maximum temperature will be 2.17° C. The highest increase will be due to the warmer months of the year. Notable are the disruptions of rainfall distribution and the high temperatures will have significantly negative consequences than rainfall reduction.   : Climate Change, Climate Scenarios, Uncertainty, LARS-WG, Seymareh.    }, Keywords = {: resilience thinking, disaster resilience, disaster management, scientometrics, science mapping, co-word analysis, Iran}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {33-52}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.3.33}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3210-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3210-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {SalehipourMilani, Alireaz}, title = {Analyzing and Monitoring of Light Pollution in Iran Using Night Light Satellite Data (1997 to 2013)}, abstract ={Analyzing and Monitoring of Light Pollution in Iran Using Night Light Satellite Data (1997 to 2013(   Introduction Light pollution generally refers to an unplanned increase in artificial lighting and the consequent change in light levels is not guided (Lu, 2002). Light pollution is called standard pollution at an inappropriate time or place and is said to be annoying and polluting the environment and the night sky.Studies show that excessive exposure to artificial light, especially in the dark hours of the night, can be considered as light pollution and adversely affect the environment and humans. Studies show that excessive exposure to artificial light, especially in the dark hours of the night, can be considered as light pollution and adversely affect the environment and humans. The exponential growth of population and the rapid rate of urbanization and industrialization in Iran has significantly increased the amount of artificial light at night and increased the amount of light pollution. There are various tools for assessing night light variations, including operational linear satellite scanning data for the Meteorological Defense Satellite Program (DMSP / OLS). This data not only helps in assessing the severity of light pollution but can also be used as a tool for risk management and high-risk zoning and susceptibility of this pollution. This study attempts to analyze the spatio-temporal pattern of light pollution in Iran. Material and method This study was conducted at national and provincial level. DMSP / OLS night light images were used as data for this study. The data were downloaded from the National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) Office of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The brightness in these images reflects the night light in residential areas of DMSP / OLS night optical illumination from six satellites (F10, F12, F13, F14, F15 and F16) and the spatial resolution of these images is 850 meters. The calibrated digital data of the DMSP / OLS satellite are digital numbers (DN) of each pixel between zero and 63 and were therefore classified into 6 classes in order to better analyze the images was used. Classes with digital numbers (DN) less than 1 are as areas without luminosity, 1/12/4 with very low luminance, 12/24/4/8/8 with low luminosity, 24/37/2/2 with Moderate luminosity, 37 / 49-2 / 37 high brightness and 49-6 / 63 high brightness areas. The rate of change of digital number (DN) at the national and provincial levels, as well as the percentage and area of ​​each class in each time period, and the rate of change in each class over the period 1991 to 2001, 2001 to 2004, 2004 to 2006, 2006 to 2011, 2011 to 2013. In order to investigate the effect of human factors on night light changes, the relationship between night light and relative population density at country and provincial level and its variation over time periods were studied and statistical relationship between them was calculated. Discussion and Results The three provinces that occupy most of the area with the most glare in the provinces are: Tehran with 2621 square kilometers, Khuzestan with 2214 square kilometers (Figure E2), 3- Isfahan with 1891 sq. Km. In addition, the lowest luminosity area belongs to the three North Khorasan provinces (95 km2), South Khorasan (118 km2) and Ardabil province (127 km2). Have earned their own. mong the provinces of the country, DMSP / OLS Satellite and Satellite Provinces in 2013 are the most glare-free region of the country, covering an area of ​​about 168002 km, followed by Kerman provinces with 161800 km and Yazd with 121491 sq km is next in rank. The highest relative density of the country was observed in Tehran provinces (654 people / km2), Alborz (270 people / km2), respectively. This high relative density of population in these two provinces has increased the amount of artificial light produced so that Tehran province accounts for the highest percentage of night light area with very high brightness (8.8%) in 1996 and a total of 0.5%. 46% of the province is in the range of light with very low, low, medium, high and very high brightness, and the rest of the province lacks brightness at night, which accounts for the least percentage of night light in the country. Is. Alborz province has the second highest relative density of population in the year 1996 and at the same time after Tehran province has the highest brightness of light with 5/16. Conclusion The results of this study show that the amount of night light in the country has been steadily increasing from 1996 to 2013, and the percentage of the area with very low brightness has increased by 25.8%, for the low brightness area (111.8%). , Increased in the region with moderate luminosity 142.5%, in high luminosity region (140.2%), and in high luminosity region 156.8%, which could be a warning for the spread of light pollution in the country.. In 2013, the two provinces of Tehran, Alborz and Tehran provinces had the highest amount of artificial light in terms of area and percentage of the area with high brightness at night, and Khuzestan, Bushehr, Fars and Isfahan provinces. There are other provinces that rank next.   Keyword: Artificial Night Light, DMSP/O Satellite, Light Pollution, Iran    }, Keywords = {Artificial Night Light, DMSP/OLS Satellite, Light Pollution, Iran}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {53-72}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.3.53}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3064-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3064-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Ghanavati, Ezatollah and Saffari, Amir and Haghshenas, Ali}, title = {Morphometric indices of Asalouyeh, Varavi and Kangan anticlines in the Fars Zagros and their relationship with tectonic activity}, abstract ={ Investigation of morphometric indices of Assaluyeh, Varavi and Kangan anticlines in Fars Zagros and their relationship with tectonic activity   Extended Abstract Introduction Anticlines are the most prominent surface landforms whose geometry and morphology reflect mechanism of their formation and are keys to assessing the existence of deep faults that are effective in their formation and are among the most important seismic sources. Detachment folds are formed by buckling of the rock units in response to shortening and are typically symmetric folds. Alternatively, asymmetric folds at the surface may be forced by the propagation of thrust faults at depth (fault propagation folds) or result from thrust movements along footwall ramps in the sedimentary pile (fault-ramp folds).The Zagros folds have often been interpreted as completely detached along the Hormuz salt. Structurally, the study area is a part of the folded and coastal Zagros whose geological structure is simple and gentle and comprises a series of near-compact anticlines with a near-vertical axial surface and a northwest-southeast trend. Outcrops of lithological formations in the study area include Surmeh, Fahliyan, Gadvan, Dariyan, Kazhdumi, Sarvak, Ilam, Gurpi, Pabdeh, Gachsaran, Mishan, Aghajari and Bakhtiari. In the northwestern part of the Kangan anticline, uplift of salt diapir along the Darang Fault has led to the exposure of limestone, shale, dolomite and anhydrite units of the Khami Group. Assaluyeh is one of the most important economic bases in Iran and also one of the largest energy production areas in the world. With the rapid development of Assaluyeh region and increase of residential, urban and industrial constructions and refinery facilities, without attention to environmental hazards and especially earthquakes, it seems necessary to conduct this research. The aim of this study was to investigate the morphometric characteristics of the Assaluyeh, Veravi and Kangan anticlines and its relationship with active tectonics in the region. Methodology At first, topographic, drainage network, slope, slope direction and tectonic maps of the anticlines were prepared using digital elevation model data, Landsat imagery and field surveys. Then, the geomorphic quantitative indices of the fold front sinuosity, aspect ratio, fold symmetry index, fold surface symmetry index, anticline crestline index, fold elevation index and spacing ratio were calculated. Qualitative studies were carried out on drainage pattern indices, triangular facets, wineglass valleys, linear valleys, fault scarps, springs, alluvial fans, etc. Finally, the relationship between all geomorphic and tectonic parameters was analyzed. Results and discussion Fold symmetry index is one of the most important parameters that show the degree of inequality of the two limbs of the anticline and thus the intensity of tectonic activity. In a completely symmetric anticline, the value of this index is 1, while in an asymmetric anticline the value of this index is less than 1. The index values for all three anticlines are less than one, but the Asalouyeh anticline shows more asymmetry, indicating a high tectonic activity on the anticline. The fold front sinuosity index indicates the degree of tectonic activity or age of the folding system. The values obtained for this index in the three anticlines indicate that the anticlines are young and the tectonic forces are dominating the erosion. The high value of the aspect ratios indicates the elliptical shape of the anticline, which is caused by the high stress perpendicular to the axis of the anticline. The index for Varai, Kangan, and Asalouyeh Anticlines are 0.7, 0.5 and 0.5, respectively, which again indicates nearly high tectonic activity in all three anticlines. The spacing ratio index at the northern flank of Varavi and Assalouyeh anticlines and the southern flank of  Kagan anticline indicate a high value. Quantitative index of surface symmetry of folds also shows that all three anticlines are asymmetric and the asymmetry of Asalouyeh anticline is greater than Kangan and Varavi anticlines. The drainage pattern is another indicator that, in the absence of tectonic evidence, can be a key to identifying tectonic activity. The existence of asymmetric fork drainage networks is evidence of active tectonic evidence indicating lateral growth of anticlines. According to this criterion, Varavi anticline has grown to the northwest. Comparison of the valleys shows that most of the valleys in Kagan anticline are of wineglass type whereas in Asalouyeh and Kangan anticlines linear valleys are more abundant. Some of these valleys are formed along transverse faults. The presence of numerous alluvial fans in the slopes of the Varavi anticline, indicates rapid erosion of the valley bed due to the rapid uplift and increasing valley slope. The presence of elongated and narrow V-shaped valleys is another evidence of the high tectonic activity of this anticline. Conclusion In seismicity studies and identification of hidden or blind fault studies, geophysical and geotechnical methods are expensive, time-consuming and require special equipment and are performed on a small scale. With the availability of landforms and features, risk assessment will be done at a lower cost, faster, and on a larger scale, if a relationship between landscapes and earthquakes can be established. The geometry of the folds reflects the mechanism of their formation. Asymmetrical folds are associated with deep faulting and a detachment horizon, where the movement of sedimentary layers on the detachment horizon or at the tip of the hidden faults can cause an earthquake. The three anticlines of Assaluyeh, Varavi and Kangan are also part of the folded Zagros and have the characteristics of the folded Zagros. In this study we defined a new index related to fold morphology, called fold surface symmetry index. Also we used fold morphology to detect the presence of detachment horizons and faults in the core of anticlines and their relationship to seismic hazard risk. The results of this study show the transverse profile asymmetry of all three anticlines due to the association of these anticlines with the longitudinal faults in the anticline core and along their axes. The results of measurements of aspect ratios, fold front sinusitis, anticline ridge, and study of drainage patterns and tectonic landforms such as fault scarps, triangular facets, linear valleys also confirm the high tectonic activity of all three anticlines and the potential for earthquake hazard due to the movement of deep faults or any segments of them.}, Keywords = {anticline, Zagros, morphometry, active tectonics}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {73-92}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.3.73}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3057-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3057-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Barjas, Reza and Rostami, Noredin and Salehpourjam, Ami}, title = {Prioritization analysis of effective factors in non-participation of local societies in desertification projects (Case Study: Ain Khosh region, Ilam province)}, abstract ={Prioritization analysis of effective factors in non-participation of local societies in desertification projects (Case Study: Ain Khosh region, Ilam province)   Introduction Participation in social affairs is a commitment and acceptance of individual and social responsibility that all human beings will have to accept. This commitment and responsibilities may take the form of definite and unlimited activities. By increasing the population and the complexity of the goals and efforts of the human community to advance economic, cultural, social and political goals, we inevitably need partnership and cooperation. Participation means using personal resources to participate in a collective action. The first step is to increase popular participation in desertification initiatives, identify and remove barriers to effective non-participation in project implementation. The main objective of this research is to prioritize the factors affecting the lack of public participation in desertification plans using the FUZZY-AHP method and the Friedman nonparametric test.   Materials and methods The statistical population of the study consisted of households in Ein-e-Khosh village of Dehloran Ilam and experts of Ilam University and natural resources organization of Ilam province and Dehloran County with more than ten years’ experience in combating desertification issues. In this research, the indexes and sub-indicators related to library studies, questionaire from experts of the university, experts from the Natural Resources Department of Ilam province and Dehloran city, as well as referring to the region and interviews with the residents of the region were identified. Then, the questionnaire designed by the FAHP method evaluated by inconsistency rate and its validity and reliability by Likert scale, and finally tried to prioritizing them based on the following steps. First, the prioritization of the indicators was performed from the expert's point of view using Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP). Then, the prioritization of the indicators from the perspective of experts by application of Friedman test and finally, the priority of indices and sub-indicators by the local point of view with Friedman's test.   Results and discussion The findings of the research showed that the ranking of indices using Friedman's nonparametric test is based on the average rating from the viewpoint of residents of the region, respectively, economic index, design-executive, educational-promotional, and social. Also, this prioritization from the perspective of experts using the FUZZY-AHP test is design-executive, economic, educational, promotional and social priority, respectively. Also, the results showed that in the total of 15 identified subcategories influencing the lack of public participation in combating desertification projects, from the perspective of experts, the sub-design of the design-executive entitled "Short-term, mid-term and long-term non-planning for participation" with the average rating of 11.68 was the most important and the sub-index, "Migration of youth in the countryside" with the average rating of 3.59, is the most insignificant sub-indicator. However, from the perspective of residents in the region, the underlying economic indexes "disregarding people's income as a direct incentive to implement combating desertification projects" with an average of 11.24, the most significant and sub-indicator of the design-executive "lack of full allocation of funds during the implementation of combating desertification projects" with average rating of 5.63 is the most significant sub-indicator, which indicates that economic indicators and design-executive, along with the sub-indexes, are the most important reasons for non-participation of people in combating desertification projects in the study area. Due to the fact that the indicators and sub-indicators are identified based on the opinions of experts and locals in the study area, this has led to familiarizing the respondents with the research. In this research, the FAHP and Friedman test were used. According to the topic of the research in the field of public participation, the best tool for measuring the comprehensive statistical view of experts including experts and locals with regard to the study area is considered. In the reliability of the FAHP questionnaire, the responsiveness questionnaire has high reliability with regard to the multi-stage and multi-stage couples comparing method and the incompatibility rate test (mean 0.043 inconsistency rate). Cronbach's alpha test was used for Likert scale questionnaires. Results (Cronbach's alpha = 0.83) showed that the questionnaire had acceptable reliability. So, results is in consistence with other researchers' findings, including Saleh Pourjem et al. (2017).   Conclusion According to the results obtained from prioritization, it has been shown that in the subject of participation, in spite of the difference between the views of experts and the people of the region, in some cases, the main priorities in the discussion of non-participation are almost similar; these results are consistent with the studies of previous researchers such as Saleh Pourjem et al. (2017). It is suggested that the removal of obstacles to public participation in combating desertification projects be put on the agenda of trusteeship organizations and public participation in all stages of design, implementation and future protection in the combating desertification projects will be considered.   Keywords: People’s Participation, MCDM, FUZZY-AHP, Friedman Test  }, Keywords = {People’s Participation, MCDM, FUZZY-AHP, Friedman Test}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {93-106}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.3.93}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3213-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3213-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Goorabi, Abolghasem and Zamanzadeh, Mohammad and Yamani, Mojtaba and Pirani, Paris}, title = {Evaluation and comparison of the accuracy of fault and seismic data in fractal analysis of northwest Zagros tectonic}, abstract ={  Evaluation and comparison of the accuracy of fault and seismic data in fractal analysis of northwest Zagros tectonic Introduction Complexity of natural processes especially tectonic processes that shape landscapes cannot be evaluated by classic geometry. In comparison with integer dimension of Euclidean space, fractal geometry can analyze features with non-integer dimension (Turcotte, 1977:121). Fractal behavior in such features shows self-similarity that this component is independent of the accuracy of investigation (Baas, 2002, 311). In fact, fractal dimension, is scale-invariant (Phillips, 2002, 144). Spatial variations of fractal parameters are an important factor in studying the tectonic state of regions. By determining the fractal dimension of Linear structures such as faults, it is possible to compare their geometry disorder (Suk moon et al, 1996:5). This parameter affects seismic behavior of fault because earthquake is an event related to faulting (Bachmanov, et al, 2012: 221) and Their concentration in an area indicates tectonic activity. In this research we performed fractal analysis using box counting method on fault and seismic data of northwest of Zagros about different scales of fault and different time periods of earthquake epicenters of two organizations with various detail to find and examine their fractal behavior by fractal dimension. Methods Data in this research can be divided to three clusters: 1. Fault lines of two scales of geology maps (1:100000 and 1:250000), 2. Earthquake epicenters of two periods of times prepared by two organizations (20 century data of Institute of Geophysics and 1900-2020 data of International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology) and 3. The second cluster with exert of Magnitude of completeness of earthquakes that show the minimum magnitude above which the data in the earthquake catalog is complete. Fractal analysis applied on these data by box counting method. To achieve this goal firstly, under study area divided to 6 boxes that contain main fault trends horizontally and vertically (A: folded Zagros in west of Kermanshah, B: faulted Zagros around Kermansha and east of kermansha, C: folded Zagros near mountain front fault, D: An area between faulted and folded Zagros near Khoramabad, E: Area around Balarud fault and F: An area between Balarud and mountain front fault to faulted Zagros). To calculate fractal dimension of fault lines and distribution of earthquake epicenters, box counting method suggested by Turcotte (1997) were applied by using Hausdorff dimension, which in two quantity of size (side length of grids) and number (number of grid boxes containing earthquake epicenter or fault) are used to calculate FD (total fractal dimension) value (Schuller et al, 2001: 3). Relation between reciprocal of side length (quantity of size) and number of boxes containing point and linear features (quantity of Number) was drawn Logarithmically as a linear regression in Excel that shows fractal dimension. Result and discussion Larger values of fractal dimension indicate greater geometric disorder (Sukmono et al., 1996: 5). Analysis of faults of two scales represent that faults geometry is fractal and the amount of FD for scale of 1:100000 compared with scale of 1:250,000 is larger but their result approximately is same. The FD values for both scales are locate between 1 and 2 that expresses development of the fractal community of faults has a linear trend. On the other hand, for earthquakes, increase in FD values shows that earthquakes are not clustered and are distributed homogeneously (Oncel & Wilson, 2002: 339) along a line in understudy area. Calculated number-size values for faults and earthquakes represent both partial and popular FD changes. Based on partial FD, two populations can be classified: (a) Background with FD larger than popular FD; (b) Threshold with FD lower than popular FD. Conclusion Fractal analysis of faults of two scales of geology maps reveals that the order of active areas with high FD values in both scales are same but due to different details of faults in geology maps of geology survey and oil company, in scale of 1:100000 area labeled B and in scales of 1:250000 area labeled A is the most tectonically active region, however, area labeled E in both scales has lowest value. The order of active areas based on FD values for earthquake epicenters of 1900-2021 data of geophysics institute do not support other results because area labeled C with low density of faults and earthquake epicenters is in the first order and area labeled A is on the contrary of it. However, FD results of 20 century earthquake epicenters with exert of magnitude of completeness are reliable and higher magnitude of earthquakes spatially recent Ezgeleh earthquake in area labeled A is its evidence. Keywords: Fractal, Tectonic, Northwest Zagros, Fault, Earthquake  }, Keywords = {Fractal, Tectonic, Northwest Zagros, Fault, Earthquake}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {107-122}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.3.107}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3207-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3207-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Gharibi, Shiva and Shayesteh, Kamr}, title = {Application of Sentinel 5 satellite imagery in identifying air pollutants Hotspots in Iran}, abstract ={Application of Sentinel 5 satellite imagery in identifying air pollutants Hotspots in Iran   Shiva Gharibi1, Kamran Shayesteh2 1- PhD Student of Environmental Science, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran. 2-Assistant professor, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran   k.shayesteh@malayeru.ac.ir Extended abstract 1- Introduction Today, poor air quality is one of the most important environmental problems in many cities around the world. Air pollution can have a devastating effect on humans, plants, organisms, and human assets, and efforts are being made to anticipate and analyze the amount of distribution and transmission of air pollutants in order to minimize the adverse effects on air quality and climate. Among the most important air pollutants are (CO), (SO2), (NO2), (O3) and aerosols (AI). Numerous studies have been conducted on the monitoring of these pollutants based on information and statistics from pollution monitoring devices, but the use of satellite images in the field of monitoring and measuring pollutants has been limited. Due to the increasing growth of these pollutants, in this study, an attempt has been made to identify the average spatial concentration of the most important air pollutants as the actual sources of pollution on the scale of Iran from October 2018 to December 2019. Also, identifying the most polluted centers in Iran based on the average of 5 pollutants is another goal of this study. Therefore, the aim of this study is to demonstrate the ability of Sentinel satellite to monitor air pollutants, and the ability of GPW images to produce a population density map for the first time on an Iranian scale.   2- Methodology  Using the Python programming language in the Google Earth Engine program environment, various products related to CO, SO2, NO2, O3 and AI pollutant images, obtained from Sentinel-5 satellite images during the study period and in the scale of Iran, were obtained for monitoring of air pollutants and determination of pollutants focuses. The output variable is defined as a set of images based on the time filter (2019) and the spatial filter (Iran borders). The output of the average concentration of pollutants for each month is calculated separately and annually in these filters. Then, the spatial map of the average concentration of pollutants in the Arc map software was analyzed and statistical information related to the average concentration of these pollutants was processed by SPSS statistical software. To determine the hotspots in terms of all pollutants, the raster location map of each pollutant was classified using the Jenks algorithm. In order to identify the share of provinces and counties, the amount of pollutants was also analyzed by spatial statistics in GIS environment and using the Zonal Statistics command based on the defined administrative boundaries. The G statistic was used for Cluster analysis, and in order to identify Hot Spots and Cold Spots, Getis-Ord Gi statistic (Gi) was used in GIS environment.To determine the population of each province, the latest census information of Iran as well as satellite images related to the fourth version of Gridded Population of World (GPW) product were used. Finally, The Moran index was used to determine the pattern of pollutants distribution and the spatial autocorrelation.   3- Results  Spatial output from the processing of Sentinel-5 satellite images during the study period for identifying air pollution centers in Iran showed that the highest levels of nitrogen dioxide were recorded in the majority of cities in Tehran and Alborz provinces and then in the centers of other provinces. In the case of carbon monoxide, the highest rate is in Tehran and the coasts of the Caspian Sea and Khuzestan, and coastal areas of Bushehr and Hormozgan provinces. The highest amount of ozone is in the northern parts of the provinces of West and East Azerbaijan, Ardabil, Gilan, Mazandaran, Golestan and Northern Khorasan. Most of the dust was in the southern, eastern, southeastern and central provinces of Iran. The highest amount of sulfur dioxide pollutants is recorded in Tehran and then in the provinces of Khuzestan, Kerman, Hormozgan, Bushehr, Markazi, Qom, Isfahan and Khorasan Razavi. Provincially, the highest share of nitrogen dioxide is in the provinces of Tehran, Alborz, Qazvin and Qom. The highest provincial share of carbon monoxide is in Khuzestan, Gilan and Mazandaran provinces. The highest share of dust is in the southeastern provinces, including Sistan and Baluchestan, the highest share of sulfur dioxide is in Khuzestan province, and the highest share of ozone pollution is in the coastal provinces of Caspian Sea. Compliance of the average 5 pollutants with Google Earth images showed that the contaminated areas are located in the cities of Abadan, Imam Khomeini Port, Mahshahr Port and Ahvaz (Khuzestan Province), Tehran, Pakdasht (Tehran Province) and Assaluyeh Port (Bushehr Province). The results of comparing the average concentrations of pollutants in different seasons showed that there was no significant difference between CO, NO2 and O3 pollutants in different seasons, but suspended particles and aerosols in winter and autumn seasons have a significant difference with the amount of this pollutant in spring and autumn. Also, SO2 pollutant in autumn had lower concentrations than other seasons. The results of clustering analysis to determine the status of significant spatial clusters showed that the data are in the confidence range and have spatial auto-correlation and cluster distribution pattern.   4- Discussion & Conclusions  According to Sentinel-5 satellite images, most of the pollution centers in Iran are related to petrochemical industries and refineries, which are located in the cities of Abadan, Imam Khomeini port, Mahshahr port and Ahvaz (Khuzestan province), Assaluyeh port (Bushehr province) and common pollutants. By these centers are NOX, SO2, CO, suspended particles and aerosols. Also, other centers (Tehran, Pakdasht in Tehran province) are located in the most populous urban areas of, which have been identified as hotspots in high production of NO2 and CO, due to high population and urban traffic.  Due to the higher population density of Tehran and Pakdasht than other cities in Iran, air pollution can be more important in these cities. Therefore, the use of satellite imagery to monitor Iran's air pollutants and the location of hotspots can be very cost-effective and time-consuming.   Keywords: Air Pollution Monitoring, Sentinel, Satellite Imagery, Polluted Hotspot, Moran’s Index.  }, Keywords = {Air Pollution Monitoring, Sentinel, Satellite Imagery, Polluted Hotspot, Iran.}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {123-138}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.3.123}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3117-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3117-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Sharifipour, Laleh and ghanei-Bafghi, Mohammad-Javad and kousari, Mohammad Reza and Sharifipour, Ss}, title = {Comparison of the effectiveness of four artificial intelligence methods in predicting drought}, abstract ={Comparison of the effectiveness of four artificial intelligence methods in predicting drought Abstract Problem statement: Drought is a temporary disorder whose characteristics vary from region to region, therefore, it is not possible to define a complete and absolute definition of drought. Drought is one of the most important natural disasters that can occur in any climate regime. Since drought is unavoidable, it is important to know it in order to optimally manage water resources. Drought prediction can play an important role in managing this phenomenon. In other words, recognizing and predicting this phenomenon is one of the topics of interest for scientists who are interested in solving the problem of water shortage. More than 80% of Iran's area is covered by arid and semi-arid regions and lack of rain is a predominant phenomenon in this region. So far, several methods have been proposed to predict drought. Each method offers different results in specific conditions.  Therefore, identifying the best method for predicting drought in the climatic conditions of central Iran is essential.   Material and methods: In this research, in order to introduce a suitable method for predicting drought for the next month, four methods of artificial intelligence including Deeplearning (using the Alexnet network, one of the convoluted networks), K nearest neighbor algorithm (KNN), multi-class Support vector machines (SVM-MultiClass) and decision tree have been used. Monthly rainfall data from 11 syntactic stations of Yazd province during the 29-year statistical period (1988 to 2017) were used as experimental data. Standardized precipitation index (SPI) was calculated to indicate drought status in terms of severity and duration on 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 month time scales. Precipitation data was used as neural network input and SPI classification as network output and 80 percent of the data was used for training and 20 percent for testing the networks. In this study, the Recurrence Plot method was used to interpret the time series to convert these series into images and RG and B pages were created. To convert rainfall data into photos at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 month time scales, photo layers were created using a standardized rainfall formula, and by merging these three output layers into colored photos and black and white photos were obtained. Using three pages created in MATLAB software and merging them, the output was in the form of a photo, which was placed as the input of the Alexnet network. Combination of Recurrence Plot to create images and deep learning network for classification of drought data has been used for the first time in this research. To evaluate the effectiveness of the classification strategy, standard criteria of accuracy, micro-F1 and macro-F1 were used.   Results Description and interpretation:  The results showed that all networks were able to predict drought. However, on short time scales such as 3 and 9 months, the accuracy assessment criteria for some classes are zero and the methods of learning from these classes are practically ignored due to their lack of data. But on a larger time scale, this issue has been addressed and the data of those classes are well categorized. Deep learning network with image input could not predict well in the short term due to lack of data, but in the long term due to increased data has improved its performance and had the best performance. The SVM method at different time scales has shown unreliable and variable behaviors that can not be said to be a suitable method for predicting drought at different time scales. Decision Tree and KNN methods have been able to predict drought better in the short term than in the long term. The two methods have been closely related. .Based on the Deeplearning network macro-f1 evaluation criterion, the one-month time scale with 22.71% was the most inefficient method and the Decision Tree with 64.65% was the most efficient method, But with the increase in time scale, the Deeplearning network improved its performance, so that at the 24-month time scale with 65.35%, the best performance for the Deeplearning network followed by the SVM-MultiClass network with 57.40%. For future research, it is suggested that Decision Tree and KNN methods be used to predict short-term drought. In this study, with increasing the time scale and increasing the data used, these two methods have lost their effectiveness compared to the short term.   key words: Drought, Standardized Precipitation Index, Artificial Intelligence, Deep Learning, Alexent, Recarence Plot  }, Keywords = {Drought, Standardized Precipitation Index, Artificial Intelligence, Deep Learning, Alexent, Recarence Plot}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {139-156}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.3.139}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3106-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3106-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Mosaffaei, Zahra and Jahani, Ali and ZareChahouki, Mohammad ALi and GoshtasbMeygoni, Hamid and Etemad, Vahi}, title = {Risk modeling of plant species diversity and extinction in Sorkheh_hesar National Park}, abstract ={Risk modeling of plant species diversity and extinction in Sorkheh_hesar National Park   Zahra Mosaffaei1, Ali Jahani2*, 3MohammadAli ZareChahouki, 4Hamid GoshtasbMeygoni, 5Vahid Etemad   1 Masters of Natural Resources Engineering, Environmental Sciences, College of Environment, Karaj *2Associate Professor, Department of Natural Environment and Biodiversity, College of Environment, Karaj. 3 Professor, Department of Restoration of arid and mountainous regions, University of Tehran, Karaj 4 Associate Professor, Department of Natural Environment and Biodiversity, College of Environment, Karaj 5 Associate Professor, Department of Forestry and Forest Economics, University of Tehran, Karaj     Abstract Full identification of hazards and prioritizing them for non-harm to nature is one of the first steps in natural resource management. Therefore, introducing a comprehensive system of evaluation, understanding, and evaluation is essential for controlling hazards. This study aimed to model and predict environmental hazards following increased degradation in natural environments by ANN. Thus, 600 soil and vegetation samples were collected from inhomogeneous ecological units. Soil samples were prepared by strip transect method according to soil depth in four profiles (5, 10, 15, 20 cm). Vegetation samples were also collected using a minimum level method using 2 2 square plots according to the type, density, and distribution of vegetation. Sampling was done in two safe zones and other uses were modeled using ANN in MATLAB environment. The optimal model of multilayer perceptron with two hidden layers, sigmoid tangent function and 19 neurons per layer and coefficient of determination of 0.90. The results of sensitivity analysis showed that soil moisture content would be effective in decreasing biodiversity and flood risk as well as increasing the risk of extinction of endemic species in the region, and then the apparent and true gravity and soil porosity and distance from the road play a key role in the degradation of cover. Vegetation has increased flooding and extinction risk. Therefore, it is recommended that measures related to soil and vegetation restoration in this park be taken to reduce future damages as soon as possible.   Keywords: Modeling, Artificial Neural Network, Environmental Hazards, National Park, Vegetation  }, Keywords = {Modeling, Artificial Neural Network, Environmental Hazards, National Park, Vegetation}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {157-170}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.3.157}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3069-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3069-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Ebrahimi, Leila and Ilanloo, Maryam and Fajr, Sakineh}, title = {Evaluation of land use changes in coastal cities of Khuzestan province using GIS and RS}, abstract ={Evaluation of land use changes in coastal cities of Khuzestan province using GIS and RS   Abstract: Today, the expansion of human societies and greater environmental dominance have led to faster and wider environmental change than ever before. The speed and variety of this change in urban environments is greater than in other areas. The purpose of this study was to investigate the temporal and spatial variability of four coastal cities of Khuzestan province (Bandar Imam Khomeini, Bandar Mahshahr, Abadan and Khorramshahr) using land use measures over a period of 20 years 1997-2009 to accurately determine spatial-temporal pattern of changes. is. The method of the present research is quantitative and its dominance is dichotomous. To extract the land cover map data through Landsat satellite imagery from 1977 and 1998 taken by OLI and MSS5 sensors, the images were divided into four main classes (residential), vegetated areas, wetlands (rivers). And Bayer were categorized. After preparing land cover maps from TerrSat software was used to analyze land use changes and finally using the Markov chain to predict urban development trend in the study areas. The results show that Abadan and Khorramshahr have the most changes in vegetation use, while in the two cities of Imam Khomeini (Rah) and Mahshahr the most changes were related to the use of Bayer. Added to the timeline. Keywords: Spatio-temporal changes, Land use, TerrSat software, Coastal citie  }, Keywords = {: Spatio-temporal changes, Land use, TerrSat software, Coastal citie}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {171-186}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.3.171}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3100-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3100-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Mahmoodinasab, Fatemeh and Mohseni, Ne}, title = {Evaluation of the impact of pumping wells on variation in land subsidence rate and associated geomorphic consequences}, abstract ={Despite extensive studies on the relationship between land subsidence and groundwater level, less research were focused on the impacts of distance to pumping wells on variation of land subsidence area. This study presented the linkage between the ground surface displacement rate and groundwater pumping area and the associated geomorphic consequences. The land subsidence rate was extracted from Sentinel-1A images. Then, to evaluate the relationship between the ground surface displacement extent and distance from the pumping wells, 30 pumping wells were identified within the study area. Different buffers at specified distances (500, 700, 1,000, 1,300, 1,500, 2,000 m) were created around each well. To test the effect of the distance to the pumping wells on the spatial extent of critical and slight subsidence areas, average annual images of land subsidence were classified into two classes, including areas with a maximum subsidence rate and a minimum subsidence rate. Further, earth fissure identified by GPS were transformed to the land subsidence classification map. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the distances to pumping wells and displacement extent. The spatial extent of areas with the maximum subsidence rates decreased as the distance from the pumping wells increased. By contrast, the spatial extent of areas occupied by the minimum subsidence rates increased with increasing the distance from the pumping wells. Also, the density distribution of the earth fissures increased in areas with the maximum subsidence rate.}, Keywords = {pumping wells, earth fissures, field survey, critical area}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {187-200}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.3.187}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3214-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3214-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Bagherabadi, Rasol and Moeinaddini, Mazaher}, title = {Study of tropospheric ozone concentration trend of Kermanshah by meteorological parameter and ozone precursor and OMI images}, abstract ={Abstract: Clean air is a necessity for human well-being and health. Air pollution is a major threat to humans and other organisms and is considered as one of the environmental challenges. Today, with the increase in air pollution, the need to know more about the causes of its occurrence has been raised. The various consequences of air pollution have made air quality monitoring and control inevitable in all societies at the forefront of environmental issues. In recent years, air pollutants have caused serious risks to human health and the environment. One of these pollutants Tropospheric ozone is the cause of health and environmental problems, especially respiratory problems and lung dysfunction and asthma attacks. Other effects of tropospheric ozone can be reduced lung capacity, cough, chest pain, sore throat, condition Nausea, damage to plants (growth disorders and the effect on germination) and reduced tire life, hence, it is necessary to know and study the tropospheric ozone in large and industrial cities. Tropospheric ozone is a pollutant because it plays an effective role in converting primary pollutants into secondary pollutants. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the trend of changes in tropospheric ozone concentration with meteorological parameters, ozone precursors (nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen oxides). In this study, data from Kermanshah synoptic station and air quality station of Kermanshah General Department of Environmental Protection (Ziba Park station) in a long-term period of 10 years (2007-2016) have been used. Also, in this study using sensor images The OMI satellite Aura was surveyed in February and July 2016. Tropospheric ozone is known as a pollutant in Kermanshah. Therefore, no systematic studies have been conducted on the recognition of tropospheric ozone and the relationship between tropospheric ozone and meteorological parameters in Kermanshah over a long period of time. Tropospheric ozone and its relationship with changes in nitrogen oxides, nitrogen dioxide and synoptic parameters in Kermanshah were studied and the correlation between tropospheric ozone concentration and meteorological parameters was studied by Pearson test and the relationship between them was studied by linear regression. Based on the results. The maximum concentration of ozone occurs in the afternoon between 14:00 and 17:00 and the maximum amounts of nitrogen oxides occur at night and in the early morning of the year. Also, the study of seasonal changes in ozone concentration showed that in warm seasons due to the conditions of tropospheric ozone formation, including the intensity of sunlight, temperature and time of radiation and the presence of pollutants including nitrogen oxides, the concentration of tropospheric ozone was much higher. Ozone concentrations are highest in June, July, August, and spring and summer. The results also showed that there is a direct relationship between solar radiation and ozone concentration. Simultaneously with increasing solar radiation, it increases the air temperature, which increases the photochemical activity and thus increases the ozone concentration. This can be seen in the warm months of the year (June, July and August). Wind speed is also directly related to the concentration of tropospheric ozone. As the wind speed increases, the reactants mix faster and the tropospheric ozone concentration increases. However, precipitation is inversely related to the concentration of tropospheric ozone, which decreases with the occurrence of precipitation in the months associated with the onset of precipitation, and in the dry months of the year, the concentration is increasing. Therefore, meteorological factors and parameters play an important role in tropospheric ozone changes. Which can be seen by linear regression and Pearson test. The results of the study of nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen oxides showed that the highest concentration of nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen oxides during the day is the opposite of the concentration of tropospheric ozone and the lowest concentration of ozone occurs in summer due to increased solar radiation, increased oxidation of di Nitric oxide and nitrogen oxides, and as a result increase the concentration of tropospheric ozone, in autumn and winter, this amount has an increasing trend. Therefore, the trend of changes in tropospheric ozone concentration is the opposite of the concentration of nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen oxides, which can be seen in the daily, monthly and seasonal sections, which linear regression and Pearson test show this important and OMI sensor images confirm this fact. In conclusion of this study, all parameters related to the concentration of pollutants along with meteorological parameters have been effective factors in the concentration of tropospheric ozone. Keywords: air pollution, meteorological parameters, ozone tropospheric, NO2, NOX  }, Keywords = {air pollution, meteorological parameters, ozone tropospheric, NO2, NOX}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {1-16}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.4.1}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3221-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3221-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Mostafazadeh, Raoof and Safariyan-Zengir, Vahid and Haji, Khadijeh}, title = {Relationship analysis and the effect of climatic variables on road accidents (Case study Germi-Ardabil route)}, abstract ={Abastract Introduction Road accidents is the outcome of driver behavior, road condition, vehicle status, and environmental factors. Therefore, identification and assessment of effective parameters on road accidents can be considered as an appropriate way to reduce the accident events, driving violations and increase the road safety. Determining the effects of meteorological factors on the road accident events has gained more attention in recent years.   The The main objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the number of road accidents and the meteorological variables in the intercity road of Grmi-Ardabil in the Barzand route. Methodology: In this regard, the effects of climatic factors (including rainfall amount, the minimum absolute temperature, and the number of frost days) on the frequency of perilous events were analyzed. The data of accident events (in recent 4 years) were obtained from the trooper department of Ardabil Province along with the meteorological parameters of Germi station through a 11-year period. The statistical tests were performed using R programming software through statistical analysis. Findings and Discussion: The results showed that the majority of accidents were occurred in winter season which is in consistent with the frequency of frost days and also corresponded to the absolute minimum temperature. According to the results, the highest significant positive correlation at (R2= 0.43) was observed between the number of injured people and frost days. In addition, the relationship between the absolute minimum temperature and the number of were identified as significant negative correlation. Conclusion: As a concluding remark, the poor road conditions caused by climate element can be considered increasing the frequency of accident events. Accordingly, the proper strategies related to behavior change could be considered in setting the rules and regulations to reduce the accidents and the number of injuries. Keywords: Climatic hazards, Correlation analysis, Frost days, Minimum absolute temperature, Germi-Ardabil road  }, Keywords = {: Climatic hazards, Correlation analysis, Frost days, Minimum absolute temperature, Germi-Ardabil road}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {17-26}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.4.17}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3042-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3042-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Esmaili, Reza and abedinizadeh, fatemeh}, title = {Streambank erosion hazard analysis by BEHI method, case study: Sajadroud stream, Mazandaran province}, abstract ={Streambank erosion hazard analysis by BEHI method, case study: Sajadroud stream, Mazandaran province Extended Abstract Introduction River bank erosion is a complex natural process and plays an important role in the dynamic equilibrium of the river. The amount of river bank erosion affects the river plan, cross section and dimensions of the river and is the main factor controlling channel migration and the evolution of the river planform. This research was conducted with two main objectives, which are: 1. River bank erosion susceptibility analysis in incised rivers in mountainous areas, 2. Comparison of river bank erodibility with two methods original BEHI and modified BEHI. Method In this study, Bank Erosion Hazard Index (BEHI) and the modified BEHI method along a part of Sajadrood Stream in Mazandaran province have been investigated. The original BEHI (Rosgen, 1996, 2001) evaluates the river bank erosion field measurements. In this method, several parameters are measured, including bank height, Bankfull height, bank angle, root depth, root density, surface protection, bank material structure and stratification. From this parameters, the bank angle and height, root depth can be measured, but indicators such as plant root density and surface protection are visually estimated as a percentage. The score of each index varies from 1 to 10. The total scores of all indicators are classified into 6 groups: very low, low, medium, high, very high and extreme. Newton and Drenten (2015) Based on the modified BEHI proposed a protocol for estimating the river bank erosion. In this protocol, the lengths of similar riverbanks are first defined as a uniform section of bank. These uniform sections can be identified due to differences in bank slope, differences in bank material and a break in vegetation. The characteristics of uniform sections are then evaluated in a pre-screening questionnaire consisting of six questions. If the answer to two or more questions is "yes", there is a high probability of erosion and the BEHI evaluation will be performed. Otherwise, the measurement will not be taken because the erosion is low or very low. Result and discussion The study area was divided into four reaches and 36 sites were surveyed. These river reaches have a deep bed (incised), high slope, low sinuosity, low width to depth ratio and predominant cobble sediments in the bed. They are in type A3 according to the Rosgen River classification. The height of the banks of the stream is high and its average is 2.6 meters with a minimum and a maximum of 0.4 to 9.7 meters. The average height of bankfull was 0.44 meters and varied from 0.15 to 0.85 meters. Hence, the ratio of bank height to bankfull height has been high. The root depth of plants was low and their average was 0.34 meters. Root density of plants was also low and averaged 5.7% The stream bank angle is measured from 31 to 90 degrees and an average of 51degree. The percentage of surface protection varied between 25 and 65% and averaged 42%. From a total of 36 sites, 8% are in the medium group, 39% in the high erosion category, 45% in the very high erosion group and 8% in the extreme erosion category. Among the various variables, the β coefficients of the surface protection index and the ratio of bank height to bankfull height were -0.62 and 0.51, respectively. To evaluate the modified BEHI method, all reaches were first examined according to the pre-screening table and more than two "yes" answers were confirmed for each reach. In the modified BEHI method, 26 out of 36 sites were in the erosion group. But in the original BEHI method, 16 sites are in a very high class. The total score of the studied sites was evaluated by two BEHI methods with Pearson correlation coefficients, which obtained a coefficient of 0.21 and shows a relatively low correlation. Conclusion Sajadrood stream has high and steep banks due to the incision created in the channel bed. The deposition of large boulders at the toe of the streambank has caused its protection and the flood currents of bankfull are not able to carry this piece of rock. Under these conditions, calculating the ratio of bank height to bankfull height cannot indicate the erodibility of the streambank in the bankfull stage. Nevertheless, the erodible potential of the bank for larger flood currents is confirmed. Comparison of the original BEHI with the modified BEHI showed that the modified method has an overestimate than the original BEHI. Key word: river bank erosion, BEHI, Sajadroud, Mazandaran  }, Keywords = {river bank erosion, BEHI, Sajadroud, Mazandaran}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {27-40}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.4.27}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3157-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3157-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Sadidi, Javad and Bayazidi, Mansour and Rezayan, Hani and Fadaei, Hadi}, title = {Designing a Volunteer Geographic Information-based service for rapid earth quake damages estimation}, abstract ={Designing a Volunteer Geographic Information-based service for rapid earth quake damages estimation Introduction The advent of Web 2.0 enables the users to interact and prepare free unlimited real time data. This advantage leads us to exploit Volunteer Geographic Information (VGI) for real time crisis management. Traditional estimation methods for earthquake damages are expensive and time consuming. In contrast, volunteer and web-based service are near real time with almost no cost services. the lack of accessible real time data collection services causes delayed-emergency responses for disasters like an earthquake. This drawback is critical when we encounter a problem like buried people with valuable seconds for emergency rescue operation. The current research aims to design and implement a web-based volunteer data collection service for rapid estimation of earthquake damages and number of buried people. Methodology To investigate the capacity of VGI in rapid estimation of earthquake, a technical frame work based on the web technologies has been programmed and implemented. The designed service is comprised of server and client sides. The client side is a two-side browser-based service includes volunteers (users) and managers pages. On the user page, volunteers have a web page to enter and fill in the blank forms and taking a photograph of the target building and compare it with pictures. They watch the sample pictures in different level of damages and compare their building with the samples and give a grade of the most similar picture with their building. This grading process leads the server to analysis and classify the incoming data and create the heatmaps for managers. On the managers page two online discrete heatmaps for the both earthquake damages and buried people are displayed. In fact, the heatmaps present the online and real time quantitative situation of the building damages and buried persons as hot spots. These hotspots have the first priority for giving emergency services. The manager page also exploits query tools to request different level of details and classes from the server side. The server side is responsible for receiving, saving, spatial analysis and transmission of the requested result to the client side. This task is carried out by the exchange side. As the citizens are entered to the browser-based service and fill in the blank forms for building damages based on the mentioned guideline and report the buried people, These forms are transmitted to the server side and a geo-server performs spatial analysis including Heatmap, distance and clustering analysis. Then, a real time damage and buried people map are prepared and delivered to the client side. The server updates the created maps whenever a new data is submitted. By this, a real time damage and buried people maps are accessible for official managers to conduct a goal-oriented emergency operation and a preliminary earth quake damages on city building blocks. After the technical frame work has been designed, it was tested in Oshanvieh city by 132 volunteers on the scene for an earthquake. Results and discussion To investigate the capability of volunteer geographic information for earth quake afterwards, the designed service mentioned in the methodology was utilized on Oshnavieh city. It was assumed that an earthquake has occurred. 132 volunteers participated for the data collection process. According to the crisis management organization experts, 102 reports of the total 132 reports are correct that shows the accuracy of 76.52 percent. Besides the building damage level based on the defined guideline, the citizens also select their vital needs after the earthquake.   the most requested vital needs are warm stuffs, medicine, water and foods respectively. Unfortunately, the participation rate is ranged from some seconds after the earthquake to three days. This means that some citizens have filled and transmitted their data three days after the earthquake. In the following, a comparison between the designed service and traditional earthquake damage estimation methods (in situ) was carried out. The result shows that field-based methods for a city like Oshnavieh need about 20 days. However, the designed volunteer-based service what is programmed and implemented in the current research does this job by 3 days. Conclusion As the results show, the proposed service designed in this research implements the damage estimation process 6.5 times faster than the governmental procedures. This proves the efficiency of the research achievements. Besides the velocity, traditional damage estimation methods are expensive compare to volunteer-based data collection and processing which are almost free, scalable and pervasive. Keywords: Volunteer Geographic Information (VGI), earthquake damage estimation, heatmap, oshnavieh city.  }, Keywords = {Volunteer Geographic Information, Earthquake damage estimation, Heat map, Oshnavieh}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {41-54}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.4.41}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3139-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3139-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Sadeghinia, Alireza and Rafati, Somayeh and Sedaghat, Mehdi}, title = {Spatial analysis of climate change in Iran}, abstract ={Introduction Climate change is the greatest price society is paying for decades of environmental neglect. The impact of global warming is most visible in the rising threat of climate-related natural disasters. Globally, meteorological disasters more than doubled, from an average of forty-five events a year to almost 120 events a year (Vinod, 2017). Climate change refers to changes in the distributional properties of climate characteristics like temperature and precipitation that persist across decades (Field et al., 2014). Because precipitation is related to temperature, scientists often focus on changes in global temperature as an indicator of climate change. Valipour et al. (2021) reported the mean of monthly the global mean surface temperature (GMST) anomalies in 2000–2019 is 0.54 C higher than that in 1961–1990. Many studies have been done on climate change in Iran. These studies have mostly studied the mean and extreme temperature trends (Alijani et al., 2011; Masoudian and Darand, 2012). In general, the results of previous studies showed that the statistics of mean, maximum and minimum air temperature in most parts of the Iranian plateau have increased in recent decades. Also, the increase of minimum temperature is greater than maximum temperature. A review of the research background shows that we need to understand more about regional climate change in Iran. Therefore, present study performs the climate change of 14 extreme temperature indices using multivariate statistical methods at the regional scale. Data and methodology Historical climate observations including daily maximum and minimum temperature were obtained from the Iranian Meteorology Organization for the period 1968 to 2017 at 39 stations. In this paper, 14 extreme temperature indices defined by ETCCDI were analyzed. The indices are as follows: (1) Annual maxima of daily maximum temperature (TXx); (2) Annual maxima of daily minimum temperature (TNx); (3) Annual minima of daily maximum temperature (TXn); (4) Annual minima of daily minimum temperature (TNn); (5) Cold nights (TN10p); (6) Cold days (TX10p); (7) Warm night (TN90p); (8) Warm day (TX90p); (9) Frost days (FD); (10) Icing days (ID); (11) Summer day (SU); (12) Tropical nights (TR); (13) The warm spell duration index (WSDI) and (14) the cold spell duration index (CSDI). The extreme temperature indices were extracted using R software environment, RclimDex extension. The Mann–Kendall Test and Sen’s Slope Method was employed to assess the trends in 14 extreme temperature indices. To identify homogeneous groups of stations with similar annual thermal regimes, Principal Component analysis (PCA) and Clustering (CL) was applied. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to investigate the relationship between height and trend slope. Result All the extreme temperature intensity indices (TXx, TNx, TXn, and TNn) showed increasing trends during 1968 to 2017. The increasing trends of TXx, TNx, TXn, and TNn were 0.2, 0.3, 0.44, and 0.5 ° C per decade, respectively. These results indicated that the extreme warm events increased and the extreme cold events decreased. The average of the extreme temperature frequency indices over Iran showed that the frequency of warm night (TN90p) and warm day (TX90p) significantly increased with a rate of 6.9 and 4.2 day per decade, respectively. Also, the frequency of cold night (TN10p) and cold day (TX10p) significantly fell with a decrease rate of 3.8 and 3.8 day per decade, respectively. The frequency of warm nights (TN90p) was higher than that of warm days (TX90p). The result indicated that the trend of nighttime extremes were stronger than those for daytime extremes. The average of frost days (FD) and icing days (ID) indices over Iran showed decreasing trends during 1968 to 2017 with rates of 3 and 1.1 d per decade, respectively. While, the averaged of summer days (SU) and tropical days (TR) indices over Iran showed increasing trends with rates of 4.4 and 6.4 day per decade, respectively. The warm spell duration index (WSDI) indices showed a clear increase, with a rate of 2.1 per decade. In contrast the cold spell duration index (CSDI) showed a significant decrease, with a rate of 1.7 per decade. In general, the cold indices displayed decreasing trends, whereas the warm indices displayed increasing trends over most of Iran. Pearson correlation coefficient between height and Sen’s Slope was estimated to be equal to -0.62 (p < 0.01). In general, the results of this study showed that there is a negative correlation between the elevation factor and the Sen’s Slope of warm extreme indices. That is, as the altitude decreases, the Sen’s Slope increases. Therefore, the stations located in low altitude have experienced stronger increasing trends than in high altitude. The area of ​​Iran was classified into four clusters using PCA and CL methods. Cluster 1 has experienced the strongest increasing trends. The average height of cluster 1 is 535 meters. Approximately 38% of the studied stations were located in cluster 1. Cluster 2 showed a moderate heating trends. 33% of the stations were located in cluster 2. Most of the stations of cluster 2 are located in the northwest and west of Iran. Cluster 3 showed a weak increasing trends compared to clusters 1 and 2. The stations of cluster 3 did not show a special geographical concentration and were scattered in all parts of Iran. 18% of the studied stations are located in cluster 3. The stations of Cluster 4, have experienced weak decreasing trends, which was different from the other three clusters Conclusion In this study we analyzed the climate change of extreme temperature indices in Iran. The result showed that the frequency of warm nights, warm days, summer days and tropical days increased. Also, the frequency of cold nights, cold days, Frost days and icing days decreased. The warm spell duration index showed a clear increase. In contrast the cold spell duration index showed a significant decrease. In general, the extreme warm events increased and the extreme cold events decreased over most of Iran. There is a negative correlation between the elevation factor and the Sen’s Slope of extreme warm indices (R = -0.62). Therefore, the stations located in low altitude have experienced stronger increasing trends than in high altitude. The area of ​​Iran was classified into four clusters using PCA and CL methods. Cluster 1 has experienced the strongest increasing trends. The average height of cluster 1 is 535 meters. Therefore, the most heating have occurred in Low-lying areas of Iran. Cluster 2 and Cluster 3 showed a moderate and weak heating trends, respectively. The stations of Cluster 4, have not experienced clear trends. Key words: climate change; Extreme temperature; clustering; Iran  }, Keywords = {climate change, Extreme temperature, clustering, Iran}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {55-70}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.4.55}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3253-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3253-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Arabi, Zahra and badraghnejad, Ayub}, title = {Correlation Analysis and Analysis of Drought Time Series Based on Modis Satellite Images and Standardized Precipitation Climatic Index (SPI) on the eastern slope of Zagros}, abstract ={Introduction Drought is one of the environmental disasters that is very frequent in arid and semi-arid regions of the country. Rainfall defects have different effects on groundwater, soil moisture, and river flow. Meteorological drought indices are calculated directly from meteorological data such as rainfall and will not be useful in monitoring drought if the data are missing. Therefore remote sensing technique can be a useful tool in drought measurement. Drought is a recognized environmental disaster and has social, economic, and environmental impacts. Shortage of rainfall in a region for long periods of time is known as drought. Drought and rainfall are affecting water and agricultural resources in each region. Materials & Methods The present study is a descriptive-analytic one with emphasis on quantitative methods due to the nature of the problem and the subject under study. In this study, the Tera Sensor Modis satellite images from 2000 and 2017 were used to verify the existence of wet and drought phenomena. In the next step, by examining the rain gauge and synoptic data of the existing stations and using a standardized precipitation index model of three months (May, June and April), the sample was selected. Next, we compared the temperature status indices (TCIs) and vegetation health indices (VHIs) in these three months to determine the differences in these indices over the three months. Modi satellite Tera satellite was used to find out the vegetation status in the study area. Subsequently, using the condition set for the NDVI layer, the vegetation-free areas were separated from the vegetated areas. Experimental method was used to determine the threshold value of this index. For this purpose, different thresholds were tested, with the optimum value of 1 being positive. NDVI is less than 1 plant-free positive and more than vegetation-free. MODIS spectral sensing images for ground surface temperature variables, with a spatial resolution of 1 km, including bands 31 (bandwidth 1080/1180 central bandwidth / 11.017 spatial resolution 1000 m) and 32 bands- 770/11 Central Wavelength Band 032/12 Spatial Resolution Power (1000 m) Selected for months that are almost cloudless. All images have been downloaded from the SearchEarthData site and have been edited. The total rainfall of June, April, and May for the 20-year period was provided by the Meteorological Organization of Iran. ARC GIS software and geostatistical methods were used to process the Excel data. Also, to estimate the correlation between the data Pearson's correlation coefficient was used. Results & Discussion The standardized precipitation index is a powerful tool in analyzing rainfall data. The purpose of this study was to compare the relationship between remote sensing indices and meteorological drought indices and determine the efficiency of remote sensing indices in drought monitoring. Correlation between variables with SPI index was evaluated and calculated. The results of the indicators are different, so a criterion should be used to evaluate the performance of these indicators. SPI index on quarterly time scale (correlated with vegetation) as the preferred criterion Selected. According to the results of correlations, the TCI index with the SPI index had a strong correlation with other indices. In the short run, this index has the highest correlation with thermal indices at 1% level. The correlation between meteorological drought index and plant water content and thermal indices increases with increasing time interval. Positive correlation between vegetation indices and plant water content with meteorological drought indices indicates that trend of changes is in line. Therefore, the TCI index makes drought more accurate and is a better method for estimating drought. Conclusion The results showed that among the surveyed fishes, the highest drought trend was observed in the eastern part of these provinces and covered more than 50% of the area. The trend of changes in this slope was statistically significant. According to the results of correlations, the TCI index with the SPI index had a strong correlation with other indices. It can also be concluded that the Modis images and the processed indices along with the climate indices have the potential for drought monitoring. Using maps derived from drought indices can help improve drought management programs and play a significant role in mitigating drought effects. Keywords Drought, remote sensing, correlation, climate index.  }, Keywords = {Drought, remote sensing, correlation, climate index.}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {71-88}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.4.71}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3115-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3115-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Parizadi, Taher and Fasihi, Habibollah and Agah, Fah}, title = {Spatial analysis of the factors influencing households direct energy consumption and CO2 emission in Ardabil}, abstract ={Spatial analysis of the factors influencing households’ direct energy consumption and CO2 emission in Ardabil Problem Statement Carbon management and its production resources are important not only for the preservation of non-renewable resources but also for the prevention of global warming and its adverse consequences. Direct consumption of fuel and energy by households plays a major role in CO2 production and it’s spatial distribution. Therefore, in order to plan and manage carbon emissions, it is very important to identify the factors influencing household energy consumption. This paper aimed to investigate the relationship between household characteristics such as age, income, family size, household head age, house area, etc. and energy consumption which ordinally results in more emissions. The study area is Ardabil city. It has an area of 6289 ha and a population of about 530000 people. Research Method Consumption of natural gas, electricity and car fuel has been the criteria for determining the amount of household energy consumption. The data of the first two cases obtained from the bills of household’s consumption and the data of car fuel consumption and the other other required data, were collected through a survey as well. Based on the Cochran's formula, statistical samples including 383 households were selected as a sample of the households residing in Ardabil. A questionnaire was also used to collect the data. Data on energy consumption variables were first converted to Mj and then converted to CO2 emissions.  The data was then entered into Arc GIS to draw spatial distribution maps using Kriging interpolation Tool. Finally, using TerrSet Geospatial Monitoring and Modeling System software, the spatial relationship maps were produced and the adjusted R values were calculated. Findings and Conclusions Findings demonstrate that in Ardabil, household fuel consumption cause to an emission of more than  226,515 grams of CO2 per household every month which is three times more than the mean value for all the Iranian households. In the study area, the average amount of energy consumption and carbon emission of households residing in municipality districts 2 and 3 are higher than same figure for all the households residing in the city. In contrast, in the municipality districts of 1 and 5, energy consumption and CO2 emission are lower than the mean value for the whole Ardabil households. In district 4, the figure is very close to the mean value for all the households. More than 80 percent of household CO2 emission emitted from fuel consumption in homes and this ratio is almost the same throughout the city and in all municipality districts. After that, the ratio of transportation CO2 emission is about 15%, and electricity consumption has a ratio of less than 5% as well. In four lots located in the southwest, north, northeast and the center of the city, every year, households emit less than 172640 g/m of CO2. In contrast, in 4.8% of the city surface area, the lots located in southwestern and southeastern, households’ emission of CO2 is the most (more than 308923 g/m). The adjusted R, which represents the spatial relationship between the variables with CO2 emission, for all the 11 variables, were 0.67, 0.66, 0.72, 0.80, 0.87 and 0.88 for the city, district 1, district 2, district 3, district 4 and district 5 respectively and these values indicate that there is a high correlation between these variables. The highest adjusted R values (0.8 and more) belong to the strip-shaped lots locate in the central and eastern fringes of the city and they cover almost half of the surface area of district 2 and a small part of district 1. Areas where R value is less than 0.2 cover almost the whole surface of district 5 in the northeast of the city. Also, variables of “number of people who have a driving license in any household”, “household head age”, “household size and “house surface area”, represent a high correlation between these variables and CO2 emissions. Also, the correlation between the variables level of “education of household head”, “household head income” and “having electrical appliances” indicate that there is the lowest correlation between the variables and with CO2 emissions. Key Words: Energy, CO2, Household consumption, Spatial relation, Ardebil  }, Keywords = {Energy, CO2, Household consumption, Spatial relation, Ardebil}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {89-102}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.4.89}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3124-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3124-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Asakereh, Hossein and Masoodian, Seyed Abolfazl and Tarkarani, Fatemeh}, title = {Spatial Analysis of variation of inter-annual distribution of precipitation in Iran over recent decades (1970-2016)}, abstract ={Introduction Geographical situation of Iran is a place for interacting many physical and human processes which lead to specific precipitation climatology in the country. The month to month variation of precipitation is one of  the features which the precipitation climatology may reflect due to tempo - spatial characteristics. In fact, monthly distribution of precipitation is one of precipitation normal features building up the climate structure. In order to recognize this fundamental characteristic three following questions have been raised: 1) Have the month to month distribution of precipitation changed over recent four decades? 2) How is the pattern of relationship of month to month distribution of precipitation and spatio - topographical variables? 3) Is it possible to find a spatial pattern for decadal changes of precipitation of month to month distribution? Data and Methods In order to find a responses for the abovementioned questions the distribution of month to month precipitation and its decadal changes was considered by adopting coefficients of variations (CV) for 46 years (1970-2016)  and using the third version of Asfazari dataset. The relationship of precipitation data and spatio-topographical variables calculated based on regression techniques. Moreover, the spatial pattern considered by using cluster analysis.  The CV calculated as follow: here ،،  are ith raw's and jth column's CV, standard deviation, and monthly mean, respectively. CV and its relationships with spatio-topographical variables were calculated in two temporal scale, for whole the under investigation period (1970-2016) and in decadal period for four decades (1977-1986, 1987-1996, 1997-2006, 2007-2016). Discussion  The results of current study proved that the month to month different in precipitation amounts have had spatial variations, whilst the temporal trends is not statistically significant. In addition, the minimum, maximum, and consequently, the range of values also the averages have not experienced significantly changes. However, the region experiencing the same values of precipitation illustrated oscillatory behavior. Accordingly, the decadal variations have happened in different areas. Although the there have been statistically significant relationships between monthly CV and spatio - topographical factors, the correlations were low. Based on cluster analysis, we found 5 regions according to CV and its anomalies in compares with normal CV for all under investigation period. These regions generally follow the latitudes from 32 N toward northern latitudes, whilst the region in the south of 32 N generally follow the longitude patterns. Results Precipitation is known a chiastic and complicated climate element. One of chiastic behaviors which precipitation shows in its different time - scale behavior is its month to month distribution among a given year. In current research the decadal variation of  above-mentioned behavior among recent four decades and the variation of its relationships and the spatio - topographical features , as parts of climate structure of the country, have investigated in details.  Our finding illustrated that the month to month different in precipitation amounts have had tempo - spatial variations, whilst the temporal long - term trends is not statistically significant. Moreover, the values of minimum, maximum, and consequently, the range of month to month CV also the decadal averages have not experienced significantly changes over four under study decades. However, the region experiencing the same values of precipitation depicted oscillatory behavior. consequently, the decadal variations have happened in different areas. Although there have been statistically significant relationships between monthly CV and spatio - topographical variables, the correlations were not considerably high. Based on cluster analysis technique, we found 5 regions according to CV and its anomalies in compares to normal CV for all under study decades. These regions generally follow the latitudes from 32 N toward northern latitudes, whilst the region in the south of 32 N generally follow the longitude patterns. KeyWords: Iran precipitation, Month to month changes in precipitation, Inter annual variation of precipitation, Precipitation anomaly, Spatial analysis of precipitation  }, Keywords = {Iran precipitation, Month to month changes in precipitation, Inter annual variation of precipitation, Precipitation anomaly, Spatial analysis of precipitation}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {103-122}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.4.103}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3146-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3146-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Mohammadpour, Kaveh}, title = {Application of multivariate techniques in-line with spatial regionalization of AOD over Iran}, abstract ={Application of multivariate techniques in-line with spatial regionalization of AOD over Iran Introduction Models, satellites and terrestrial datasets have been used to detect and characterize aerosol. Nontheless, micoscale classification using remote sensing parameters considers as a deficiency. Thus, regionalizion and modeling aerosol without regard to political boundaries or a specific stations over Iran  demonstrates the spatial distribution of simple AOD structures. Materials and methods  Present study attempted to simulate and detect homogeneous areaes of aerosol in Iran using AOD (areosol optical depth) datast at 550 nm across Iran. Among the eigen techniques, principal component analysis (PCA) is the most applicable and controversial classification applied as multivariate analysis approach. In the line of the target, PCA, S-Mode separate the AOD subgroups with similar correlations. In the mode, m time series apply to each n station or grid points as a variable in the analysis, which is the territory of the region or geographical area. Mathematically, if the input data column in the Z matrix is applied as mathematical variables and the Z matrix has n points in the time series and m is the time step, then in the Zs decomposition has 3654×9985. In addition, the scree test and North's rule were used to cut-off the principal components and to select the number of appropriate special vectors to be kept. Results and Discussion For the study purpose, 85 percentaile of loadings were used to determine AOD areas over Iran. Using the method, the spatial patterns of Iran's aerosolshave been divided into six subregions, which are the major centers affected by the AOD. These major AOD hotspots affect by AOD extermes that are originated from aerosol surrounding sources. So that, the geographical location of sources areas have caused the northeastern atmosphere of Iran to be influenced by severe storms originating from the Karakum Desert. The same is correct concerning the East and Southeast regions. While, the intensification and transfer of aerosol from the Sistan plain to the south is increased AOD load over southeast Iran. Moreover, this study revealed a set points associated with distinguishing spatial differences between the west-northwest and southwest regions as well as central region that have not addressed in previous studies because of focus on ground-based observations. Also, the method illustrated that formation of the identified regions are a function of the volume, growth, and spread of aerosol particles resulting from the source regions in the Middle East. Finally, the classification techniques converting dynamic phenomenon such as aerosol into simpler structures presented a interpretable understanding of the geographical distribution of the phenomenon. Conclusion The present study identified the spatial patterns of AOD hotspots into six distinct regions including northeast, west-northwest, southeast, southwest, central and eastern Iran affected by the aerosol as well as major centers or high gradient areas. In addition, the present study not only supported by previous studies, but also it  make sense a regionalization that was neglected by former studies, whileseperated  the boundaries of the AOD areas without considering  provincial boundaries. Overall, the classification techniques, PCA, simplified a dynamic phenomenon such as aerosol into a simpler and illustrated geographical and interpretable understanding of the spatial distribution of the phenomenon. Keywords: Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), Multivariate Techniques, Regionalization, Iran  }, Keywords = {Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), Multivariate Techniques, Regionalization, Iran}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {123-140}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.4.123}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3168-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3168-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {hashemi, sedigheh and taghdisi, ahmad and azizpur, farh}, title = {Explaining of housing vulnerability in rural areas Case Study: Neyriz Township}, abstract ={Introduction Rural areas are more vulnerable to earthquake hazards than urban areas but the vulnerability of rural areas has always been neglected and few studies are worrying about it. Given the importance of villages and played the crucial role in socio-economic development and national security, providing adequate housing for villagers and addressing the problems in this area, in particular, providing them with security and relieving their vulnerability are of particular importance. One of the policies of Iran to reduce the risk of damage; improvement and rehabilitation of rural housing by the Housing Foundation of the Islamic Revolution Which has become one of the most important strategies in Iran due to the extent of natural disasters and their financial and financial losses and their expectations beyond ensuring security against accidents are also a continuation of rural life. neyriz Township is subjected to major and minor faults that the existence of these faults and the probability of earthquake causes vulnerability of the villages of the region. The housing estate of the Islamic Revolution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, from 2004 to 2013, has provided 5255 villagers of more than 20 households with facilities for the renovation and renovation of houses. The number of facilities was paid to 66 villages of more than 20 households in the city and supervision of the construction process was carried out. So what seems to be important is the activity that the Housing Foundation has had in its housing estate, its impact on the rural areas, and how much it has been able to achieve resistance and stability in rural housing; in addition to what degree, they have been able to influence their satisfaction. Therefore, the present study addresses the vulnerability of rural dwellings. In this regard, vulnerability is initially studied then the satisfaction of the villagers is examined finally, the share of each vulnerability level criterion is measured on the satisfaction of the villagers and appropriate solutions. Data and Methodology  The research methodology is based on its descriptive-analytical nature. Data gathering was conducted through surveying, library and field method. A small portion of the sample includes 230 households from 18 rural in the Neyriz Township. Reliability of the questionnaire was calculated using Cronbach Alpha (alpha = 0.79). In the qualitative section for the implementation of grounded theory, an interview was conducted with 40 villagers. Results and Discussion By studying the vulnerability of rural nursing homes in the Township of Neyriz, the villages of the studied villages are in an unfavorable position in terms of economic and social dimensions. Objective satisfaction indicators show that 51.8% of the villagers' homes were constructed responsive to concrete. 80.4% of the walls of the houses are made with bricks. The roofs of the houses are covered with 75% block and block. Of the studied rural households, 94.6% have personal housing and only 5.4% of the tenants. In the area of providing services in residential units, all the studied villages have water, electricity, telephone and 2.05 villagers are satisfied with the crop of agricultural products, parking lots, agricultural machinery and heating and cooling equipment for their housing. Conclusion  Findings showed that the vulnerability of rural housing is not only physical and environmental in nature, but also in social, economic and institutional-organizational dimensions. Meanwhile, vulnerability in physical and environmental dimensions in the study area is lower than other dimensions. Therefore, the existence of unstable housing in rural areas has led to a decline in their quality of life. This situation is strongly influenced by internal and external factors and forces. The lack of financial support, the traditional housing structure, poor design, poor monitoring and enforcement, social constraints, lack of building facilities, weaknesses in government support and regulatory policies, and government institutions are among the main problems of rural dwellings. According to interviews with villagers, the following solutions can be made to reduce rural housing problems:  - The costs of facilities and infrastructure are not at the expense of villagers. Therefore, the creation of continuous financial resources for councils and departments can be open.  - Reducing the problems and obstacles facing applicants for loan use (through increasing credit, decreasing profits and raising the age), providing welfare services and reducing the total poverty of the rural community, granting loans or with benefits and installments Low for women-headed households; increasing the number of borrowers and creating rural people's interest and motivation for living in the countryside.  - Preserving indigenous architecture, using indigenous materials, avoiding blind imitation of urban housing, etc., are unfortunately much neglected, and new rural houses have become homogeneous and adapted to the natural and physical environment of the countryside. - In anti-poverty programs, the problems of villagers have been underestimated, which has led to their vulnerability. Therefore, investing in villages, creating complementary agricultural businesses, increasing production and, consequently, increasing rural incomes, can accelerate the growth and development of this sector.Energy saving is considered to be a problem with rural housing problems in terms of access to fossil fuels and mechanical equipment for heating and cooling buildings.  Key words: Vulnerability, pathology, Earthquake, Neyriz Township  }, Keywords = {Vulnerability, pathology, Earthquake, Neyriz Township}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {141-156}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.4.141}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3113-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3113-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {AsghareSaraskanrod, Sayyad and Jalilian, Roholah}, title = {Change Detection Gamasiab River Margins in Kermanshah by Comparison Pixel Base and Object Orientd Algorithms}, abstract ={Introduction Land use reflects the interactive characteristics of humans and the environment and describes how human exploitation works for one or more targets on the ground. Land use is usually defined on the basis of human use of the land, with an emphasis on the functional role of land in economic activities. Land use, which is associated with human activity, is undergoing change over time. Land use information and land cover are important for activities such as mapping and land management. Over time, land cover patterns and, consequently, land use change, and the human factor can play a major role in this process. Today, satellite-based measurements with geographic information systems are increasingly being used to identify and analyze land-use change and land cover. With regard to the problems of changes and transformations in the studied area, remote sensing can allow managers to categorize images and evaluate land use changes, in addition to saving time and costs, which allows planners to make plans based on changes, more resources are lost. To be prevented. Materials & Methods In order to classify and detect the marginal land of the river, TM and OLI image images were selected for a specific month (August, August) for the years 1987 and 2017. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes occurring in the studied area with an emphasis on agricultural lands. To do this, the images before processing in the ENVI software took radiometric, atmospheric and geometric corrections on them. After that, the main components of the river route were extracted. Five basic algorithms were used to classify the base pixel, but eCognition software was used to classify the object. Supervised classification identifies homogeneous regions with examples of land use and land cover, in which pixels are assigned in known information classes. Education is a process that determines the criteria for these patterns. Learning output is a set of spectral signatures of proposed classes. The first step in object-oriented classification is the segmentation of the image and the creation of distinct objects, consisting of homogeneous pixels. The main purpose of image segmentation is to combine pixels or small objects to create large image objects based on the spectral and spatial characteristics of the image. In order to evaluate the accuracy and compare the resulting maps, the overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient are used. When the sampling of pixels is done as a spectral or informational class pattern, the evaluation of the spectral reflection of classes and their resolution can also be done. An algorithm with the highest accuracy and accuracy will be the basis for the detection. Detection of changes, which leads to a two-way matrix and shows variations of the main types of land use in the study area, was carried out in this study. Pixel-based cross-tabulation analysis on pixels facilitates the determination of the conversion value from a specific user class to another user category and areas associated with these changes over the given time period. Results & Discussion The results showed that the object-oriented method is more accurate than the base pixel algorithms for providing user-defined maps. The amount of accuracy in the method based on object-oriented classification depends largely on choosing the appropriate parameters for classification, defining the rules, and applying the appropriate algorithm to obtain the degree of membership. The Kappa coefficient for each image is approximately 0.90. So these maps are the basis for the discovery of change. According to the results, the agricultural and residential lands have been increased and this increase has been accompanied by a decrease in rangelands. A general overview of this 30-year period shows that the arable and dry farming, respectively, increased by 2418.79 and 719.61 hectares and the rangelands had a decrease of 2848.86 hectares. However, the residential class and human effects show an increase of 428.88 hectares or a growth of 178.87%, which indicates the importance of agriculture in the studied area. Conclusion Identifying and discovering land cover changes can help planners and planners identify effective factors in land use change and land cover, and have a useful planning to control them. For this reason, maps are needed with precision and speed, and object-oriented processing methods make this possible with very high precision. The results of this study, in addition to proving the precision and efficiency of object-oriented processing in land cover estimation, between 1987 and 2017, have witnessed a decrease in the area of rangeland lands and, on the other hand, agricultural and residential lands, which is indicative of the overall trend Destruction in the area through the replacement of pastures by other uses such as rainfed farming. Keywords: Land Use, Gamasiab, Object Oriented, Pixel Base, Kappa Coefficient  }, Keywords = {Land Use, Gamasiab, Object Oriented, Pixel Base, Kappa Coefficient.}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {157-178}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.4.157}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3101-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3101-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {hosseini, ahmad and khoshnevis, mostafa and asgari, shamsollah}, title = {Investigation and Determine of Ecological Characteristics of Sites of some old Broad-leaf and needle-leaf Trees in Zagros forests (Case study: Forests of Ilam Province)}, abstract ={.  Introduction Old trees are important and key elements of forest sites and are of great value in terms of forest management, reforestation, silviculture and ecology. Although old trees constitute a small percentage of forest trees, they account for a large share of forest carbon reserve and play a vital role in carbon storage. Understanding the how geographical and site distribution of these trees across the forest is essential to obtain information for forest restoration management. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the geographical and site characteristics of old trees of Wing nut, Ash, Hackberry, Sycamore, Elm, Olive, Cypress and Fig in Ilam province.   Materials and methods After querying the villagers and local people and conducting numerous forest surveys, the old trees were identified and selected on the basis of the diameter of the breast. Then their geographical characteristics including city, district, village, geographical coordinates and site conditions including slope, aspect, altitude, soil depth, climate and proximity to water source were measured or recorded. Results and discussion The results showed that in terms of geographically distribution, the identified old trees have located in Ilam, Mehran, Malekshahi, Badreh and Dehloran cities. Topographically, the old trees of Wing nut, Elm, Ash and Fig were located in the 0-10% slope class, Hackberry and sycamore in the 0-10% and 10-30% slope classes, olive in the 10-30% slope class and Cypress in the 40-70% slope class. The old trees of Wing nut, elm, Ash and Hackberry were located in the north aspect, fig, sycamore and Cypress in the south aspect and olive in the west and south aspects. The old trees of Wing nut, elm, Ash, Hackberry, Sycamore and Cypress were dispersed at altitude class of 1100–1250 m and olive and fig old trees were at altitude class of 1250–1400 m above sea level. Climatically, the old trees of Wing nut, elm, Ash and Hackberry were located in the very cold Mediterranean climate, Cypress trees and some sycamore trees in the cold Mediterranean climate, and fig, olive and some plantain trees were in the semiarid cold climate. In terms of access to water resources, old trees of Wing nut, elm, Ash, Sycamore, Hackberry and Fig were located on the bed or margin of river, old Cypress trees had no access to water resources and some olive trees were close to water resources. In terms of soil subsidence, old trees of Wing nut, elm, Hackberry, olive, and fig were mostly in soils with medium depths. Old ash and sycamore trees were present in shallow to medium depths and old cypress trees were present in shallower soils. Although the identified old trees were present in limited sites, their long-term and sustained presence in these sites indicates that sites conditions are favorable for their survival. Conclusion Therefore, it can be concluded that the presence of low slopes, suitable soil bed and access to water resources were desirable characteristics for stability and survival of the studied old trees in these sites. Due to the above-mentioned characteristics, ecologically similar sites can be found in the forests of the province and can be restored by seed of old and resistant trees. Keywords: Site, Topography, Climate, Geography, Old trees, Ilam  }, Keywords = {site, topography, climate, geography, old trees, Ilam}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {179-192}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, doi = {10.52547/jsaeh.8.4.179}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3166-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3166-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} }