@article{ author = {ASGARI, SHAMSOLLAH and Raziei, Tayeb and Jafari, MohamadReza and Hosini, Ahm}, title = {Assessing the relation ship between forest drying and drought using statistical models in illam province}, abstract ={Introducing the appropriate model of oak forest and drought relations in Ilam province Introduction The forest ecosystems of the Zagros vegetation region have a very long history of exploitation in various forms. The material of the Zagros vegetation region is Iranian oak. In recent years, a significant proportion of oak forests have dried up or have experienced drought. Although the main cause of drought in these forests has not been determined yet, in the preliminary studies, factors such as climate change, increasing dust, increasing drought periods, pest infestation and disease, high user changes have been cited as reasons for drought in the Zagros forests. (Hosseinzadeh and Pourhashemi, 1396). Iran's location in the arid and semi-arid zone of the world (sub-tropical region) has often been associated with fluctuations in climatic and atmospheric elements and under the influence of atmospheric currents, synoptic patterns, irregularities in precipitation and temperature patterns (Rahmati, 2016; 1383). Comparison of the effect of climatic variables on healthy masses and affected by the decline of oak in Khorramabad city based on rainfall and temperature data using Pearson correlation coefficient, on annual growth rings of oak trees Effectiveness of drought of oak trees from both series In general, healthy trees have been more affected by monthly and seasonal temperatures and have shown the highest coefficient of correlation with the temperature of the region (Naseri Karimvand et al., 2016). , And the Standardized Rainfall Index (SPI) and the correlation between these two indicators in assessing and monitoring drought in different areas of Isfahan province, the results showed that NDVI plant index can be a good alternative to climatic indicators in drought assessment and monitoring) with the conclusion and colleagues, 2011: 79). Data and Method So from SPI and NDVI indicators and Moran index and statistical regression statistics and satellite images of Modis and Landsat have used to analyze the relationship between dieback of Ilam forests and happened drought in the region. The precipitation data of 93 rain gauge stations were analyzed during the statistical period and according to the dry coefficients of SPI index, drought zoning layers of Ilam province were prepared for two time series of 2000 to 2009 and 2010 to 2019. Greenery's raster layers were prepared from Modis satellite imagery for the mentioned time series. The results of analysis of Moran's statistical showed a significant correlation between the SPI index and the NDVI index in spatial dimensions. By a simple random method, 143 points of oak dieback with dimension of 30 m 2 , which each point was equivalent to a pixel-size, were recorded with a GPS device, and by simulating in satellite imagery, the droplet layer of oak dieback was extracted. Result and Discussion What is debatable about the results of the implementation of methods for obtaining drought ranges and its relationship with oak drought points or masses is that the results of the models show a statistically close and direct relationship between drought and oak drought. . The general trend of oak drought and drought in these two decades has been from the southeast to the northwest of Ilam province, with increasing temperature and decrease in rainfall in the southern and eastern regions of the province and increasing rainfall and decrease in temperature in the central and northwestern regions of Ilam province. The data of the synoptic stations are consistent. Analysis of satellite imagery and declining greenery in the models although the study was aimed at meteorological drought and precipitation fluctuations, but spatial changes of arid points and masses in the province were adapted to field visits and human intervention, especially in the southeast with agriculture. Under the rubble and the remnants of the dried trees, the ax has been placed on the roots of these trees, and this trend is spreading in almost other parts of the arid areas of the province. Therefore, due to the irregularity in the pattern of precipitation and temperature of the research country (Rahmati, 2016; Zandi Army, 2004) and the effect of monthly and seasonal نشریه تحلیل فضایی مخاطرات محیطی، سال نهم، شماره 1، بهار 1401 2 temperature on the growth and decline of oak trees in the study (Naseri Karimvand et al., 2016) and other related research and The flooding situation in the basins of Ilam province, the rainfall, the impermeability of the soil and their erosion, and finally the lack of moisture in the months before the oak trees grow in the soil and the increase in temperature in the dry season, which leads to reduced humidity and eventually greenery. Variables affecting oak drying in linear regression are not responsive, but more accurate results will be obtained in multivariate regression, although regression analyzes are spatially empty, and X and Y represent a one-way, quantitative analysis based on the number of dried trees with pixel counts. Drought range is measured which this defect in SPI method despite its spatial and statistical analysis using Moran statistical index due to non-compliance in the coefficients of this index with the range of changes in Moran statistical analysis in statistical analysis is a more appropriate explanatory coefficient than The regression models showed but at a lower level than the NDVI method it placed. The advantage of NDVI method with Moran statistical analysis is the relationship between pixel and pixel, ie in spatial analysis, all pixels that have green changes have been analyzed in the same domain of spatial changes with oak trees. High results and higher statistical explanation coefficient were obtained than other models. Conclusion Although linear regression between extracted oak dieback points with SPI and Moran statistical indicators was significant, but the relationship between NDVI index and Moran statistic has the effect of independent variable of drought trend in spatial and temporal dimensions on the dependent variable process of oak drought with spatial analysis. And nonlinear regression has a more appropriate and accurate statistical significance and explanation. So this method as desirable method has been introduced for analyzing of drought and oak dieback. Keywords: Ilam province, oak forest drought, drought, Moran index}, Keywords = {Ilam province, oak forest drought, drought, statistical models}, volume = {9}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-20}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3137-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3137-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {shogrkhodaei, zeinab and Fathnia, amanollah and RazaviTermeh, Vahi}, title = {"Relationship between Covid-19 and changes in air pollutants using satellite imagery (Case study: Tehran, Isfahan and Mashhad metropolises)"}, abstract ={Study the Effects of Covid-19 on Air Pollutants by Using Sentinel-5 Satellite Images (Case Study: Metropolises of Tehran, Isfahan, and Mashhad) Zeinab shogrkhodaei, PHD. Student of Climatology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Department of Geography, Razi University Amanollah Fathnia*, Assistant Professor of Climatology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Department of Geography, Razi University Vahid Razavi Termeh, PHD. Student of GIS, Faculty of Geodesy and Geomantic, K. N. Toosi University. Introduction One of the challenges facing the international community right now is Covid-19. This pandemic has caused a comprehensive change in behavior contrary to the usual routine, which can lead to changes in people's lifestyles (Briz-Redón et al., 2021). The prevalence of this disease has not only affected the economy and health, but also the environment (Sohrabi et al., 2020). Among the effects of Covid-19 on the environment are the effects on beaches, noise, surface and groundwater, municipal solid waste, and air quality (Zambrano-Monserrate et al., 2020). The restrictions applied during the Covid-19 era were accompanied by a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by transport and industry, which affected air quality (Rybarczyk and Zalakeviciute, 2020). Air is a vital element for the survival of all living things, but human activities have caused the release of many harmful pollutants into the atmosphere and endangered human health (Ghorani-Azam et al., 2016). Among the causes of death, air pollution is the fourth leading cause of death in the world after tobacco (WHO, 2020a). Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, and ozone are some of the pollutants that cause short-term or long-term exposure to heart and lung disease (Briz-Redón et al., 2021). Human activities are one of the main sources of air pollutants, so their concentration is expected to decrease during the Covid-19 period (Ghahremanloo et al., 2021). Materials and methods In this study, the required data were the average monthly pollutants of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide and ozone before (20 February 2019 to 20 February 2020) and after (20 February 2020 to 20 February 2021) the prevalence of Covid-19 virus. For this purpose, Sentinel-5P satellite images were used to prepare the required data set. The case study included three metropolises of Tehran, Mashhad, and Isfahan. Google Earth Engine was used to access Sentinel-5P satellite images. The final output of the images for each pollutant was interpolated for better display and exposure in GIS software using the kriging method. Then, a T-test was used to compare the differences between the concentrations of contaminants before and after the outbreak of the Covid-19 virus and to evaluate the mean correlation. Based on this test, values that were p-value <0.05 were considered significant. This was considered as a change in the concentration of the contaminant before and after the Covid-19 virus (decreasing or increasing). Those pollutants with a p-value <0.05 were considered unchanged. Results and Discussion Analysis of the T-test showed that for pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon monoxide in all three metropolises, there was no significant change in their concentration before and after the outbreak of the Covid-19 virus. However, significant changes were observed for ozone pollutants. Also, its concentration trend in all three metropolises has been a decreasing trend. The main sources of emissions of nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and ozone are related to human activities, including transportation and industry (Ghahremanloo et al., 2021; Cárcel-Carras et al., 2021). Pollutants such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide are the primary pollutants; It means that they are emitted directly from sources, while ozone is a secondary pollutant and depends on complex and nonlinear atmospheric chemistry (Bekbulat et al., 2021). Given that the concentration of ozone surface decreases significantly with increasing concentration of nitrogen dioxide. When nitric oxide (NO) emissions are high enough, the NO released into the atmosphere converts a large portion of ozone to nitrogen dioxide (Hashim et al., 2021). In addition, in all three cities, when the concentration of nitrogen dioxide increased, we saw a decrease in the amount of ozone concentration. In addition, during the Covid-19 era, many industries that produced primary pollutants, including carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide, were not on the closure list or were telecommuted. Despite the decline in the performance of some activities, important sectors such as manufacturing plants, industrial and mining centers, agriculture, and public transportation have continued to operate even during severe restrictions. The mean difference between the concentrations of nitrogen dioxide before and after the outbreak of Covid-19 was positive. However, this average difference is small. However, the concentration of nitrogen dioxide is slightly increased, especially in cold seasons; Therefore, it can be said that ozone concentration has decreased. Keywords: Covid-19, Air Pollutants, Remote Sensing, Sentinel-5.  }, Keywords = {Covid-19, Air Pollutants, Remote Sensing, Sentinel-5, GIS.}, volume = {9}, Number = {1}, pages = {21-40}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3234-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3234-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Kianpour, Hossein and Dashti, Soolmaz and Behbash, Rosh}, title = {Vulnerability assessment of Miangaran wetland ecosystem}, abstract ={Vulnerability assessment of Miangaran wetland ecosystem To support the proper management of ecosystems, vulnerability analysis of ecosystems is very important. Vulnerability analysis of ecosystems provides information about weaknesses and capacity of the studied ecosystem for recovery after damage. Considering the degradation status of Miangaran wetland, vulnerability evaluation of this wetland is one of the most important management methods in the region. For this purpose, in this study, after identifying and evaluating the threatening factors of Miangaran wetland, these factors were scored using evaluation matrices. Then, the interaction between these values ​​and threatening factors was examined and the vulnerability of wetland values ​​was obtained by multiplying the scores of all studied factors. Finally, management solutions were presented to deal with the most important threatening factors. According to the results, the most vulnerability is to the hydrological and ecological values ​​of the wetland. The highest effects of threats on the ecological value are also on the birds of Miangaran wetland. The results of the evaluation of Miangaran Wetland show that this wetland has a high potential for ecosystem functions of the wetland. These functions have been neglected in the planning and managing of wetlands at the local, regional and national levels. As a result, ecosystem-based management is suggested as the best management approach. The management in these areas should take action to prevent the vulnerability of Miangaran wetland. Also, the vulnerability evaluation method used in this study can provide a good understanding of the relationship between wetland functions and the resulting services for the management of the ecosystem of Miangaran Wetland. Key words: Miangaran wetland, ecosystem management, vulnerability assessment}, Keywords = {Miangaran wetland, ecosystem management, vulnerability assessment}, volume = {9}, Number = {1}, pages = {41-56}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3189-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3189-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Hadipour, mehrdad and Heidari, Mahdye and Zahed, Mohammadali and Hoseinilavasani, Seyedhosei}, title = {Investigation of Construction Wastes Release in Roadside Using AHP}, abstract ={Investigation of Construction Wastes Release in Roadside Using AHP Introduction Although construction waste is an integral part of municipal waste, due to the differences between this waste and waste and environmental issues, a suitable model should be designed for optimal productivity and acquisition of resources. The increasing volume of urban materials and rubbish, especially the rubbish from the destruction of their construction and worn-out urban textures, has created many problems in large cities, as well as environmental problems that have arisen due to unprincipled and unprofessional disposal of these materials. Has attracted these materials. Research shows that the amount of this waste is equal to 10 to 15% of the total materials used in construction operations. This amount is much higher than what is estimated by the estimators. Data and research method In Iran and other developing countries, construction and construction waste is a major part of municipal waste, which in addition to high costs for its disposal, also has adverse consequences on the environment. The volume of this garbage is so much that now this issue has become a social and environmental problem not only in Iran but also in developed countries due to the limitation of natural resources and preservation of national capital for future generations as well as environmental protection And it is necessary because with proper management and efficient planning and reducing the volume of construction waste, not only the waste of natural resources and national capital is prevented, but also additional and ancillary costs are reduced and it is economically beneficial. In this study, first, the effective criteria in selecting the burial site in the study area are determined. These criteria are reviewed and used by various standards, including standards related to the Environmental Protection Organization, the Ministry of Interior and international standards, as well as by reviewing resources and studies on the process of locating landfills in the country and abroad and by examining the conditions of the region. The study and the influencing factors are compiled in the study area. The layers related to each criterion in the relevant table will be prepared, processed and converted from the relevant organizations. The method of this dissertation is applied-modeling in terms of purpose, because on the one hand, the concepts and rules related to the field of knowledge are carefully analyzed, and on the other hand, the relationships between these concepts and rules are evaluated and determined by experts. In this study, there is a need to use the decision theory method to evaluate and investigate the status of construction waste disposal along roads to increase trust and confidence in decision making. The data analysis tools of this research are SPSS, Expert Choice and Matlab for conducting the research. In the research process, after data collection, the next step involves data analysis. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to evaluate the reliability of the localization tools of the research components. In order to describe the data, the mean and standard deviation of the research data have been used. The four-step process of multi-criteria decision-making process and fuzzy logic calculations to investigate the dumping of construction debris along roadsides is as follows: Step 1 - Modeling causal relationships based on similarity to the ideal solution Step 2 - Parallel comparisons and determining the weight of causal relationships based on the evaluation of decision options between the criteria for assessing the status of construction debris on the sidewalks, Step 3 - Prioritize Based on Causal Relationships Based on Evaluation of Decision Options  Step 4 - Fuzzy Prioritization and Final Analysis Investigation of Construction Waste Disposal Status Result and Discussion The most important results of the study of the dumping of construction debris along the roadsides are that, 1- The most important criterion in the cluster "Environmental factors of construction waste disposal" with code (A), "Soil pollution in the city" with code (AB) with fuzzy network weight of 0.096; And 2- The most important criteria in the cluster "Applications of GIS in urban management of construction debris disposal" with code (B), "Urban green space management" with code (BA) with fuzzy network weight equal to 0.191; And "Urban management related to health" with code (BB) with fuzzy network weight equal to 0.120; Were calculated. on the other hand, 3- The most important criterion in the cluster "Economic factors of construction waste disposal" with code (C), "Construction waste management training cost" with code (CD) with fuzzy network weight equal to 0.123; Prioritized, conclusion The results of the present study can be said that, after reviewing the theoretical foundations of the research and reviewing the research background, it was found that due to research gaps in the fields of economic factors of construction waste disposal, GIS applications in urban management, construction waste disposal, environmental factors, Utilization of a combined fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making methodology to investigate the status of construction debris dumping along roadsides; It is possible to realize the innovation of the present research in filling the mentioned research gaps. Key words: Construction Debris, Civil Waste Management, Multi-Criteria Decision Making, Karaj.  }, Keywords = {",,,,,,Construction debris ,Civil Waste Management , Karaj, multi-criteria decision making}, volume = {9}, Number = {1}, pages = {57-76}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3268-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3268-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {EsfandiariDarabad, Fariba and Mostafazadeh, Raoof and Pasban, Amir Hesam and BehruozNezafatTakleh, Behrouz}, title = {Integrating terrain and vegetation indices to estimate and identify the soil erosion risk Amoughin watershed, Ardabil}, abstract ={Soil erosion is one of the environmental problems that is a threat to natural resources, agriculture and the environment, and in this regard, assessing the temporal and spatial amount of soil erosion has an effective role in management, erosion control and watershed management. The main aim of this study was to estimate soil erosion in Amoqin watershed and its relationship with well-known vegetation-based and topographic-related indices. The meteorological data has been used to determine the rainfall erosivity. The rainfall erosivity index was calculated using the modified Fournier index during the 10-year available recorded rainfall data. The value of LS factor has been calculate using digital elevation model. Meanwhile, C and P factors were determined based on the utilization scheme and condition of the study area. Data were analyzed and processed using ArcMap 10.1, ENVI 5.3, and Excel software. In this study, RUSLE model was used to estimate soil erosion, in GIS environment. According to the results, the amount of factor R in Amoqin watershed varies from 12.32 to 50.52 MJ/ha/h per year. The variation of soil erodibility index (K) over the study area is between 0.25 to 0.42. The amount of LS factor varies between 0.19 and 0.38, which is more in high slopes, especially around the waterways and uplands of the study area. The variation of C factor was estimated to be around -0.18 to 0.4. In general, it can be said that the central part of Amoqin watershed has less C value due to the greater area of agricultural activities and the highest amount is related to western areas, especially southwest areas because existing the rangeland areas. Due to the lack of protective measures in the study area, the amount of factor P was considered as unity for the whole region. The base layers of RUSLE factors were obtained and overlayed in GIS to calculate the soil loss in tons per hectare per year. The map of annual soil loss indicate that the erosion amounts varies between 1.21 to 5.53 tons per hectare per year in different parts of the study area. According to the results, the vegetation factor with a coefficient of determination 0.47% had a significant correlation with soil loss. The stream power index with the coefficient of determination of % 0.07% had the lowest correlation with soil erosion values.}, Keywords = {Soil erosion estimation, Prioritization, Vegetation management, Land use, Vegetation index}, volume = {9}, Number = {1}, pages = {77-96}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3227-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3227-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Mortazavi-Asl, Seyed Kamyar and saeidirezvani, navidsaeidirezvani and Rezaei, Mahmu}, title = {Evaluation of the effect of particulate matter and vegetation on the formation of heat and cold islands in Tehran}, abstract ={Evaluation of the effect of particulate matter and vegetation on the formation of heat and cold islands in Tehran Seyed Kamyar Mortazavi Asl: PhD Student in Urban Planning, Islamic Azad University, UAE Dr. Navid Saeedi Rezvani: Assistant Professor, Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran Dr. Mahmud Rezaei:  Associate Professor, Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Abstract: Global warming and the heat islands of cities are one of the biggest challenges in the world today. Cold islands is a word that stands in front of heat islands and refers to areas of the city that have lower temperatures than the surrounding areas. In this study, in order to investigate the factors affecting the formation of cool and heat islands of the city, it was first obtained by using Landsat image processing and using the single-channel surface temperature algorithm. Then to investigate the parameters affecting the land surface temperature changes; Criteria for changes in particulate matter and changes in vegetation were considered. The NDVI index was used for vegetation and the algorithm proposed by Saraswat et al. was used for the amount of particulate matter. According to the results, the highest-ranking neighborhood for heat islands were in Bustan, Shahid Bagheri township and the airport, respectively, and the lowest amount of cool islands were in Baharan, Niavaran and Darband, respectively. Pearson coefficient obtained from the relationship between surface temperature and vegetation was -21.29%, which indicates the inverse relationship between temperature and vegetation, as well as the amount of vegetation index in hot and cold regions. Regarding the relationship between land surface temperature and air pollution, the correlation between these two parameters was equal to 19.31% and comparing the pollution index in areas with cold and warm islands showed that there is a significant relationship between reducing air pollutants and cold islands but the opposite is not true. Keywords: Cool Islands, Tehran, LST, Air Pollution  }, Keywords = {Cool Islands, Tehran, LST, Air Pollution}, volume = {9}, Number = {1}, pages = {97-114}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3256-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3256-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Ahmadi, Manijeh and Kalantari, Mohsen and Mohammadi, Mostaf}, title = {Spatial analysis of socio-economic factors affecting drug abuse in rural settlements, Case study: Dizaj Abad village, Zanjan township}, abstract ={ Introductions Today, various social ills such as addiction, cultural issues and problems have been added to the issues raised in the past and require extensive studies and planning in this area to preserve the small human capital of rural settlements and be used for sustainable rural development. The present study has spatially analyzed the effective factors for drug addiction and abuse. Today, various social ills such as addiction, cultural issues and problems have been added to the issues raised in the past and require extensive studies and planning in this area to preserve the small human capital of rural settlements and be used for sustainable rural development. In recent years, drug abuse has increased worldwide, so that now all countries in the world are incurring significant costs as a result of the damage caused by this phenomenon. Drug abuse has incurred enormous social and economic costs through its devastating effects on human health and the increase in crime and mortality in society, and as a result has become a major threat to societies. There is no specific agreement on the root causes of drug abuse, so that the factors associated with it are numerous and varied, including individual contexts, family characteristics, and social and environmental factors.  The present study has spatially analyzed the effective factors for drug addiction and abuse. Research Method The type of research is applied and the nature of the research is descriptive-analytical. Independent variables in this study are physical and demographic factors in the study village. The dependent variable of this study is the situation of addiction and drug abuse in Dizajabad village. The validity of the research indicators was reviewed and modified by the professors and the reliability value was calculated based on Cronbach's alpha of 0.784. The statistical population of the present study is villages at risk of addiction and drug abuse. This village was identified through interviews with law enforcement experts and statistics available in this organization as well as unofficial statistics. The number of these villages includes four villages (Sayan (Mahdieh town), Dizajabad, NoghtehBandi and Choreh Nab) which were selected as a sample village using the lottery method of Dizajabad village. The study population in Dizajabad village includes people who are addicted to drugs and abuse in Dizajabad village, which have been collected through irregular interviews, as well as for comparison and assessment between addicts and other people. The questionnaire was completed in all residential units where people lived and the Cochran's formula was used for accurate sampling. The baseline map was used to perform the analyzes. Using Cochran's formula, 115 residential units belonging to people with addiction and drug abuse were selected as a sample. In order to analyze descriptive data from Excel software and also for correlation between physical characteristics, population of people with addiction and drug abuse, Spss software and Human Whitney and two-group T tests were used in Arc Gis / Arc map environment. Hot Spot Analysis, kernel density estimation and standard deviation ellipse tests were used. Interpretation of results Findings show that the spatial distribution of addiction and drug abuse in Dizajabad village is not evenly distributed and are mostly concentrated in the northwest and southeast, which are in these two areas due to the high density of residential units. . According to the tests of hot spots of addiction and according to the studied items, the two southeastern and northwestern parts of the village have hot spots and the standard deviation ellipse in this map indicates that its direction is northwest, southeast. This direction is influenced by the shape of the village. The pattern of drug distribution in the village also indicates that it is concentrated in two parts, northwest and southeast. The median center indicates that the southern and to some extent the southeastern part are more addicted than the other parts. The reason for the increase in the points of addiction and abuse in the two mentioned parts is the density of the residential unit and the existence of a network of winding and unbalanced passages, especially in the southeastern part. Centers of addiction and drug abuse by kernel density estimation method show that the two parts of the northwest and southeast of the village are more affected by drug addiction and abuse. Keywords: Spatial distribution, Drugs, Addiction, Suburban villages, Zanjan Township  }, Keywords = {Addiction, Crime, Drug abuse, Rural settlement, Zanjan province.}, volume = {9}, Number = {1}, pages = {115-128}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3078-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3078-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {lashkari, Hassan and Mohammadi, Zainab}, title = {Comparison and analysis of the temporal and spatial distribution of dust storms with visibility of fewer than 200 meters in western and southwestern Iran}, abstract ={Synoptic analysis of the changes trend of the share of systems due to the Sudan low In the cold period of the Persian Gulf coast during 1976-2017  Introduction In the Ethiopian-Sudan range forms the low pressure system without front in the cold and transition seasons that is affecting the climate of the adjacent regions by crossing the Red sea. Based on the evidence in the context of Iran, studying Sudan low was first begun by Olfat in 1968. Olfat refers to low pressures which are formed in northeastern Africa and the Red Sea and then pass Saudi Arabia and the Persian Gulf, enter Iran, and finally, cause rainfall. The most comprehensive research specifically examining Sudan low, was the work carried out by the Lashkari in 1996. While he studying the floods that occurred in southwestern of Iran, he was identified Sudan low by the most important cause of such flooding and he explained how they are formed, and how these low-pressure systems were deployed on the southwest of Iran.  Materials and methods The study period with long-term variations was considered from 9.5 to 11 years based on solar cycles. Precipitation data for 13 synoptic stations are considered above 5 mm in south and southwestern Iran. With three criteria were determined for the days of rainfall caused by each type of atmospheric system. The visual analysis of high and low altitude cores and geopotential height at 1000 hPa pressure level (El-Fandy, 1950a; Lashkari, 1996; 2002) were considered based on the aim of the study. Accordingly, the approximate locations of activity centers, as well as the range of the formation and displacement of the Sudan system were initially identified based on the location of the formation of low and high-pressure cores. Then, the rainy days due to the Sudan system in January were separated from the precipitation of the other atmospheric system.  Results and discussion According to the selected criteria in the forty-year statistical period, 507 precipitation systems were identified with different continuities that led to precipitation in the northern coast of the Persian Gulf. The pattern of independent Sudan low rainfall was responsible for 77% of the precipitation in the Persian Gulf. Decade frequency share of Sudan low was lower in the first decade (16%) compared to the next three decades. This system of rainfall was more activated during the second and third decades compared to the first decade. However, rainfall changes were not evident in the mid-decade. Independent Sudan low precipitation provide 25% and 27% of the cold season precipitation of the Persian Gulf during the second and third decades respectively. In accordance with the 24th solar cycle, at the end of the study period, the Sudan low was more effective on the Gulf coast than ever before. During this decade, 125 cases of Sudan low rainfall was recorded for the Persian Gulf. Thus, the frequency of Sudan low during the fourth decade was about 31%, which was higher than in the rest of the decade. Overall, the Sudan low rainfall was repeated 151 times for 2 days rainfall, during the statistical period studied. This Precipitation has increased over the last decades compared to other periods.  Conclusion The severe variability of rainfall along the timing and location of the permanent Persian Gulf coasts can have a significant impact on the economic and agricultural behavior of the Gulf population in the three provinces of Ahwaz, Bushehr and Hormozgan.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the precipitation changes due to Sudan low in the Persian Gulf coastal region during the cold period. The results of this study showed that the role of integration patterns in influencing the precipitation of the Persian Gulf coast has decreased with the strengthening and further activation of the Sudan low system during the last two decades. That way, about 77percent of the region's rainfall is provided by independent Sudan low. At the end of the course (in accordance with 24th solar cycle activity) the Sudan low system was more active than before. Although the Sudan low activity was different at each station during the period studied, but in the historical passage incremental and decade's positive behavior of Sudan low was common to all stations. Evaluation of changes in rainfall duration shows that the pattern of precipitation with 2days duration is more frequent than the patterns of one to several days. Keywords: Sudan low- Solar cycle- Persian Gulf.  }, Keywords = {Spatial distribution, temporal distribution, storm, dust, visibility fewer than 200 meters, west and southwest.}, volume = {9}, Number = {1}, pages = {129-150}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3233-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3233-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {karimi, Mostafa and Fahimeh, Norouzi and Jafari, Mahnaz and Faramarz, Khoshakhlagh and AliAkbar, Shamsipour}, title = {Geographical-Synoptic Characteristics of Arabian Anticyclone in the Heavy Precipitation Days on Iran}, abstract ={Vulnerability assessment of Miangaran wetland ecosystem To support the proper management of ecosystems, vulnerability analysis of ecosystems is very important. Vulnerability analysis of ecosystems provides information about weaknesses and capacity of the studied ecosystem for recovery after damage. Considering the degradation status of Miangaran wetland, vulnerability evaluation of this wetland is one of the most important management methods in the region. For this purpose, in this study, after identifying and evaluating the threatening factors of Miangaran wetland, these factors were scored using evaluation matrices. Then, the interaction between these values ​​and threatening factors was examined and the vulnerability of wetland values ​​was obtained by multiplying the scores of all studied factors. Finally, management solutions were presented to deal with the most important threatening factors. According to the results, the most vulnerability is to the hydrological and ecological values ​​of the wetland. The highest effects of threats on the ecological value are also on the birds of Miangaran wetland. The results of the evaluation of Miangaran Wetland show that this wetland has a high potential for ecosystem functions of the wetland. These functions have been neglected in the planning and managing of wetlands at the local, regional and national levels. As a result, ecosystem-based management is suggested as the best management approach. The management in these areas should take action to prevent the vulnerability of Miangaran wetland. Also, the vulnerability evaluation method used in this study can provide a good understanding of the relationship between wetland functions and the resulting services for the management of the ecosystem of Miangaran Wetland. Key words: Miangaran wetland, ecosystem management, vulnerability assessment  }, Keywords = {heavy precipitation, Arabian anticyclone, subtropical high pressure, synoptic systems, southwest Asia}, volume = {9}, Number = {1}, pages = {151-168}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3279-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3279-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Alidadi, Masoumeh and Alijani, Bohlol and Nasserzadeh, Mohammadhossein and Hejazizadeh, zahr}, title = {Comparative analysis of extream snowfall events in Iran with emphasis on the position of the polar vortex and teleconnection patterns}, abstract ={Comparative analysis of snowfall events in Iran with emphasis on the location of the polar plateau and remote connection patterns Abstract Extream snowfall event that may occur at any time during the cold season, has significant social and economic implications. Therefore, the economic and social consequences of these events reveal the importance of identifying the synoptical mechanisms associated with the extream snowfall events. In order to achieve this goal, using daily precipitation and temperature data during the statistical period of 1951-1 2016 and based on multiple criteria, the two three-days extream snowfall events were identified during February 7-9, 1972 and February 2-4, 1988. After selecting samples, a statistical analysis of the teleconnection indices was done and then, using the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data, the combined patterns of surface and lower, middle and lower troposphere were plotted in the form of three-days mean. Results obtained from analysis of teleconnection indices and their correspondence to the synoptic patterns indicate the weakening of the tropospheric polar vortex and its division into multi-centers in the periods of extream snowfall events. In the event of February 7-9, 1972, though the centers were moved to mid-latitudes, but they are not completely out of the Arctic and to some extent maintain their position in this area. In February 2-4, 1988, the vortex centers have shown a more equatorwards displacement towards the mid-latitudes that the emergence of negative phases of the NAM and AO represent such a situation. However, in both events, the strong and main center of the polar vortex is located in the eastern hemisphere and therefore in a state close to Iran. The weakening of the sub-tropical jetstream in the eastern hemisphere, especially in the Mediterranean, has resulted in the transmission of potential vorticity tabs to mid-latitudes. The equatorwards progress of these tabs has led to the formation of the trough in the western and eastern Mediterranean regions that accompany with a ridge between them, led to the formation of omega bundle patterns and split flow, respectively, in the events of February 1972 and 1988 in this geographical area. The southern boundary of the progress of the troughs has specified by index contour of the edge of the vortex by 552 gpdam, that extends to the southern part of Iran and in the February 1972, event compared with the pattern of the February 1988, had the more-equatorwards progress toward the middle latitudes, and as a result, over Iran. Keywords: extream snowfall event, teleconnection, polar vortex, the edge of the vortex, blocking patterns.  }, Keywords = {extream snowfall event, teleconnection, polar vortex, the edge of the vortex, blocking patterns.}, volume = {9}, Number = {1}, pages = {169-196}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2873-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2873-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {chehreara, tahmineh}, title = {Investigating the role of atmospheric circulation patterns in the severe air pollution in Esfahan}, abstract ={Investigating the role of  atmospheric circulation patterns in the severe air pollution in Esfahan Introduction The atmosphere is a dynamic system in which a large number of physical and chemical processes occur simultaneously. Studying the dynamics and transmission of pollutants in the atmosphere using atmospheric patterns is one of the important topics in this field. Atmospheric patterns simulate the occurrence of different processes within the atmosphere and their interactions. Using an atmospheric model also requires comparing the results of the model with field and laboratory experiments. This helps in understanding the occurrence of chemical and physical processes in the atmosphere as well as evaluating the implementation of a suitable model. Laboratory measurements provide valuable information while at the same time visualizing and describing atmospheric properties and atmospheric composition at specific time and space intervals. An atmospheric model provides a complete picture of the evolution of spatial and temporal variations in atmospheric pollutants at different altitudes. Understanding atmospheric dynamics can be understanded by combining measurements and integrated modeling with using synoptic systems in periods with pollutated air. Therefore, in this study, it has been attempted to analyze the atmospheric factors that cause severe pollution in Esfahan and the relationship and mechanism of the atmosphere at the time of occurrence of this phenomenon. Data and methods In this study, three datasets including pollution data recorded at air pollution stations, digital atmospheric data and high atmospheric stations were used. The air pollution data are from three stations of Laleh Square, Azadi and Bozorgmehr which were obtained from Esfahan General Environmental Protection Office. The pollutants include carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone and suspended particulate matter (PM10), which have been prepared and processed daily for a 12-year statistical period (1995-2005). To study atmospheric conditions were used re-analyzed data from the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP / NCAR) include sea level pressure, geopotential height, vertical velocity (Omega), wind orbital components (U), and meridian wind ( V) was used for different levels of atmosphere.  The above atmospheric data were obtained from the University of Wyoming site for the study days, including air temperature, dew point temperature, wind direction and intensity, and atmospheric stability and instability conditions (based on skew-t curves). In this study, a Lagrangian model with the capability of tracking particle backward in different levels of atmosphere called HYSPLIT was used to investigate the days associated with severe pollution. Results and discussion The results show that the highly pollutated days of the city of Esfahan can be explained by the four synoptic patterns. The occurrence of days with extremely severe pollution in Esfahan, rather than being rooted in local factors, is due to the interaction of local conditions with atmospheric circulation at the regional scale. In other words, the city of Esfahan will only experience extremely polluted days when the atmospheric circulation of the atmosphere provides conditions for increased concentrations of pollutants. The main causes of the occurrence of days associated with maximum contamination can be attributed to Subtropical high latitude and its progression to higher latitudes. This circulation system contributes to the occurrence of highly polluted days on most days, either directly or in combination with other atmospheric systems. The role of local factors such as the formation of inversion layer and the increase of atmospheric thickness due to the dominance of high pressure systems in the region can also be considered to exacerbate the conditions. The use of suspended particle backward models and the study of atmospheric thermodynamic relationships have provided a deeper and more accurate understanding of the mechanisms dominating the occurrence of pollutants in Esfahan. The results of this method showed that the occurrence of highly polluted days in the city of Esfahan can not be attributed to urban pollutants such as industrial factories of automobiles and so the influx of particulate matter from different areas has caused higher intensity pollution. Conclusion  The results showed that four factors and patterns prevailed in the middle of the atmosphere at the time of the most severe days pollution in Esfahan. The results of the PSI values in each pattern showed respectively from pattern of one to four, is 221, 238.6, 203 and 281. The synoptic conditions can be attributed to the presence of tropical high pressure, which is accompanied by a layer of temperature inversion in the lower levels of the atmosphere and the middle troposphere. Strength of negative vorticity above 700 hPa and continued surface convergence to this altitude have made the nature of the summer atmosphere clearly observed in the pollution event in the city, which has been enhanced by strong anomalies. On the other hand, the output of the HYSPLIT model showed that the occurrence of highly polluted days in the city of Esfahan could not be detected in urban pollutants such as automobile industrial plants and. But, the influx of particulate matter from different areas has made the pollution more intense, and the influx of dust particles has exacerbated this hazard. Keywords: Air Pollution, PSI Index, Atmospheric Regional Circulation Patterns, HYSPLIT Model, Esfahan  }, Keywords = {Air Pollution, PSI Index, Atmospheric Regional Circulation Patterns, HYSPLIT Model, Esfahan}, volume = {9}, Number = {1}, pages = {197-214}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3063-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3063-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {shohani, nader and kozegarkalj, lotfali and darabi, sajad and yousefibabadi, sai}, title = {Pandemic Covid-19 (Corona); Tehran\'s resilience against it}, abstract ={Pandemic Covid-19 (Corona); Tehran's resilience against it Nader Shohani; Assistant Professor, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Payame Noor University. Tehran Iran Lotfali College Potter; Associate Professor, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Sajjad Darabi; PhD Student, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Saeed Yousefi Babadi; PhD student, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Abstract One of the dangers that has caused cities to face a serious crisis is the outbreak of Covid-19 disease. The corona pandemic has taken cities out of their normal routine. Therefore, cities seek to return to their past conditions and urban resilience as soon as possible. Research Method In this descriptive-analytical study, using field survey, four economic, social, managerial-institutional and infrastructural dimensions in the form of 29 items have examined the resilience of Tehran against Corona pandemic. In research, support and advocacy for affected businesses, insurance coverage, support for affected manufacturing sectors, are in the most unfavorable situation. The results obtained from the final table of Vikor technique show that the economic index with a score of 1 is the most important component of resilience against coronavirus, which is lower than other components of resilience. After that, the managerial-institutional component with a score of 0.94 and the infrastructure component with a score of 0.92 in the next ranks are the most important components of Tehran's resilience against coronavirus. The results show that the metropolis of Tehran is not in a favorable position in relation to the corona virus and is not resilient to selected indicators and the economic index has the most impact and the social index has the least impact on the resilience of Tehran. Keywords: Urban Resilience, Covid 19, Pandemic, Tehran Pandemic Covid-19 (Corona); Tehran's resilience against it  }, Keywords = {Keywords: Urban Resilience, Covid 19, Pandemic, Tehran}, volume = {9}, Number = {1}, pages = {215-232}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3239-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3239-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Asgari, Ebrahim and Noori, Mahboobeh and Rezaei, MohammadReza and Mostafazadeh, Raoof}, title = {Determining Strategies for Improving Environmental Resilience in Gharehshiran Watershed in Ardabil using SOAR Analysis Technique}, abstract ={ Determining Strategies for Improving Environmental Resilience in Gharehshiran Watershed in Ardabil using SOAR Analysis Technique Ebrahim Asgari - PhD Student of Watershed Science & Engineering, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. Email: ebrahim.asgari90@yahoo.com Mahboobeh Noori - PhD Student of Geography & Urban Planning, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. Email: mnori@stu.yazd.ac.ir MohammadReza Rezaei - Associate Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. Email: mrezaei@yazd.ac.ir Raoof Mostafazadeh - Associate Professor Department of Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. Email: raoofmostafazadeh@uma.ac.ir (Corresponding author) Extended Abstract Introduction: New approaches of crisis management have changed from the concepts of vulnerability to resilience and emphasize on strengthening the system's ability to deal with the risks of natural disasters. Therfore, the aim of this study was identifying the watershed capabilities of Qarahshiran and crisis management planning with emphasis on environmental resilience. Methodology: The SOAR analytical technique and expert opinions of 52 experts were used to formulate the strategy, determine the strengths, opportunities, ideals and measurable results. The results of SOAR technique and crisis management prevention and preparedness strategies were compared with the environmental resilience of the field. Results: Based on the results, reducing direct and indirect flood damage with 51.9% and low amount of soil erosion and water loss with 42.3%, were the most important results of the SOAR model. Out of 15 components of environmental resilience, the performance of 5 components was accepted as significant (α<0.05 confidence level). The evaluation of environmental resilience using one-sample t-test showed that the environmental dimension of resilience (2.67) with a significant level (α=0.003) has a significant that indicates high vulnerability and low resilience. Conclusion: Considering site selection of watershed management structures, creating more opportunities and using the private sector potentials, and local NGOs will be useful in crisis management. Analysis of watershed resilience components in achieving integrated watershed management, proper knowledge of watershed function, possibility of self-regulation and recovery of balance and acceptance of adaptation to natural hazards, co-design of watershed residents, preparedness and coping with crisis can be more effective over the study area. Key words: SOAR Model, Strategic Planning, Prevention and Preparedness, Resilience, Gharehshiran Watershed  }, Keywords = {SOAR Model, Strategic Planning, Prevention and Preparedness, Resilience, Gharehshiran Watershed}, volume = {9}, Number = {2}, pages = {1-20}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3228-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3228-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Bapirzadeh, Kaveh and SeyedKaboli, Hesam and Najafi, Leil}, title = {A comparative study of quantitative mapping methods for bias correction of ERA5 reanalysis precipitation data}, abstract ={ A comparative study of quantitative mapping methods for bias correction of ERA5 reanalysis precipitation data Kaveh Bapirzadeh1, Hesam Seyed kaboli*2, Leila Najafi3 1 MSc student, Department of Civil Engineering, Jundi-Shapur University of Technology, Dezful, Iran. *2 Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Jundi-Shapur University of Technology, Dezful, Iran. Corresponding Author: Email: hkaboli@jsu.ac.ir 3 Instructor, Department of Civil Engineering, Jundi-Shapur University of Technology, Dezful, Iran. Abstract This study evaluates the ability of different quantitative mapping (QM) methods as a bias correction technique for ERA5 reanalysis precipitation data. Climate type and geographical location can affect the performance of the bias correction method due to differences in precipitation characteristics. For this purpose, ERA5 reanalysis precipitation data for the years 1989-2019 for 10 selected synoptic stations in climates with different topographic characteristics were received daily from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) website. Bias correction of these data was performed using 5 quantitative mapping methods based on observational data in R software environment. Two-part evaluation and Taylor diagram were used to compare the performance of different methods. The results showed that the performance of the quantification mapping method depends on the performance functions, set of parameters and climatic conditions. In general, non-parametric methods of multiple mapping have better performance than parametric methods, so that the best performance is related to QUANT and RQUANT methods, among which DIST method has the weakest performance. Keywords: Quantitative mapping, Bias correction, ERA5, ECMWF  }, Keywords = {Quantitative mapping, Bias correction, ERA5, ECMWF}, volume = {9}, Number = {2}, pages = {21-34}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3296-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3296-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Khodakarami, Loghman and Pourmanafi, Saeid and Soffianian, Alireza and Lotfi, Ali}, title = {Space-based quantification of anthropogenic CO2 emissions in an urban area using “bottom-up” method (Case study: Isfahan Metropolitan)}, abstract ={Space-based quantification of anthropogenic CO2 emissions in an urban area using “bottom-up” method (Case study: Isfahan Metropolitan) Abstract Increasing consumption of fossil fuels in urban areas emits enormous amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Therefore, the study of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from urban areas has become an important research topic. The main purpose of this study is space-based quantification of carbon dioxide emissions driving from fossil fuel combustion in different source sectors in Isfahan. To achieve it, in the present study, the "bottom-up" method was used to quantify the carbon dioxide gas emission based on its production sources sectors. In this method, the amount of emission was measured distinctly for different sources of energy consumption and consequently the spatial distribution map the CO2 emission was generated. The results of this study revealed that the total amount of carbon dioxide emissions driving from fossil fuels is 13855525 tons per year in Isfahan. Separately stationary sectors of power plant, housing and commercial and mobile sources including road and railroad and existing agricultural machinery were responsible for emitting 50.61, 21.78, 17.18, 4.92, 4.37, and 1.14% of CO2, respectively. In conclusion, through applying the bottom-up method and CO2 emission distribution mapping based on different source sectors, mitigation measures can be applied more efficiently in urban planning. Key words: Greenhouse gas (GHG), Fossil fuel combustion, Mobile and stationary source of energy consumption, climate change, Mitigation strategies}, Keywords = {Greenhouse gas (GHG), Fossil fuel combustion, Mobile and stationary source of energy consumption, climate change, Mitigation strategies}, volume = {9}, Number = {2}, pages = {35-56}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3266-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3266-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {rajaei, masoud and ghanavati, ezatollah and ahmadabadi, ali and saffari, amir}, title = {Analysis of the behavior changes of hydrological response units due to Residential development (Case Study: Cheshmeh Killeh Tonekabon Basin)}, abstract ={Analysis of the behavior changes of hydrological response units due to Residential development (Case Study: Cheshmeh Killeh Tonekabon Basin) Ezatollah Ghanavati *[1] Ali Ahmadabadi[2] Amir Saffari[3] Masoud Rajaei[4] Abstract                                                                                                                                           Land use and vegetation changes directly lead to changes in the hydrological regime, especially runoff coefficient and maximum instantaneous discharge changes. Much of the land use change has occurred due to residential development, which has led to a decrease in residential and rangeland lands and agricultural lands in the northern regions of the country; This has led to an increased risk of flooding in these areas and downstream urban areas. Cheshmeh Killeh basin as one of the catchments in the north of the country in the last decade has witnessed the occurrence of various floods; Therefore, in this study, by extracting the hydrological response units of Cheshmeh Killeh catchment in order to identify changes in vegetation and land use of these units and the effect of these changes on the hydrological behavior of the basin, the runoff coefficient is one of these behaviors in this period of 29 years (1991-2018). paid. Therefore, in this research, hydrological response units have been identified and extracted as a working unit to determine the runoff production potential of Cheshmeh Killeh catchment. In order to monitor changes in density and vegetation cover using satellite images of the study area in 1991 and 2018, the normalized plant difference index was used; Then, by combining the layers of hydrological groups and land use, the amount of curve number was determined for each of the hydrological response units. According to the values ​​of the obtained curve number for each hydrological response unit, the amount of soil moisture holding capacity was extracted. Finally, by calculating the average monthly values, the amount of runoff from rainfall for 1991 and 2018 was estimated. The results of the study indicate a decrease in the amount and density of vegetation, an increase in the number of curves, a decrease in soil permeability and also an increase in runoff height during a period of 29 years (1991-2018) in Cheshmeh Killeh catchment (especially the northern parts of the catchment); In other words, settlement development, land use change and weakening of vegetation have intensified flooding in the basin; Therefore, it is necessary to carry out watershed management operations upstream to increase permeability.  Keywords: Hydrologica response unit, Cheshmeh killeh, Runoff, Normalized vegetation difference index, SCS-CN model.    }, Keywords = {Hydrological response unit, Cheshmeh killeh,Runoff, Normalized vegetation difference index, SCS-CN model}, volume = {9}, Number = {2}, pages = {57-72}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3110-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3110-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {MohammadKhorshidDoust, Ali and Panahi, Ali and Khorramabadi, Farahnaz and Imanipour, Hossei}, title = {The effect of climatic parameters on plant distribution in central Iran}, abstract ={The effect of climatic parameters on vegetation distribution in central Iran Introduction Climate or climate reflects the daily weather conditions in a particular place for a long time. Most climatic elements are closely related to ecological factors, which is why the analysis of the relationship between climate and plant distribution patterns has been discussed in scientific and research circles for many years. And in recent years, scientists have been using a combination of climatic characteristics with other environmental factors to describe vegetation around the world. Climate change and atmosphere condition will change the content and composition of many plant communities. The Study Area The geographic coordinates of the studied area are between latitudes 29°32’ to 33°59’ and 51°27’ to 55°5’. The position of the selected provinces of central Iran compared to the neighboring provinces are shown in Figure 1 The annual data of 8 stations have been analyzed during the stations period determined by the National Meteorological Organization. The stations characteristics including latitude, longitude, elevation and specific statistical period are shown in Table 3. Data and research methods In this study, the role of temperature changes and relative humidity on vegetation in Central Iran has been investigated using statistical models of analysis of the main components and hierarchical clustering. This research is applied and its method is slightly analytical. In order to investigate the climatic fluctuations of the center of Iran with respect to urban green space, statistical data related to average temperature and relative humidity during the 32-year period (1986 to 2018) selected central stations of Iran to come and statistical deficiencies such as Data loss was performed by reconstructing differential equations using SPSS software. The criterion for selecting stations is the availability of long-term statistics. Using statistical methods and Geographic Information System (GIS), vegetation classification was performed for Central Iran. ArcGIS, Minitab, SPSS and EXCEL software are used in this research. After identifying the stations, climatic variables including temperature and relative humidity were selected from the data of 8 meteorological stations and were analyzed using the techniques mentioned above. Then, using statistical regression analysis, the impact (topography, average temperature and average relative humidity) on how to distribute and distribute vegetation was investigated. Kendall-man non parametric test was used to investigate changes in the vegetation index trend. Results and discussion Analysis of temporal changes in climatic parameters and NDVI index The results show that the distribution of relative humidity in Abadeh and Kerman stations has decreased by 3% and the temperature distribution in these stations has increased by more than one percent. Relative humidity changes in Kashan and Sirjan stations have a weak decreasing trend, while the relative humidity distribution in Isfahan station has decreased by about 2%.The temperature distribution of Shiraz and Yazd stations increased by 3%, Abadeh station increased by 2% and also Isfahan and Kerman stations increased by 1%. The distribution of vegetation in Yazd and Khor Biyabank stations has decreased by one percent, while the growth of vegetation in Isfahan, Abadeh and Sirjan stations is increasing by less than one percent. Distribution of NDVI vegetation index in Central Iran using cluster analysis The stations are located in three distinct areas in terms of distribution of vegetation, each group having the same climatic characteristics in the distribution of similar vegetation. Based on this, three climatic zones in the study area can be identified. Conclusion The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of climatic parameters (average temperature and relative humidity) on the distribution of vegetation in Central Iran using comparison of statistical models; by examining the distribution and density of vegetation, eight factors were identified. Among the factors, the first and second factors, with 81.57% of the total vegetation variance, have played the most important role in determining the climatic diversity of Central Iran. In total, these eight factors have justified about 100% of the vegetation behavior in the area Also, according to the analysis of images of Modis satellite measuring satellites from the vegetation situation in the last 5 years, Central Iran, the value of NDVI index in Central Iran varies between 0.2 to 0.64, the northwestern parts of Fars province have the highest vegetation density and The central parts of Isfahan, especially Yazd, lack vegetation. Based on the results, altitude has a direct and significant relationship with temperature distribution in plants, especially in the study area. However, the height of Iran's central regions has affected the distribution of vegetation. Keywords:  climatic parameters, vegetation distribution, central Iran  }, Keywords = {Central Iran, Climate Change, Temperature, NDVI Vegetation Index}, volume = {9}, Number = {2}, pages = {73-86}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3133-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3133-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Dargahian, fatemeh and Pourhashemi, Mehdi and Razavizadeh, Samaneh}, title = {Evaluation of occurrence, tracing and origin of dust phenomenon in Zagros forest degradation monitoring sites of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province}, abstract ={Evaluation of occurrence, tracing and origin of dust phenomenon in Zagros forest degradation monitoring sites of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province Abstract Decay and drought of oak has occurred in more than 40 countries, including Iran. Numerous factors have contributed to the drought and oak decay. Among the natural causes of climate change is common in all countries, but dust has played an important role as a contributing factor to the decline of the Zagros forests, which are adjacent to and the passage of dust currents. In this study, with the aim of investigating the occurrence of dust and its direction in Zagros deterioration monitoring sites in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, meteorological statistics and data of the nearest synoptic station were used. Dust event codes were extracted from 100 phenomenon codes (0-99) and the frequency of dust events with different horizontal field of view was investigated. In order to identify the direction of dust entry, the graph diagram was used and to draw the dust, WR-PLOT software was used. Data related to wind direction and speed were extracted and wind direction and speed corresponding to dust days were extracted to enter the dust drawing software and converted to a special format of this software. HYSPLIT simulation model was used to identify the source of incoming dust sources in the area of deterioration monitoring sites. The results showed that the occurrence of dust in decay monitoring sites has an increasing trend and the path of dust entering the decay sites from the west and southwest and northwest have been important, respectively. And being in the path of incoming atmospheric currents has been affected by dust mites inside and outside the country. Tracing the origin of dust particles at three altitudes of 1000, 500 and 1500 meters showed that the most important sources of dust entering the region are from Iraq and Saudi Arabia, which has been strengthened by passing through the centers of domestic dust in Khuzestan province. Considering that the occurrence of dust and its entry path can be one of the factors contributing to the decline of Zagros oak trees and the extent of its effects is different in the south-north and west-east slopes, help decision makers and planners of forest ecosystems. At the macro level, with the control programs of domestic centers and international cooperation with neighboring countries to make fruitful and fruitful efforts to preserve and rehabilitate forests. Keywords: Oak decay, Internal and External dust, Golghobar, WR-PLOT software, HYSPLIT model  }, Keywords = {Oak decay, Internal and External dust, Golghobar, WR-PLOT software, HYSPLIT model}, volume = {9}, Number = {2}, pages = {87-102}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3313-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3313-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {AkhavanKazemi, Maasoud and AZIZI, PARVANH and Khoramshad, Mohammadbagher Khoramshad and Abolfathi, Mohamm}, title = {New Social Movements: A Case Study of Emerging Environmental Movements}, abstract ={New Social Movements: A Case Study of Emerging Environmental Movements Abstract The term modern social movements is used to describe movements that were active in France in the late 1960s through collective action in the social sphere. The most important new social movements are the civil rights movement, the women's movement, the peace movement and the environmental movement. The rapid growth of industrial and capitalist societies, regardless of environmental degradation, has created many problems. The most important problems are soil erosion, resource reduction, ozone depletion, greenhouse effects, extinction of animal and plant species and various types of soil and climate pollution. The combination of these factors has provided the basis for the formation and activation of environmental movements. The present paper tries to answer the question of how emerging environmental movements can be analyzed in the form of new social movements? And what are their effects on new social movements? Therefore, with the qualitative interpretive method, and the method of case studies, it examines the nature and why of emerging environmental movements. The research findings show that environmental crises and the need to solve environmental problems that have become a pervasive and global crisis, have provided the basis for the formation, activity and impact of emerging environmental movements. Therefore, in order to deal with the existing crises, emerging environmental movements first informed and increased public awareness, and then created pro-environmental organizations and groups, and finally, by entering In the field of politics, and using new tools and methods, they have expressed their demands and protests in a peaceful and non-violent way, in order to force governments to respond and finally enter directly into The field of politics as influential groups and political parties in the field of public policy. As a result, the volume and scope of social power and the political influence of emerging environmental movements have led to the revitalization and enrichment of new social movements; in a way that today they can be identified and analyzed as powerful social forces and influential actors in the field of political sociology. Keywords: New Social Movements, Emerging Environmental Movements, Social Forces, Methods of Action, Political Nature.  }, Keywords = {New Social Movements, Emerging Environmental Movements, Social Forces, Methods of Action, Political Nature.}, volume = {9}, Number = {2}, pages = {103-126}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3272-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3272-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {heidari, hamed and yarahmadi, darush and mirhashemi, hami}, title = {Detection of surface reflection inductions in Lorestan province using MODIS sensor products}, abstract ={Revealing surface reflection forcings of land cover in Lorestan province using MODIS sensor products Introduction Human interventions in natural areas as a change in land use have led to a domino effect of anomalies and then environmental hazards. These extensive and cumulative changes in land cover and land use have manifested themselves in the form of anomalies such as the formation of severe runoff, soil erosion, the spread of desertification, and salinization of the soil. The main purpose of this study is to reveal the temperature inductions of the land cover structure of Lorestan province and to analyze the effect of land use changes on the temperature structure of the province. In this regard, the data of land cover classes of MCD12Q2 composite product and ground temperature of MOD11A2 product of MODIS sensor were used. Also, in order to detect the temperature inductions of each land cover during the hot and cold seasons, cross-analysis matrix (CTM) technique was used. The results showed that in general in Lorestan province 5 cover classes including: forest lands, pastures, agricultural lands, constructed lands and barren lands could be detected. The results of cross-matrix analysis showed that in hot and cold seasons, forest cover (IGBP code 5) with a temperature of 48 ° C and urban and residential land cover (IGBP code 13) with a temperature of 16 ° C as the hottest land use, respectively. They count. In addition, it was observed that the thermal inductions of land cover in the warm season are minimized and there is no significant difference between the temperature structure of land cover classes; But in the cold season, the thermal impulses of land cover are more pronounced. The results of analysis of variance test showed that in the cold period of the year, unlike the warm period of the year, different land cover classes; Significantly (Sig = 0.026) has created different thermal impressions in the province. Scheffe's post hoc analysis indicated that this was the difference between rangeland cover classes and billet up cover.                                                                                                                       materials and Method                                                                                                                  In this study, to reveal the relationship between land cover levels and different land use classes, cross-information matrix analysis was used in the ARC-GIS software platform. Since one of the main objectives of the study was to investigate and reveal the albedo inductions of land cover classes in Lorestan province, so the relationship between these two factors was investigated by cross-matrix analysis technique. In this regard, two sets of data were used. The first set of data was related to land cover classes of MODIS sensor composite product with a spatial resolution of 1 km and hierarchical data format (MCD          12(Q2 (MCD product) which was obtained from the database of this sensor Conclusion  Land cover classes or perhaps it can be said that land use is one of the most important shapers and determinants of climate near the earth. In this study, it was observed that in general, 5 major land cover classes in the province are separable, among which rangeland and forest lands account for 85% of the total land cover of the province. On the other hand, it was seen in this study that the average spatial albedo of the province in spring, autumn and winter is about 0.2, which is very close to the global value of this component, but in winter the average value of this index in the province reaches 0.3, which can be increased Shows attention. The five land cover classes in the province had their own unique albido induction in winter, which was separable and distinct from each other, but in spring, summer and autumn, no significant distinction of albido induction of these land cover was revealed.                                                                                                                                        Keywords: Land cover changes, Land surface temperature, Cross-information analysis matrix, Lorestan province  }, Keywords = {Land cover changes, Land surface temperature, Cross-information analysis matrix, Lorestan province}, volume = {9}, Number = {2}, pages = {127-140}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3297-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3297-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Hosseini, Ahmad and Ashtarinezhad, Em}, title = {Predicting the average annual maximum wind speed in Sistan region using spatio-temporal regression method}, abstract ={Predicting the average annual maximum wind speed in Sistan region using spatio-temporal regression method : Abstract                               The wind is a quantitative vector that moves from high-pressure centers to low-pressure centers and is measured by two factors, the direction of the wind, which originates from the north and increases in degrees clockwise, and the wind speed, which is the horizontal flow. Air is measured in units of time. The wind speed can move colloidal particles, including clay and silt, from the site of destruction to a distance of hundreds of kilometers. Studies show that most dust days occur in the eastern regions of the country so that in the range of 120-day winds in Sistan, the frequency of dust per year reaches more than 150 days. Moreover, the prediction of numerical values ​​of maximum annual wind speed using the Spatio-temporal regression method was considered in this study. Error variance and alignment analysis using variance inflation index showed that numerical models of the Spatio-temporal regression of data could predict the Average maximum wind speed in the coming years. The results also show that regression Spatio-temporal until 2022 can predict wind speed. The numerical model indicates that the lowest annual average wind speed from 2019 to 2022 is related to the Ghaen station. Its forecast trend shows that by 2022, the average annual wind speed will decrease. The highest annual average wind speed is related to Zabol station, in which the forecast trend of this station shows that the average annual wind speed will decrease by 2022. Keywords: Spatio-temporal regression, Wind speed prediction, Sistan region  }, Keywords = {Spatio-temporal regression, Wind speed prediction, Sistan region}, volume = {9}, Number = {2}, pages = {141-160}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3204-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3204-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Ashrafi, Paniz and Barmayehvar, Behnod and Eshtehardian, Ehsan-allah}, title = {An analysis on the reduction of accidents in the spaces of construction site by using the Internet of Things in Tehran}, abstract ={Considering the increase in housing construction in developing societies such as Iran, it is necessary to address the issue of reducing construction accidents, especially in metropolises, and related safety measures with the help of emerging technologies. Therefore, the main goal of the current research is to investigate the use of Internet of Things to monitor and control high-risk points in order to reduce accidents and improve safety in the spaces of construction site in Tehran. In this applied research, first, a library study was conducted regarding the concept and application of Internet of Things in the safety field of the construction industry. Then, high risk points and activities were identified. After that, in the field study phase, this list was corrected and completed by 52 competent building safety consultants. After that, ten semi-structured interviews were conducted with safety experts and knowledgebale in the field of IoT. Therefore, effective solutions based on Internet of Things were extracted to control and monitor high risk points. Also, in this regard, the current situation and required platforms were explained from the aspects of technology, organization, cost and outsourcing. In fact, the main findings of this research, in the form of a conceptual model, show that paying attention to the stages of choosing the incident, choosing the desired point and activity, determining the appropriate solution for the determined situation (monitoring the amount of movement and health of the structure, monitoring the proximity of flammable materials with other materials, monitoring the proximity of people and machines and preventing the continuation of movement and determining the limits around the openings) and checking the required platforms (infrastructure, support, accreditation, culture, budget, employers and law), respectively, in order to design and implement IoT-based safety systems in the spaces of construction sites is vital.  }, Keywords = {Reducing Accidents, Hazards, Safety, Internet of Things, Spaces of construction sites, Tehran City}, volume = {9}, Number = {2}, pages = {161-178}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3315-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3315-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Motiee, Homayoun and Ahrari, Sab}, title = {Assessment of the effect of periodic changes on Takhte Soleiman glaciers using Google Earth Engine (GEE)}, abstract ={Glaciers are one of the most important water resources in the world, which are heavily affected by global warming and climate change. This paper investigates the effects of global warming on the changes in the snow cover level of the Takht Suleiman region located in Mazandaran province during the warm months of the year through the past three decades using remote sensing. For this purpose, the images from June to August of the Landsat-5 and 8 satellites in the period of 1990 to 2021, as well as the data of the air temperature product of the ERA5 sensor were processed on the Google Earth Engine. In this research, NDSI index (Normalized Snow Cover Surface Index) was used to detect snow covered surfaces and the Mann-Kendall test was used to evaluate the trend of the data. The results of the overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient in the Google Earth Engine system show an overall accuracy of 94% and a Kappa coefficient of 89% in 2021, which shows the high compatibility of this method with real data. The results obtained during the investigated period show an increase of about 1.5 degrees in temperature during the last three decades at a significant level of 95%. The snow and ice cover of the Takht Suleiman region in June month decreased from 127 square kilometers( in 1990) with a decrease of 82% to 22 square kilometers( in 2021). The trend of changes in the level of snow cover in June was analyzed with the Mann-Kendall test, which shows a decreasing trend at a significance level between 80 and 90%. In general, these results indicate an increase in temperature and a decrease in the level of this glacier during the statistical period studied, and the continuation of the gradual depletion of the glaciers of this region in the future is a serious threat to the downstream water source and the surrounding environment.  }, Keywords = {Climate change, Remote sensing, Glaciers, Takhte-Soleiman, Google Earth Engine, NDSI,}, volume = {9}, Number = {2}, pages = {179-194}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3318-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3318-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Mohseni, Behrooz and shahedi, kaka and Manavi, Seyyed Mohsen and Mahmoodi-Vanolya, Narjes}, title = {Analysis of Spatial and temporal variations of suspended sediment in Neka-Rood watershed, Mazandaran province}, abstract ={The sedimentation, sediment transport, erosion and sedimentation problems are important discussions in the planning of wisdom and macro watershed strategies and management of watershed basins. The sediment collection in lower areas causes regional damage, the destruction of the pathway of the waterways, the flow of water pollution, the accumulation of streams of sediment and reducing the capacity of reservoirs of dams and environmental bottlenecks. The sediment resulting from the watersheds erosion, in addition to soil loss and its degradation results in a decrease in water quality and endangers the useful life of dams due to the accumulation of deposits in their reservoirs. In this research, Spatiotemporal variations of suspended sediment load were investigated at three hydrometric stations of Sefidchah, Gelevard and Ablou located on the main channel of the Nakaroud Basin using sediment rating curves and linear regression model through applying MINITAB and EXCEL softwares. In order to determine the best model, determination coefficient (R2) was used. The results of this study showed that in seasonal variations of spring season in all three stations with a determination coefficient of at least 82% and a maximum of 89% as the most suitable model for estimating suspended sediment load among the models studied. In spatial studies, the Ablou station located at the outlet of the watershed has the highest determination coefficient (0.934) between sediment discharge and streamflow discharge.  }, Keywords = {Spatiotemporal variations, Regression Linear Model, MINITAB, Nakaroud}, volume = {9}, Number = {2}, pages = {195-208}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3345-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3345-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Lashkari, Hassan and Mohammadi, Fahimeh}, title = {Synoptic analysis of the changes trend of the share of systems due to the Sudan low In the cold period of the Persian Gulf coast during 1976-2017}, abstract ={Synoptic analysis of the changes trend of the share of systems due to the Sudan low In the cold period of the Persian Gulf coast during 1976-2017  Introduction In the Ethiopian-Sudan range forms the low pressure system without front in the cold and transition seasons that is affecting the climate of the adjacent regions by crossing the Red sea. Based on the evidence in the context of Iran, studying Sudan low was first begun by Olfat in 1968. Olfat refers to low pressures which are formed in northeastern Africa and the Red Sea and then pass Saudi Arabia and the Persian Gulf, enter Iran, and finally, cause rainfall. The most comprehensive research specifically examining Sudan low, was the work carried out by the Lashkari in 1996. While he studying the floods that occurred in southwestern of Iran, he was identified Sudan low by the most important cause of such flooding and he explained how they are formed, and how these low-pressure systems were deployed on the southwest of Iran.  Materials and methods The study period with long-term variations was considered from 9.5 to 11 years based on solar cycles. Precipitation data for 13 synoptic stations are considered above 5 mm in south and southwestern Iran. With three criteria were determined for the days of rainfall caused by each type of atmospheric system. The visual analysis of high and low altitude cores and geopotential height at 1000 hPa pressure level (El-Fandy, 1950a; Lashkari, 1996; 2002) were considered based on the aim of the study. Accordingly, the approximate locations of activity centers, as well as the range of the formation and displacement of the Sudan system were initially identified based on the location of the formation of low and high-pressure cores. Then, the rainy days due to the Sudan system in January were separated from the precipitation of the other atmospheric system.  Results and discussion According to the selected criteria in the forty-year statistical period, 507 precipitation systems were identified with different continuities that led to precipitation in the northern coast of the Persian Gulf. The pattern of independent Sudan low rainfall was responsible for 77% of the precipitation in the Persian Gulf. Decade frequency share of Sudan low was lower in the first decade (16%) compared to the next three decades. This system of rainfall was more activated during the second and third decades compared to the first decade. However, rainfall changes were not evident in the mid-decade. Independent Sudan low precipitation provide 25% and 27% of the cold season precipitation of the Persian Gulf during the second and third decades respectively. In accordance with the 24th solar cycle, at the end of the study period, the Sudan low was more effective on the Gulf coast than ever before. During this decade, 125 cases of Sudan low rainfall was recorded for the Persian Gulf. Thus, the frequency of Sudan low during the fourth decade was about 31%, which was higher than in the rest of the decade. Overall, the Sudan low rainfall was repeated 151 times for 2 days rainfall, during the statistical period studied. This Precipitation has increased over the last decades compared to other periods.  Conclusion The severe variability of rainfall along the timing and location of the permanent Persian Gulf coasts can have a significant impact on the economic and agricultural behavior of the Gulf population in the three provinces of Ahwaz, Bushehr and Hormozgan.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the precipitation changes due to Sudan low in the Persian Gulf coastal region during the cold period. The results of this study showed that the role of integration patterns in influencing the precipitation of the Persian Gulf coast has decreased with the strengthening and further activation of the Sudan low system during the last two decades. That way, about 77percent of the region's rainfall is provided by independent Sudan low. At the end of the course (in accordance with 24th solar cycle activity) the Sudan low system was more active than before. Although the Sudan low activity was different at each station during the period studied, but in the historical passage incremental and decade's positive behavior of Sudan low was common to all stations. Evaluation of changes in rainfall duration shows that the pattern of precipitation with 2days duration is more frequent than the patterns of one to several days. Keywords: Sudan low- Solar cycle- Persian Gulf.  }, Keywords = {Solar cycle, cold period, Persian Gulf, Sudan low}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {1-18}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3122-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3122-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {doostn, rez}, title = {Onset and End of Natural Seasons in Iran}, abstract ={Onset and End of Natural Seasons in Iran Introduction:  Season is the natural pattern of change in nature, which is related to the movement of the sun, the temperature cycle, the life cycle of the earth (phenology) and human culture. In astronomical and climatic seasons, a year divided into four seasons, spring, and summer, autumn and winter (Alsop, 2005), (Trenberth, 1983). Season is a period of the year with a homogeneous climate (Alsop, 1989), that is difficult to determine exactly when to start and end. The methods of determining of the seasons are: change in the face of the earth (Cayan et al, 2001), (Wang et al., 2021), constant temperature threshold, (Jaagus et al, 2003; Kitowski et al, 2019; Ruosteenoja et al, 2019; Alijani,1998), Air Masses, (Lamb, 1950; Cheng et al, 1997; Pielke et al, 1987; Kalinicky,1987; Alpert et al, 2004). What is a natural constant sign is the key to determining change and starting a new season. Organisms react to the onset and end of natural seasons by changing their behavior. Naturally, plants and animals adjust and adapt their phonological stages to temperature changes and jumps (Sparks et al, 2002), Plants germinate and flower in spring,fruit in summer, reduced activity and leaf in autumn and in winter fall asleep (Menzel et al, 1999 Animals are also adapted to reproduction, nesting and childbirth, And their phonological period is also related to vegetation conditions. In other words, the life stages of living organisms are adapted and dependent on these natural changes (Schwartz et al, 2000). Some organisms also migrate in order to adapt (Smith et al, 2012). The genetic response of organisms to rapid climate change and seasons associated with winter warming across the north, the early onset of spring and a long growing season is a factor in impairing the physiological response (reproduction, dormancy or migration time) of species(Bradshaw et al, 2008). On the other hand, the sensible temperature of organisms is affected by radiation, wind, air temperature and humidity. As appearance temperature is an important heat factor (heat and cold) in nature, to which animals, plants and humans react. Ruosteenoja et al (2019), showed the length and onset seasons of European with thresholds of 0 and 10 ° C focusing on the scenario of a 2 ° increase in temperature, an increase in summer length and a decrease in winter compared to pre-industrialization. The length of summer increases by 1 degree, increases by 10 days, and the length of winters decreases by 10 to 24 days. Kitowski et al, (2019), showed the onset of summer earlier, the shorter autumn, the longer summer and the shorter winter in Poland with zero-, 5- and 15-degree temperature thresholds. Wang et al, (2021) change the onset time and length of natural and summer seasons from 78 days to 95 days, and spring, autumn and winter, 124 to 115, 87 to 82, and 76 to 73 days, respectively. Also, summer is halfway through the year and winter is less than two months to 2100 in the middle of the Northern Hemisphere. Dong (2009) showed that in most parts of China since 1950, summers have been longer and winters shorter, with the onset of summer 5.8 days earlier and the length of the season 9 days longer and the winter 5.6 days later and the length of the season 11 days. Changes in transition seasons are less. Season start, end and season length changes studied in Oregon and Washington (Alsop, 1989), in the United States (Barry and Perry, 1973), Europe (Jaagus et al, 2003), Estonia (Jaagus et al, 2000), South Korea (Choi et al, 2006), China (Ma et al, 2020), Xinjiang in northwestern China (Jiang et al, 2011; Cheng et al, 1997), Eastern Mediterranean (Alpert et al, 2004), Iran (Alijani ,1377). Therefore, with the increasing trend of temperature in different regions of Iran (Alijani et al, 2012), study of change of the start and end dates of natural seasons in connection with life in nature is necessary (Penuelas et al, 2002). The aim of this study is determine the time of onset, end and length of natural and significant seasons and its difference with astronomical and climatic seasons in Iran with highlands, inland and coastal lowlands in the north and south with a new approach based on biological physiology. Material and methods: To determine the onset and end of natural seasons, daily data of relative humidity, water vapor pressure, and wind speed and air temperature over a 60-year period for 32 synoptic stations in Iran from 1959 to 2018 were used. Selected stations cover all areas of Iran (coastal, low and highlands). In the first step, the apparent daily temperature of each station was calculated (Formula 1). In the second stage, with the knowledge of the direct effect of atmospheric circulation factors in the occurrence of natural phenomena (Alijani, 2011) And rapid changes in temperature (season), the 4-day moving averages of apparent temperature (average life of cyclone and anticyclone) at each station were calculated and was the basis of study. The onset and end of the season are with a natural and biological approach related to the stages of bio phenology and the natural part's reaction to temperature changes. Therefore, the apparent temperature of zero and below zero with the reduction or cessation of biological activity in nature, is the onset of winter. On the other hand, the time required by nature to adapt to new temperature conditions, is at least 10 days (Joy, 2017). Therefore, the temperature of zero degrees and non-return to zero Up to at least the next 10 days, is the basis for the onset of winter. In fact, with the continuation of sub-zero temperatures for 10 days, the living part of nature receives the signal of change. If after that, for a period of less than 10 days, the temperature goes above zero, the situation will not return to the previous state (nature did not react and adaptation occurred). On the other hand, the best temperature for the growth period is from at least zero degrees to a maximum of 30 degrees in nature (Abrami, 1972). The second key indicator is the temperature of the onset of summer and the warm period. For the onset of the summer season, the temperature of 20 degrees was base with the previous conditions. Because at this temperature, the reproductive period in plants and animals has started, most animals and plants have children and humans also feel warm. As plants begin to fill grain at this temperature, including wheat (Jenner, 1991 and Dupont et al, 2003) as the world's oldest grain. Here, the same condiction as before, don’t return to 20 degrees for at least the next 10 days was the basis. So at the onset of both seasons, if the temperature returns to zero and 20 in the 10-day period, the season has not begun, and in that year the station does not have winter and summer, respectively. Then, the temperature of 19 degrees and less with the above conditions, the onset of autumn and the temperature of 1 degree and more with the above conditions, are the basis for the onset of spring. Formula 1: Calculate the apparent temperature                      AT = T + 0.33 PV - 0.7 WS – 4 T = air temperature in Celsius, PV = water vapor pressure in hPa, WS = wind speed in meters per second, AT = apparent temperature in Celsius Results and discussion:  The onset and end of natural seasons are different in the geographical and topographical location of Iran. Southern regions and the northern coasts are two seasons with a warm summer season and a transitional season (cool). Other parts of Iran, like the temperate regions of the globe, have four seasons, but the start, end and length varies. The longest winter in the northwest and the western heights and the length of winter to the east and south is short and vice versa, the longest summer in the south and center of Iran. Spring season in below 29 degrees orbit, Khuzestan and the shores of the Caspian Sea is not a separate season, but with the absence of winter, it merges with autumn. In other regions, spring begins in the south and northwest, respectively, from 31 January to 8 March. In most parts of Iran, the onset of spring coincides with the traditional date of Nowruz, after small chelleh of winter. This month coincides with the rise in temperature and the revival of nature and the introduction of the New Year. The end of spring in the central regions, 10 May and in the northwest, 18 June, and its length varies from 103 to 96 days in the northwest and northeast, respectively. In the temperate regions of Iran, it is about three months with a 10-day spatial fluctuation (Table 1). The onset of summer is with a new stage of phenology in nature. The onset of summer is from 15 April on the southern coasts with high tropical arrival and the latest onset of summer in the northwestern part is 19 June (Table 1). In the south of the orbit of 29 degrees and the region of Khuzestan, until 8 May, in the central and northeastern regions of Iran from 22 May to 29 May and the west and northwest region, from mid-June to the end of June. The end of summer, as opposed to the onset, is the earliest time of 17 September in the northwest, and in the southern regions of Iran, the end of 8 October is in the 29 degree orbit. The southern regions of Iran, the longest summer that shows the role of latitude and slower exit of the tropical system (Alijani, 1390). The length of the summer season in temperate regions varies from 90 to 139 days, approximately three to five months, respectively in the northwest and the 29-degree geographical orbit, respectively. Therefore, the spatial trend of summer length from east and south of Iran to north and northwest is decreasing and there are the shortest summers in northwest of Iran. Naturally, this spatial trend is related to the high-altitude inbound and outbound routes of the subcontinent and the western systems from the south and northwest, respectively. The month of October and November is the onset of autumn in Iran, in the northwest and northeast, with the arrival of cold atmospheric circulation from above, the angle of radiation and altitude, is 18 September. The latest start of autumn in Hormozgan is 12 November (Table 1). The end of autumn is the first of April to the first of June in the south and north coasts, respectively. In the northeast of Iran, 24 to 28 December, and in the central regions, 28 to 31 December, is the end of the autumn season. The earliest end in the northwestern regions of Iran at the end of December is 10-17 December. The length of the autumn season in temperate regions is 83 to 97 days, respectively, in the northwest and northeast, that’s an average of nearly three months. With the onset of winter, decreases in temperature (frost) and winter during the year below the 29 degree orbit are rare, but on the northern coast, with the influence of atmospheric systems, it is a coincidence. In other regions of Iran, northwest, west and east of Zagros and south of Alborz, above 29 degree orbit, from 11 December to 1 January, is the time of winter. Respectively, the earliest onset of winter is in the northwest, and the latest onset in the central regions (Table 1). As the westerly winds of the extraterrestrial latitudes with cyclones and anticyclones dominate the Iranian atmosphere, also, the angle of radiation and the amount of radiation received at the earth's surface at this time, reaches a minimum during the year. The end of winter in temperate regions is from 30 January in the 29 degree orbit to 7 March in the northwestern regions. Winter length reaches 86 days in northwestern Iran, 29 days in central regions (above 29 degree orbit) and 58 days in northeastern Iran, Therefore, there are only three winter months in northwestern Iran and in other parts of Iran, it is the shortest season during the year. Spatial trend of winter length from northwest of Iran to east and south is decreasing. Figure1: Date of onset, end and duration of natural seasons in different regions of Iran Fall Summer Spring Winter Season Length End onset Length End onset Length End onset Length End onset 83 10 Dec 18 Sep 227 17 Sep 15 Apr 100 10 may 31 Jan 86 30 Jan 11 Dec Earlier 160 21 Apr 13 Nov 90 12 Nov 19 Jun 103 18 Jun 8 Mar 29 7 Mar 1 Jan Later 77 133 56 137 55 65 3 39 36 57 36 21 Fluctuation Conclusion: The time of the onset, end and length of natural seasons in Iran are different from astronomical and calendar seasons. The slow decreasing and increasing trend of temperature at the onset and end of the seasons is initially a function of the angle of radiation and the length of day and night, but the real onset of a season with temperature jumps associated with the migratory atmospheric system (cyclone and anticyclone), Siberian hypertension, It is from the north and high in the subtropics from the south. Areas below 29 degree orbit in the south of Iran and Khuzestan and the northern coasts, have only two seasons of autumn (cool) and summer (warm) and the temperature decreases to zero and less (occurrence of winter), in the southern regions, rare and on the northern coasts is accidental and short. The apparent temperature in these areas has been decreasing since late summer and in the middle of the cold period, it is decreasing to the maximum (lowest temperature during the year) and increasing again until the onset of summer. Therefore, the above areas are two periods, with a cool season and a hot and hot season. The southern coasts of Iran and Khuzestan have short cooling seasons and long hot and hot summers, and the northern coasts, on the contrary, have shorter summers and longer and cooler autumns, that The influence of water temperature, latitude, topography and atmospheric systems are effective in these differences. In other regions of Iran, except the mentioned regions, four natural seasons occur (spring, summer, autumn and winter). In connection with the role of latitude, altitude, the arrival of migratory and high pressure Siberian atmospheric systems, the time of onset, end and length of the season has a change of location. As the length of summer is more in the southern, eastern and central regions of Iran and decreases in the northwest and west of Iran, and the length of winter is the opposite. The length of the transitional seasons (autumn and spring) in the temperate regions of Iran is not different and the three months in the season are similar to the astronomical and calendar seasons. The most important spatial difference is during winter and summer. Winter decreases from three months in the northwest of Iran to the south and east of Iran and reaches a month in the 29 degree orbit. On the other hand, the length of summer, on the contrary, varies from five and three months from east and south of Iran to northwest of Iran. Therefore, in temperate regions of Iran, the length of natural seasons from the south and east of Iran to the west and northwest of Iran is more regular and approaches to three months in each season. This spatial trend indicates the climatic similarity of western and northwestern Iran with temperate regions of the globe in higher latitudes and but to the center, south and east of Iran, this similarity decreases and to hot and cold dry desert climate in the Middle East and central Asia region is similar, respectively. This indicates regularity and order in nature, which is related to the geographical principle of Tobler’s law, the spatial correlation of climates and the onset, end and length of their seasons. Therefore, if we consider three months in a season as a natural feature of the temperate regions of the earth and two seasons (climatic period) as a feature of the subtropical regions, Iran is in the transition zone of these two climates. As from three months, the length of each season in the northwest to less than a month in the range of orbit 29 degrees, and then the subtropical conditions with two seasons (warm and cool) appear. Therefore, from northwest to east and south of Iran, the climatic moderation decreases and its tropical sub-characteristic (longer summer and shorter winter) heat and dryness to heat and humidity in southern Iran is added. Naturally, in this spatial process, primarily large-scale atmospheric rotations and secondly, geographical phenomena (their shape and position) play a pivotal role. The Caspian Sea coast is an exception to this rule due to its higher latitude and complexity of geographical phenomena and the role of water, because the climate systems related to the Caspian climate are different from other regions of Iran. Key words: Natural Seasons, Apparent Temperature, Plant and Animal Phenology, Iran.  }, Keywords = {Natural Seasons, Apparent Temperature, Plant and Animal Phenology, Iran}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {19-36}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3267-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3267-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {ebrahimi, sorayya and rahmanyefazli, abdolreza and azizpour, farh}, title = {Factors affecting the adaptation of rural settlements to the water crisis of Lake Urmia Case study: Miandoab County}, abstract ={Factors affecting the adaptation of rural settlements to the water crisis of Lake Urmia Case study: Miandoab County Problem statement In recent years, Lake Urmia, the largest lake in Iran, has faced severe water shortages, which has raised concerns in terms of economic, social and environmental consequences in the surrounding communities, especially in rural areas. Livelihood dependence of rural community stakeholders, to the natural resources and agricultural products have caused the harmful effects of drying Urmia Lake to be more visible. The drying up of Lake Urmia is not limited to this lake, but human communities have also suffered a lot from their sphere of influence. Due to the human effects of the drying of Lake Urmia,  it is necessary to analyze the effects of this phenomenon from a human perspective in research. Identifying the adaptive capacity of rural community stakeholders makes it possible to adopt appropriate management strategies to reduce the damage caused by lake drying. Therefore, despite the importance of the subject of this research, it seeks to study the factors and forces affecting the adaptation capacity of rural settlements in the face of the drying crisis of Lake Urmia in the city of Miandoab and so on. Research Methodology In terms of methodology, strategy and design, the present study is a combination of (mixed), sequential and explanatory exploratory, respectively. In this study, for a detailed study of community mentalities, a discourse on effective factors to increase the adaptive capacity of rural settlements in the face of drying or water retreat of Lake Urmia, the combined method of (Q) was selected. The research discourse community included local managers (governorate experts, heads and employees of government departments, districts, rural districts and Islamic councils) as well as local experts in the sample villages of Miandoab city. Targeted sampling method (snowball) was used to select the statistical sample. Q statements were also compiled using first-hand sources (expert opinions, local managers, field observations, etc.) and codified sources (books, articles, publications, etc.) using the library and field methods. The Q questionnaire was also used to assess the attitude of experts. In order to analyze the data of the Q (Q) method matrices, heuristic factor analysis based on the individual method (Stanfson method) was used. Description and interpretation of results  In reviewing the findings of the exploratory factor analysis model with KMO criterion, Bartlett test confirmed the sufficient number of samples and its appropriateness for the research. To investigate the most important influencing factors, the specific value and percentage of variance were calculated and the number of factors was determined by pebble diagram and Kaiser Guttman criterion. The results showed that the most important factors and forces affecting the increase of adaptation capacity to the drying of Lake Urmia in the sample villages of Miandoab are: 1) Increasing economic capital and the use of natural resources, 2) Increasing social capital and investment, 3) Developing infrastructure facilities and improving the skills of villagers, 4) Economic diversification and improving rural management .. Among these factors, the first factor with a specific value of 5.40 and a percentage of variance of 24.55 was recognized as the most important factor and effective force in increasing the adaptation capacity of the studied villages against the drying of Lake Urmia. Thus, economic and natural factors, as the most important assets of the villagers, are endangered at any time by the drying up and retreat of the water of Lake Urmia and have a direct impact on the livelihood of the villagers. Keywords: Adaptation capacity, Lake Harumiyeh, Miandoab County.  }, Keywords = {Adaptation capacity of rural settlements, Lake urmia, study Q, Miandoab}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {37-56}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3194-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3194-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {TabibMahmoudi, Fatemeh}, title = {Investigation of the effects of Covid-19 pandemic on UHI in urban, industrial and green spaces of Tehran}, abstract ={Investigation of the effects of Covid-19 pandemic on UHI in residential, industrial and green spaces of Tehran  Abstract Rapid urbanization in recent decades has been a major driver of ecosystems and environmental degradation, including changes in agricultural land use and forests. Urbanization is rapidly transforming ecosystems into buildings that increase heat storage capacity. Loss of vegetation and increase in built-up areas may ultimately affect climate variability and lead to the creation of urban heat islands. The occurrence of natural disasters such as flood, earthquake … is one of the most effecting factors on the changes in intensity of urban heat islands. So far, a lot of research has been done on how it is affected by various types of natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes, droughts and tsunamis. Two major environmental challenges for many cities are preventing flooding after heavy rains and minimizing urban temperature rise due to the effects of heat islands. There is a close relationship between these two phenomena, because with increasing air temperature, the intensity of precipitation increases. Drought is also a phenomenon that is affected by rainfall, temperature, evapotranspiration, water and soil conditions. One of the major differences between drought and other natural disasters is that they occur over a longer period of time and gradually than others that occur suddenly. Another natural disaster is the tsunami, which increases the area of water by turning wetlands into lakes, thereby increasing the index of normal water differences, which has a strong negative relationship with surface temperature. Ecosystems in urban areas play a role in reducing the impact of urban heat islands. This is because plants and trees regulate the temperature of their foliage by evaporation and transpiration, which leads to a decrease in air temperature. Applying the locked down of the Covid-19 pandemic since the spring of 2020 has led to the global restoration of climatic elements such as air quality and temperature. In this study, the effects of Covid-19 locked down on the intensity of urban heat islands due to the limitations in industrial activities such as factories and power plants and the application of new laws to reduce traffic in Tehran were investigated. In this regard, the Landsat-8 satellite taken from a part of Tehran city has been used. Materials and Methods In order to investigate the effects of locked down in the spring of 2020 on the intensity of urban heat islands; the status of UHI maps in Tehran during the same period of locked down in three years before and one year after has been studied. The proposed method in this paper consists of two main steps. The first step is to generate UHI maps using land surface temperature (LST), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and land use / land cover map analysis. In the second step, in order to analyze the behavioral changes in the intensity of urban heat islands during locked down and compare it with previous and subsequent years, changes in the intensity of UHIs are monitored. UHI maps consist of three classes of high, medium and low intensities urban heat islands, which are based on performing the rule based analysis on land surface temperature characteristics and normal vegetation difference index derived from Landsat-8 satellite images as well as land use / land cover map. LULC maps are produced by support vector machine classification method consisting of three classes of soil, building and vegetation. In order to calculate the spectral features used in the rule based analysis, atmospheric and radiometric corrections must first be made on the red, near-infrared, and thermal spectral bands of the image captured by the Landsat-8 satellite. Then, vegetation spectral indices including NDVI and PV indices are generated. Disscussion of Results The capability of the proposed algorithm in this paper is first evaluated in the whole area covered by satellite images taken from the city of Tehran, and then in three areas including residential, industrial and green spaces. The data used in this article are images taken by the OLI sensor of Landsat-8 satellite in the spring of 2017-2021. In the first step of the proposed method, maps of urban heat islands are generated based on multi-temporal satellite images of Landsat-8 taken in the years 2017to 2021 in the MATLAB programming software. Then, by comparing pairs of UHI maps in each of the residential, industrial and green space study areas, the trend of changes in the intensity of UHI is analyzed and the effects of locked down application in 2020 are evaluated. The results of changes detection in urban heat islands in the period under consideration in this study showed that the percentage of areas that are in the class of high UHI in 2020 due to locked down of pandemic Covid-19 compared to the average of three years before that is 55.71%, has a decrease of 17.61%. The percentage of areas in the class of medium UHI intensity in 2020 due to locked down compared to the average of three years ago, which is 39%, increased by 4.8%, and in 2021 this amount again has decreased to less than the average. Also, the percentage of low intensity UHI class in 1399 compared to the average of three years ago, which is 5.3%, has increased by 12.8%. Conclusion In this study, the effect of locked down application due to the Covid-19 virus pandemic, which was applied in Iran in the spring of 2020 is investigated on the intensity of  urban heat islands in a part of Tehran city and three selected areas with residential, industrial and green space. Detection of changes in the intensity of urban heat islands was done based on the post-classification method and on the UHI classification maps related to the years 2017 to 2021. In order to produce UHI maps, in addition to the land surface temperature, the amount of vegetation index and the type of land use / land cover class were also used in the form of a set of classification rules. Comparing the results of the study areas of residential, industrial and green spaces, it is important to note that the rate of reduction of the area of UHI with high intensity in the residential area is 5.25% more than the industrial area and 6.1% more than the green space. However, the reduction of locked down restrictions in 2021 had the greatest effect on the return of the area of ​​the high UHI class and caused the area of ​​this class to increase by 23% compared to 2020. These results indicate the fact that restrictions on the activities of industrial units such as factories and power plants and the application of new laws to reduce traffic, despite the same weather conditions in an area have been able to significantly reduce the severity of urban heat islands.  Keywords: Urban Heat Islands, Land Surface Temperature, Vegetation Index, Change Detection, Covid-19  }, Keywords = {Urban Heat Islands, Surface Temperature, Vegetation Index, Change Detection, CoVID-19}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {57-74}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3326-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3326-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {jasemmohammad, tofigh and rahmani, mohammad and abdi, komeil}, title = {Changes in ground surface temperature in the city of Halle and its relationship with changes in the NDVI index}, abstract ={Changes in ground surface temperature in the city of Halle and its relationship with changes in the NDVI index abstract The temperature of the urban environment is one of the parameters that citizens are in contact with at any moment. Studies show that the global temperature is constantly increasing due to environmental changes. One of these parameters that affect the increase in temperature; The physical growth of the city and its consequent destruction and loss of vegetation. In this study, using Landsat satellite images for the years 2001, 2011 and 2021; and the implementation of the single-channel algorithm, the surface temperature of the ground in the Iraqi city of Halla was calculated and its changes were investigated and analyzed. On the other hand, the NDVI index was calculated as a vegetation index on the mentioned dates and its changes were analyzed with the temperature changes of the earth's surface. The general results of this research showed that the area of the city of Halle has doubled during the study period, and this has caused a decrease in the amount of vegetation and an increase in the temperature of the earth's surface. In the end, the correlation between the surface temperature and the NDVI index was calculated, which was equal to 46.92, 44.35 and 52.98% for the years 2001, 2011 and 2021, respectively. This issue shows the strong relationship between these two parameters and the effect of the reduction of vegetation on the increase in the temperature of the earth's surface. Key words: Earth surface temperature, vegetation, NDVI, city growth, Halle city  }, Keywords = {Earth surface temperature, vegetation, NDVI, city growth, Halle city}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {75-90}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3327-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3327-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Parastesh, HamidReza and Ashrafi, Khosro and Zahed, Mohammad Ali}, title = {Estimation of methane emission from the risers of urban gas network in the metropolis of Mashhad and evaluation of its economic and environmental effects}, abstract ={Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2022.  Natural gas explained. https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/natural-gas/use-of-natural-gas.php#:~:text=The%20United%20States%20used%20about,of%20U.S.%20total%20energy%20consumption Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2022. Natural Gas Consumption by End Use. https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_cons_sum_dcu_nus_a.html IEA. 2020. Gas 2020. https://www.iea.org/reports/gas-2020/2021-2025-rebound-and-beyond Cinq-Mars, TJ.; T. Kropotova, M. Morgunova, A. Tallipova, and S. Yunusov. 2020. Leak Detection and Repair in the Russian Federation and the United States: Possibilities for Convergence. Stanford US-Russia Forum Journal. Weller, ZD.; DK. Yang, and JC. von Fischer. 2019. An open source algorithm to detect natural gas leaks from mobile methane survey data. PLoS One,14(2):e0212287. SHAHEDI, AS.; MJ. ASSARIAN, O. KALATPOUR, E. ZAREI, and I. MOHAMMADFAM. 2016. Evaluation of consequence modeling of fire on methane storage tanks in a gas refinery. Costello, KW. 2014. Lost and unaccounted-for gas: Challenges for public utility regulators. Util Policy,29:17–24. Arpino, F.; M. Dell’Isola, G. Ficco, and P. Vigo. 2014. Unaccounted for gas in natural gas transmission networks: Prediction model and analysis of the solutions. 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Estimation of methane gas leakage from Mashhad urban landfills and evaluation of economic and environmental effects Abstract This study, which was conducted in 8 urban gas areas of Mashhad; At first, descriptive statistics of the state of Mashhad urban gas regulators and different leakage modes were presented; In order to analyze the collected data and investigate the causes of leakage, the relationship between 5 variables and the amount of leakage from gas regulators was tested with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) V.26 software; These 5 variables are: regulator equipment/connections, regulator operation age, regulator service type (domestic, industrial and commercial), urban area and different seasons of the year. The results of the analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the type of equipment/connections and leakage. (P-Value = 0.0001). Also, a significant difference was observed among other variables of the research (the operation age of the regulator, the type of regulator service (domestic, industrial and commercial), the urban area and different seasons of the year) with the leakage rate (P-Value=0.0001); The pressure drop due to the greater demand of gas consumption in the winter season has reduced the amount of leakage compared to other seasons; The influence of the age of distribution network equipment/connections due to wear and tear and longer life will aggravate the amount of methane gas leakage; Also, the amount of leakage in commercial places had a significant difference with other types of uses; Being in an urban area has also increased the amount of methane gas leakage compared to other areas; The type and quality of equipment and connections as the main and influential factor in methane gas leakage should be considered by managers and officials in this field of work. Keyword: Methane, Riser, Urban area, Environmental effects, Economy Effects, Gas, Emission  }, Keywords = {Methane, Riser, Urban area, Environmental effects, Economy Effects, Gas, Emission}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {91-102}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3340-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3340-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Ghahraman, Kaveh and ZanganehAsadi, MohammadAli}, title = {Determination of flood-prone areas using Sentinel-1 Radar images (Case study: Flood on March 2019, Kashkan River, Lorestan Province)}, abstract ={Determination of flood-prone areas using Sentinel-1 Radar images (Case study: Flood on March 2019, Kashkan River, Lorestan Province) Introduction Although natural hazards occur in all parts of the world, their incidence is higher in Asia than in any other part of the world. Natural phenomena are considered as natural hazards when they cause damage or financial losses to human beings. Iran is also one of the high-risk countries in terms of floods. Until 2002, about 467 floods have been recorded by the country's hydrometric stations. In addition to natural factors such as rainfall, researchers consider human impacts such as destruction of vegetation cover, soil destruction, inefficient management, destruction of pastures and forests, and encroachment on the river are the most important factors for the occurrence and damage of floods in the country. One of the most efficient and emerging tools in flood surveys is the use of radar images. SAR images and flood maps produced by radar images provide researchers valuable and reliable information. Moreover, maps obtained from SAR images help officials to manage the crisis and take preventive measures against floods. The Sentinel-1 satellite is part of the Copernicus program, launched by the European Space Agency, and is widely used in mapping flood-prone areas. The contribution of Sentinel-1 to the application of flood mapping arises from the sensitivity of the backscatter signal to open water. This study aims to determine high-risk and flood-prone areas along the Kashkan River using Sentinel-1 radar images. Data and Methods  The study area includes a part of the Kashkan river from Mamolan city to the connection point of this river to Seymareh river, after Pol-dokhtar city. The average annual discharge of the Kashkan river is 33.2 cubic meters per second based on the data of the Pole-Kashkan Station. The length of the river in the study area is about 100 km. To investigate flood-prone areas, we applied pre-processing and image-processing steps to each flood event including SAR images belonging to March 25th, 2019, March 31st 2019, and April 2nd, 2019. SAR images were acquired from ESA Copernicus Open Access Hub. climatic data was downloaded from power.larc.nasa.gov. To create meander cross-sections, the Digital Elevation Model of the studied area was utilized. Cross-sections were created using QGIS software. Pre-processing steps include: applying orbit data, removing SAR thermal noise, calibration of SAR images, de-speckling and topographic correction. In image processing, we applied the Otsu thresholding method to distinguish water pixels from land pixels. In thresholding methods, the histogram of each image is divided into two parts according to the amount of gray composition. The higher the amount of gray (i.e., the pixel tends to be darker), the more pixels represent water, and conversely, the lighter-toned pixels (i.e., pixels that tend to whiten) represent land. The Otsu thresholding method is a commonly used method for water detection in SAR images. It uses an image histogram to determine the correct threshold. The most important feature of the Otsu method is that it is capable of determining the threshold automatically. The Otsu algorithm was applied to all images using MATLAB. Results According to the flood maps, on March 25th, 6.51 percent of the study area was flooded, while on March 31th, only 3.96 percent was flooded. This is mainly due to less precipitation on the 31st. On March 25th the average daily precipitation was 47.46 mm while on 31st of March the average daily precipitation was 31.64 mm. On April 2nd, however, there was no rainfall, on the day before more than 63 mm of precipitation has occurred. This massive amount of precipitation on the previous day has led to more than 25km2 being flooded in the studied area. Conclusion Results showed that meanders and their surrounding areas are the most dangerous sections in terms of flooding. The meander's dynamic and the river's hydrologic processes are essential factors affecting flooding in those sections. Generally, various factors affect flooding and the damage caused by it. This study aimed to determine flooded and flood-prone areas (according to flooded areas in previous events) using new methods in a short time and with high accuracy to use this tool for more accurate zoning and efficient planning in the future. The results showed that radar images are practical, robust, and reliable tools for determining flooded areas, especially for rapid and near-real-time studies of flood events. Keywords: Floods, Radar images, Sentinel-1Satelitte, Kashkan river  }, Keywords = {Floods, Radar images, Sentinel-1Satelitte, Kashkan river}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {103-118}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3276-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3276-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Nooriara, Rasool and daryabari, seysd jamalaldin and Alijani, Bohlol and Borna, Rez}, title = {Synoptic analysis of the torrential on Day 21, 1398 (Case study: Zahedan and Qeshm)}, abstract ={  Synoptic analysis of the torrential on Day 21, 1398 (Case study: Zahedan and Qeshm) Abstract Rainfall is the most important phenomenon or feature of the environment and so far many studies have been done about its causes. In any place, rainfall occurs when humid air and climbing cause are provided. Both of these conditions are provided by the circulation pattern. The study area is affected by some severe and sudden weather phenomena such as low annual rainfall, short rainfall period and rainfall in the form of heavy showers. Thus, it is possible that the limited and pervasive precipitation of the area is due to a different synoptic pattern. Because the relationship between circulation patterns and precipitation is significant, achieving acceptable results in the field of the relationship between these patterns with the limit and total rainfall of the studying area requires the analysis of synoptic maps. Therefore, the most important purpose of the present study is the synoptic analysis of heavy cloud rainfall of the studying area on Day 1398. Two sets of data were required for this study: A: Daily precipitation data of study stations on the day of heavy cloud rainfall on 21 Day (January 11, 2020) along with daily precipitation data in the days before the flood (96 hours before the flood) which was received from the main Meteorological Organization of the country. B: atmosphere data levels including: sea level (SLP), 850 and 500 hPa levels, vertical atmospheric velocity and wind flow levels of 1000, 850 and 500 hPa, specific humidity of 1000 and 700 hPa levels and 250 hPa surface flow winds for study days from the US National Center for Environmental Forecasting / National Atmospheric Research Center (NCEP/NCAR) were provided in the range of 0 to 60 degrees at north latitude and 0 to 80 degrees at east longitude, and finally, maps were drawn and prepared in Gardes software to provide the ability to interpret. The synoptic analysis of sea level showed that: on the day of the heavy cloud, a low-height closed center with a central core of 1,010 hPa in the northeast-southwest direction covered the entire study area. Then, the high-height with a central core equal to 1030 hPa is located at northwest of Iran, northwest of Europe and on Tibet. According to the location of high-pressure dams around Iran and the location of low-pressure centers on the study area and water resources in the south, a strong pressure has been created. Subsequently, with height increasing, low-height with central core equal to 1440 geopotential meters is located at northeast-southwest direction of entire study area. And the low height of northern Russia extends to the Persian Gulf and provides the conditions for severe ascent and instability in a very large area. The rear dams of Nave transferred the cold air of the high latitudes into the bottom of the Nave located on the study area and have intensified the instability. Also, the geopotential height of 500 hPa level of deep descent is located at the northeast-southwest direction of Iran and core of the Nave covers the Persian Gulf completely, that is the study area in the best condition and in front of the Nave, which is diverged by hot and humid weather. This deepening of the rotation and the penetration of the Nave to the lower latitudes caused the cold air to fall. The analysis of the 250-hectopascal-level flow-wind shows that the flow-wind with a core speed of 65 meters per second has covered the entire study area by crossing above the Persian Gulf, and compared to the previous days, the flow-wind is completely meridional. Synoptic analysis of the vertical velocity at the level of 1000 hPa shows that the maximum negative omega -0.2 to -0.15 Pascal per second in the northwest-southeast direction has covered the study area. The presence of negative omega index values ​​indicates the role of convection in intensifying precipitation in mentioned area and the dynamic ascent of air. The study map shows that compared to other countries in the study map, the maximum of negative omega is located on Iran, which is reduced along to the west of Iran. With increasing altitude, the maximum negative omega has increased to -0.3 Pascal per second and the core of the maximum negative omega is completely located on the study stations (Zahedan and Qeshm). Then, at the level of 500 hPa, the maximum negative omega has reached -0.6 Pascal per second and its value has doubled compared to the level of 850 hPa, which covers the northeast-southwest direction from Zahedan to the Strait of Hormuz. Cold air fall has increased with increasing of omega levels in the middle levels of the atmosphere.In other words, in the middle levels of the atmosphere, with increasing temperature difference between the earth's surface and the level of 500 hPa, the amount of precipitation has increased. Synoptic analysis of specific moisture level of 1000 hPa shows that the most moisture deposition was from south water sources to the study area, and the amount of moisture equal to 14 grams per kilogram has entered the study area from the Oman Sea and then its amount has been reduced crossing to other regions of Iran. Furthermore, at the level of 700 hPa, the maximum advection of hot and humid air is in front of the upper atmosphere of Nave from the Red Sea over the study area. There is a moisture strip from the southeast to the whole area under analysis. These suitable humidity conditions with the depth of the western wave have been able to cause heavy cloud rainfall. The maximum amount of moisture in the study area is equal to 7 grams per kilogram, which is a large amount compared to heavy rainfalls. Keywords: heavy rainfall, flood, synoptic, Zahedan, Qeshm}, Keywords = {heavy rainfall, flood, synoptic, Zahedan, Qeshm}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {119-134}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3269-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3269-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {sharifikia, mohammad and mosivand, Ali and poorhamzah, maral}, title = {Risk assessment of gas and oil pipelines due to land sliding hazard based on D-InSAR technique}, abstract ={Risk assessment of Maroun gas and oil pipelines due to land sliding hazard based on D-InSAR technique Mohammad Sharifikia, @ Associate professor, Tarbiat Modares University, Department of Remote Sensing- Iran Meral Poorhamzah, postgraduate in Remote Sensing, Tarbiat Modares University Abstract It is importance to note that Iranian oil company have to transfer this valuable enrage from one side to other side of country passing form several ridge and valley prone with several natural hazard. This is because the natural sources of oil and gas generally lied in south west part of Iran locally calling Manathegh Nafte Khize Jonoub (south oil field area). This area is closed to one of most active geological zone of Iran (Zakrose) covering thousands of kilometer from south east to north west. Supplying natural enrages to central port of country need to crossing from this zone which is suffering with several difficulties as well as neutral hazard. Out of neutral hazards can found to excite in this area, the landslide hazard is a main restriction for pipeline crossing over. The present research is dale with radar interferometry techniques applying for risk assessment and mapping over the oil and gas pipelines suffering to landslides hazard in the part of Central Zagros (Maroun-Esfahan). For this purpose, two individual radar dataset in C (ASAR) and L (PALSAR) band with deferent time were collected. Furthermore, the D-InSAR technique was applied for land surface movement and land displacement detection. The outcome map was showed the maximum rate of land displacement in this region is about 7.4 cm uplifted and 3.9 cm subsidence with duration of almost one year. this is due to shape of landslide over the area’s slop. Overlying the landslide map with the pipeline crossing route shown at lies three active landslides over the Maroun-Esfahan gas and oil pipelines. For investigation about this three landslide and damage estimation over the pipeline the field study has been done for accuracy assessment and land movement rat measuring and evaluation. Which, successfully identified and mapped 3 landslides were located across the pipeline and damage it. Furthermore, map surveying by DGPS in RTK method over the one of landslide shown that sliding transfer 20 m with falling 10 m over the length of 45 m of gas pipeline. moreover, the press of landslide made curvatures on straight pip hogging pipe 43 cm. continued this landslide activation and more pressing in close further can make a fracture and pessimistic pipe expulsion. With can a kind of disaster if the event be close to settlements are. The outcome landslide map shown the active landslide points (small area) very well, but the main think need to suffusion information about interred area. For this exigency have to convert points data map to area as prediction hazard. For this proses and to understanding the amplitude of landslide hazard in area the information value model was applied for hazard zonation and mapping. The landslide hazard map resulting from D-InSAR technique as inventory map along with 8 data set maps namely, lito-logy, soil, land cover, lineaments, faults, roads, derange pattern and slop, has been interred to model for zonation and hazard estimation over the area. Furthermore, this map was reclass in 5 individual hazard and risk class from low to high risk. The hazard map analyses and calculation was show about 20 percent of area study was marked as high and very high risk zone. This is mainly because of morphological and lito-logical exclusivity of area resulting by active tectonics. Crooning and overlaying the landslide hazard map with pipeline track has been shown 28.5 percent of line length crossing over the high and very high risk zone, where the 52 percent was prone with low and very low risk zone. This mine that near 1/3 of mention pipeline length suffering from hazardous area which can classified as high risk part of pipeline. Interpreting the hazardous classes on the prediction map is an important concern in landslide prediction models. For this purpose, the prediction-rate curve was generated using validation group of landslide locations to validate the prediction map obtained. This rate curve explains how well the model and factors predict the landslide. Results from the success-rate curve are very promising, since the 3% area predicted as the most hazardous, includes 42.35% of the total area affected by landslides, and this value grows to 90%, when about 25% area of highest susceptibility is considered. The prediction accuracy can be assessed qualitatively by calculation the area under cover. The total area equal to one means perfect prediction accuracy. In this model ratio area was 0.633 that means the prediction accuracy was 63.3%. Keywords: Differential SAR Interferometry, PALSAR, ASAR, Landslide, Oil and Gas Pipeline risk}, Keywords = {Differential SAR Interferometry, PALSAR, ASAR, Landslide, Oil and Gas Pipeline risk}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {135-154}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2888-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2888-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {hosseiniseddigh, sayyed mahmoud and jalali, masoud and asakereh, Hossei}, title = {Tropical belt expansion of northern hemisphere in the middle latitudes}, abstract ={The expansion of the pole toward the tropical belt is thought to be due to climate change caused by human activities, in particular the increase in greenhouse gases and land use change. The variability of the tropical belt width to higher latitudes indicates the expansion of the subtropical arid region, which indicates an increase in the frequency of drought in each hemisphere. In order to change the width of the tropical belt of the Northern Hemisphere in the middle offerings, indices of  precipitation minus evaporation, wind vector orbital component, stream function, tropopause surface temperature, OLR, and SLP have been used. Findings showed that the expansion of tropical belt latitude with stream function to higher latitudes with 1° to 3° latitude and the effect of Hadley circulation subsidence has increased the amplitude of evaporation minus precipitation has shown that the fraction of precipitation minus evaporation 1° to 3° latitude geographically increased. The subtropical jet has increased the movement of the upper branches of troposphere from the Hadley circulation by 2° to 4° latitude, which can have a negative effect on transient humidification systems as well as on the amount of precipitation. The extension of the pole towards the tropical belt, which is a consequence of climate change and hazards, will lead to the displacement of the pole towards the tropical side of the river, thus providing dry tropical belts to the pole; Also, the long-wave radiation of the earth's output has increased by 1° to 2° latitude and has caused an increase in heat in the upper troposphere, which has increased the dryness and slightly reduced the clouds in the upper troposphere and also caused the tropical belt to expand to higher latitudes. Has been. In general, the research findings showed that most tropical belt indicators have been increasing since 1979.}, Keywords = {Expansion, Tropical Belt, Climate Change, Drought, Northern Hemisphere.}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {155-176}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3289-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3289-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Nikandish, Nasri}, title = {Statistical and spatial analysis of extreme precipitation in Kashan plain}, abstract ={The statistical and spatial analysis of extreme rainfall is considered as one of the components of the management tool to prevent or control the risks caused by this phenomenon. The purpose of this research is to statistically investigate and spatially analyze the extreme precipitations in the Kashan Plain.The extreme rainfall of Kashan synoptic station were statistically analyzed in the period of 1971-2022 AD and the water year of 1350-1351 to 1401-1400 for a total of 18618 days.Then six cases of widespread extreme rainfall were selected and analyzed with the rainfall data of 13 synoptic stations and 11 rain gauge stations using geostatistics and spatial analysis methods.The extreme rainfall zonation maps of Kashan plain were prepared using by variogram models and kriging method.The results showed that the frequency of heavy and super heavy rains in winter and very heavy rains in spring is more than other seasons.The very high correlation of annual rainfall with the total and frequency of extreme rainfall shows that the volume of annual rainfall is more affected by the concentration of rainfall in short periods of a few days than by the distribution of rainfall throughout the year.Therefore, it was found that extreme precipitation plays an important role in the total precipitation and surface runoff, and as a result, the water balance of the region.The zoning maps showed that the rainfall of April 8, 2020, which is concentrated on the western belt and the heights of the basin, causes the erosion of the heights and causes floods in the foothills and low-lying areas of the plain. Also, rains such as the rains of March 8, 2019, which are most concentrated in the central areas, have a high potential to cause flooding.}, Keywords = {Kashan plain, extreme precipitation, statistical analysis, spatial analysis, Voroni maps, extreme precipitation zoning maps.}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {177-198}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3301-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3301-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Mosaffaie, Jamal and SalehpourJam, Amin and Tabatabaei, Mahmoudrez}, title = {Landslide risk assessment and management in Shahroud watershed of Qazvin province}, abstract ={Landslide risk assessment is essential for all landslide damage mitigation plans. The purpose of this research is to assess the risk of landslides in the Shahrood watershed of Qazvin province. First, the landslide susceptibility map was prepared using fuzzy operators. the landslide distribution map and also 11 effective factor layers including slope, slope direction, altitude, land use, lithology, distance to road, distance to stream, distance to fault, earthquake acceleration, precipitation, and maximum daily precipitation were first prepared. After determining the frequency ratio and fuzzy membership values for the map classes of different factors, the landslide susceptibility map was prepared using different gamma values. Then, after preparing the fuzzy map of vulnerability for different land use units, the amount of landslide risk was determined from the product of two maps of landslide susceptibility and vulnerability. In general, 104 landslides with a total area of 1401 hectares were recorded in this region, 70% of which were used for modeling (73 landslides with an area of 982 hectares) and the remaining 30% (31 landslides with an area of 418 hectares) were used to assess the accuracy. The evaluation results showed that the highest value of Qs index (equal to 1.34) belongs to the gamma equal to 0.93 and therefore this model has higher accuracy than other gamma values. The importance of features at risk ranges from 0.05 (no coverage) to 1 (residential and industrial areas). To deal with landslide damages, three general policies including suitable for development, prevention, and treatment were proposed, which should be applied based on the two factors of risk and vulnerability for different areas of landslide risk. Finally, in order to reduce landslide damages, suitable land uses for high-risk regions were introduced. }, Keywords = {vulnerability, susceptibility, fuzzy gamma operators, landslide risk management, Qazvin.}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {199-212}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3336-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3336-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Heidari, Sousan and karimi, Mostafa and Azizi, Ghasem and Shamsipour, AliAkbar}, title = {Explaining the spatial patterns of drought intensities in Iran}, abstract ={Explaining the spatial patterns of drought intensities in Iran Abstract Recognition of spatial patterns of drought plays an important role in monitoring, predicting, confronting, reducing vulnerability, and increasing adaptation to this hazard. This study aims to identify the spatial distribution and analyze the spatial patterns of annual, seasonal, and monthly drought intensities in Iran. For this purpose, the European center Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) data for the period 1979-2021 and the ZSI index were used to extract the drought intensities. To achieve the research goal and explain the spatial pattern of the frequency of drought intensities (Extreme, severe, moderate, and weak), spatial statistical methods such as global Moran’s I, Anselin local Moran’s Index, and hot spots were used. The results of the global Moran’s I showed that with increasing intensity, the spatial distribution of drought events has become clustered. The spatial distribution of the local Moran’s Index and hot spots also confirms this. Very clear contrast was observed in the local clusters of high (low) occurrence as well as hot (cold) spots of severe (Extreme) yearly droughts in the south, southeast, and east. In autumn, weak to Extreme droughts show a southeast-northwest pattern. But in spring and winter, the spatial pattern of drought is very strong as opposed to severe and moderate drought. Despite the relatively high variability of maximum positive spatial Autocorrelation of severe and Extreme monthly droughts, their spatial pattern is almost similar. The spatial clusters of severe and very severe droughts in the northwest, northeast, and especially on the Caspian coast, are a serious warning for the management of water resources, especially for precipitation-based activities, such as agriculture. Introduction Drought or lack of precipitation over some time is the most widespread natural hazard on the earth compared to its long-term average. This risk negatively affects various sectors such as hydropower generation, health, industry, tourism, agriculture, livestock, environment, and economy. To reduce these negative or destructive effects, it must be determined how often drought occurs during the period and in which areas it is most severe. Doing so requires determining the characteristics of the drought. These characteristics include area, intensity, duration, and frequency of drought. Discovering the geographical focus, recognizing the pattern governing the frequency of occurrence and temporal-spatial distribution as well as changes in the dynamics of this hazard facilitate an important role in drought monitoring, early warning, forecasting, and dealing with these potential hazards; this information can be used to create a drought plan by providing analysts and decision-makers with ideas about drought, helping to reduce the negative and vulnerable effects and ultimately make it easier to protect or replace for greater adaptation. Many researchers have been led by these approaches to the use of statistical analysis. Numerous studies have been conducted in the study of climatic phenomena such as drought with space statistics techniques in various regions, including China, India, South Korea, and even Iran. Part of the domestic research on spatial patterns of drought is without the use of spatial statistics and a limited number of others who have used these analyzes have only studied the overall intensity of drought and have not studied the spatial patterns of different drought intensities. The main purpose of this study is to identify the distribution and spatial patterns of drought intensities in Iran using spatial analysis functions of spatial statistics based on the frequency of drought intensities (Extreme, severe, moderate, and weak) with yearly, seasonal and monthly multi-scale approach. Therefore, this study will answer the questions: a) What is the spatial distribution of drought intensity data in Iran? And b) What is the variability of spatial patterns of Iranian droughts at different time scales? Material &Method ERA5 monthly precipitation data for a period of 43 years from 1979 to 2021 were used for this study. an array of dimensions of 78×59×504 of data were formed in MATLAB software in which 78×59 is the number of nodes with a spatial resolution of 0.25 degrees and 504 represents the month. After creating the database, the ZSI index was used to calculate the severity of drought in annual, seasonal, and monthly comparisons. Finally, to achieve the research goal and explain the spatial pattern governing the frequency of drought intensities (Extreme, severe, moderate, and weak), spatial statistical methods such as global Moran’s I, Anselin local Moran I and hot spots was used. Discussion of Results Due to its ecological conditions, geographical location, and location in an arid and semi-arid region of the world, Iran is among the most vulnerable countries due to natural hazards, including drought. It has experienced many severe droughts in the last century. The occurrence of drought and its effects is one of the major challenges of water resources management in this century. The results of the Global Moran’s Index for all three annual, seasonal, and monthly scales showed a highly clustered pattern of drought events in the country. Spatial clustering of the occurrence of severe and Extreme yearly droughts in the eastern, southeastern, and southern regions is also an interesting result. These conditions are due to low precipitation and high spatial variation coefficient in these areas. This contrast of spatial clusters of drought intensities indicates the relationship between drought and temporal-spatial anomalies of precipitation so that with increasing precipitation, spatial variability of precipitation decreases, and consequently spatial homogeneity of precipitation increases. severe and moderate-intensity spots in the south-southeast in autumn and spring can be affected by fluctuations in the beginning and end of the monsoon season in South Asia due to the high variability of atmospheric circulation at the beginning and end of precipitation in these areas. Some studies have also shown the relationship between precipitation in these areas and the monsoon behavior of South Asia. Extreme drought events in winter and spring have had a positive spatial correlation pattern in the southwest, west, and northwest. However, precipitation at this time of year is concentrated in these areas. Warm clusters or concentrations of very severe drought events in the northern strip of the country, especially in the Caspian region, can be due to the high variability of precipitation at the beginning of the annual precipitation season (late summer and early autumn).  Observations of these conditions in the northern strip indicate that an event with a high frequency of severe droughts, even in rainy areas, should not be unexpected. Spatial clusters of Extreme, severe, moderate, and weak drought every month using both local Moran and hot spots statistics show the fact that in Iran, the most severe droughts have occurred in the western, northwestern, and coastal areas of the Caspian Sea. However, the absence of severe droughts or spatial clusters has been the occurrence of low drought in the southeast and to some extent in the south. On a yearly scale, the south, southeast, and east have played a significant role in the spatial cluster of severe and extreme droughts. So that these areas of the country have had positive spatial solidarity. However, in these areas, negative spatial correlation prevailed in the autumn for severe drought. This may indicate an anomaly and a tendency to concentrate more precipitation in Iran, as well as many changes in seasonal and local precipitation regimes. According to the research results, a high incidence of severe and extreme drought on all three scales (monthly, seasonal and annual) even in the wettest climate of the country (northern Iran, especially the southern shores of the Caspian Sea) shows that High-intensity droughts can occur in all parts of the country, regardless of the weather conditions. Keywords: Natural hazards, spatial patterns, Moran statistics, spatial autocorrelation, hot spots  }, Keywords = {Natural hazards, spatial patterns, Moran statistics, spatial autocorrelation, hot spots}, volume = {9}, Number = {4}, pages = {1-20}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3306-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3306-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Khosravi, Alireza and AzhdaryMoghaddam, Mehdi and HashemiMonfared, Seyed Arman and Nazaripour, Hami}, title = {Comparison of Results of GIS-Based Multicriteria Decision Analysis and Remote Sensing Indicators in Kahir River Basin, Iran.}, abstract ={Comparison of Results of GIS-Based Multicriteria Decision Analysis and Remote Sensing Indicators in Kahir River Basin, Iran. Alireza Khosravi1, Mehdi Azhdary Moghaddam2*, Seyed Arman Hashemi Monfared3,  Hamid Nazaripour4 1. M.Sc. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran 2. Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran 3. Associate professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran 4.Assistant professor, Department of Physical Geography, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran. Abstract Flood risk maps and Flood zoning techniques are useful tools to manage this hazard in the catchment and mitigation of flood impacts. In South Baluchestan and Kahir Basin, due to the existence of winter and summer precipitation regimes, the occurrence of flash floods is inevitable due to the establishment of rural communities and settlements in flood-prone areas, the flooding has caused many damages to the region's vulnerable population. In order to zone flood risk and prepare flood risk maps, climatic data, hydrological, land cover, and topography of the basin were prepared from reliable sources and according to scientific studies, 12 variables affecting flood risk in the form of five main components (Hydrology, vegetation, land cover, climate, and topography) were prepared. According to the regional conditions of the basin, using the opinions of experts based on scientific methods, the weight of each variable and component was determined by Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP). Using two methods of fuzzy overlay, Weighted Overlay, and the Geographical Information System facilities, a map of variables and components was prepared after reclassification and fuzzy membership function with appropriate operators. The results showed that the fuzzy overlay method concerning its dominant logic has a better distinction of flood-prone areas and can help determine flood hazard micro-zonation in the drainage basins like the Kahir basin. By comparing the results from the real data of the January 2020 flood obtained from satellite images. Due to poor infrastructure and high economic, the risk of flooding may be more harmful and widespread in the future. Keywords: Flood, Fuzzy logic, Weighted overlay, Southern Baluchestan, GIS.  }, Keywords = {Flood, Fuzzy logic, Weighted overlay, Southern Baluchestan, GIS}, volume = {9}, Number = {4}, pages = {21-40}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3332-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3332-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Emadoddin, Fateme and Safari, Amir}, title = {Vulnerability assessment of karst aquifer using COP and PI model (Case study: Bisotun and Paraw aquifers)}, abstract ={ Vulnerability assessment of karst aquifer using COP and PI model (Case study: Bisotun and Paraw aquifers)  Introduction Drinking karst water resources, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, like Iran, are considered as valuable and strategic water resources. A sharp decrease in rainfall reduces the quality and quantity of karst water sources (Christensen et al., 2007). On the other hand, urban and industrial development, which is accompanied by the increase in population growth, increases the risk of underground water pollution caused by the dumping of chemicals, waste and change of use (McDonald et al., 2011). Protection of karst aquifer is one of the most important measures in the management of karst water resources due to its vulnerability and high sensitivity to pollution (Khoshakhlagh et al., 2014, Afrasiabian, 2007). Therefore, With the advancement of geographic information system technology, rapid progress was made in the ability to identify and model groundwater pollution, as well as the vulnerability of water sources from these pollutants (Babiker et al., 2004, Rahman, 2008). The pollution potential decreases from the center to the periphery (Saffari et al., 2021).  Materials and methods In this study to evaluate the vulnerability of Bisotun and Paraw aquifer which is karstically developed and has, crack and fissure and various landforms; COP and PI vulnerability models have been used to identify areas at risk of contamination. The COP model includes three main factors including concentration of flow (C), overlaying layers (O) and precipitation (P). Factor C, which indicates surface features (Sf), slope and vegetation (Sv). It was obtained between 0.8-0.0 in 5 classes. From the overlap of the subfactores soil, layer index and lithology, the O factor map was prepared in three classes, including class 2 with low protection value, 2-4 with medium protection value and 4-8 with high protection value.  The P factor, which is the temporal distribution of precipitation along with the intensity and duration of precipitation, can show the ability of precipitation to transfer pollutants from the surface to the underground water. P factor was 0.8 in 2 layers in the northwest of the study area and 0.8-0.9 with low protection value. Furthermore, top Soil, precipitation, net recharge, fracture density, bedrock and lithology maps were used for the protective cover factor (P) in the PI model. The zoning of the P factor showed 2 classes such as very low and low most of the study area is in the low class. The infiltration condition factor (I) using the characteristics of the soil, the slope layer, and the land use in four layers showed high, aamedium, low, very low, which due to the high slope of the area of ​​the high layer has the highest dispersion, which causes the reduction of the protective cover.  Results and discussion Consequently, COP vulnerability map in 5 classes with very high vulnerability (0-0.5) equal to 38774.74 hectares (41.4%) and very low vulnerability (4-9-4) with 57.86 hectares (0.06%) of the largest and smallest area respectively. Also, the PI vulnerability map of the combination of these two factors showed very high vulnerability with the largest area of ​​about 68,783 hectares and 72.9% scattered throughout the study area and the high vulnerability class with an area of ​​about 25,526 hectares and 27%.  Conclusion The results of this research showed that the simulation performance of each COP and PI vulnerability model is closely related to the amount of pollution in the environment. It seems that the COP vulnerability model can better and more accurately showed the level of vulnerability in the karst aquifers of Bisotun and Paraw. Keywords: karst aquifer, Bisotun and Paraw, COP model, PI model, vulnerability.  }, Keywords = {karst aquifer, Bisotun and Paraw, COP model, PI model, vulnerability.}, volume = {9}, Number = {4}, pages = {41-56}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3347-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3347-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {maleki, kiomars and taleshi, mostafa and heidariFar, mohammad raoof}, title = {Analyzing of Threat network and hazard ring in earthquake risk with passive defense approach(Case study: Kermanshah metropolis)}, abstract ={The results of pathological evaluation of seismic zones in the terrestrial space indicate a significant concentration of residential spaces, especially cities. It has been economic and human. Therefore, one of the desirable models in identifying, analyzing and reducing damage in urban spaces is to use the structural and functional framework of passive defense. In many recent studies, the subject of reducing earthquake damage in the territory of the physical-spatial field has been to increase the building's resistance to earthquakes. While this study by recognizing environmental components, physical-spatial, social, economic and effective indicators in each component (45 indicators) to determine the pathology and risk areas of earthquakes in a comprehensive and desirable and based on that reduction strategies Redefines risk. In other words, by recognizing and analyzing the basic concept of threat network and risk ring with passive defense approach in earthquake assessment and vulnerability in Kermanshah metropolis to form the required database structure in appropriate software environment, appropriate policy and urban crisis management measures It is designed in proportion to the earthquake risk.  }, Keywords = {Passive Defense, Threat Network and Risk Ring, Vulnerability, Earthquake, Kermanshah Metropolis.}, volume = {9}, Number = {4}, pages = {57-80}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3308-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3308-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {savari, moslem}, title = {Proposed model of sustainable food security in drought conditions in Kurdistan province}, abstract ={This regard, this research was conducted with the general purpose of designing a proposed sustainable food security model in drought conditions. The statistical population consisted of a number of food safety experts and agricultural experts. Therefore, for selecting the samples, targeted snowball sampling (chain referencing) was used. Sampling continued until data saturation, in the end, the number of participants in the study reached 31 . The research method was of qualitative type based on the data theory method of the foundation. The research data were collected using a deep interview and group discussion and analyzed with three open, axial and selective coding methods. The results of the review of the requirements of sustainable food security in the form of data approach of the foundation consisted of 68 initial codes. Finally, in order to design a safety improvement model, the improvement of food security in drought conditions was subject to 8 requirements (managerial, technological, policy and supportive, infrastructure, cultural and empowerment requirements, Diversification, conservation, stabilization) and were inserted into the Strauss and Corbin model. Access to adequate nutrition and nutritional health is one of the main pillars of development and is the basis for the future development of the country. According to studies on the role of nutrition in health, its efficiency and its relation with economic development has been confirmed. Also, access to adequate and desirable food is one of the earliest human rights, but various studies show that rural communities, which themselves are responsible for food security, face food insecurity, which is in a drought condition much more inferior to the situation. Because rural households are always at the forefront of drought vulnerability and, in the absence of risk mitigation systems, they quickly lose their resilience and go out of the agricultural sector. Therefore, measures must be taken to enable them to continue to operate in agriculture in drought conditions and to maintain the backbone of food security in the country.}, Keywords = {Sustainability, Sustainable Livelihoods, Climate Risks, Food Security, Kurdistan Province}, volume = {9}, Number = {4}, pages = {81-104}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3173-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3173-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {KhademiNoshAbadi, Seyyed Mohammad and OmidiNajafAbadi, Maryam and Mirdamadi, Seyyed Mehdi}, title = {Applying climate smart agricultural technologies in wheat fields; designing behavioral intention model with Bayesian method}, abstract ={Industrial and agricultural activities in the world have led to an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen oxide and have caused the earth's climate to become warmer. This phenomenon has caused climate change and has changed the thermal and rainfall patterns. Climate change in Iran in recent years has caused a decrease in rainfall and an increase in temperature and continuous droughts. Agricultural production in Iran has been affected by climate change and has faced a decrease in the production of crops such as wheat. Therefore, according to the government's policy of self-sufficiency in wheat production and the establishment of sustainable food security in the country, it is necessary to use climate smart agricultural technologies to sustainably increase agricultural productivity, Adapting and resilience of agriculture to climate change and reduction greenhouse gases emission from agriculture. The purpose of this study was to design a behavioral model for the use of climate smart agricultural technologies with an emphasis on motivation. The research method was quantitative, in terms of practical purpose, and research data was collected through a cross-sectional survey.The conceptual model was designed using the theory of planned behavior and the theory of norm activation. Bayesian structural equation modeling was used to test the model and hypotheses. The statistical population of this research was 800 wheat farmers of Nazarabad city, Alborz province. The sample size was calculated using Cochran formula 260 people, and stratified random sampling method with proportional assignment was determined as the sampling method. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect research data. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed through agricultural extension and education experts, and its reliability was also confirmed through the pre-test and calculation of Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The findings of the research show that subjective norms, personal norms and perceived behavioral control related to the use of climate smart agricultural technologies have a significant effect on the intention to use these technologies. While the attitude towards the use of climate smart agricultural technologies do not have a significant effect on the intention to use these technologies. The variable of intention to use climate smart agricultural technologies also has a significant effect on the behavior of using these technologies.}, Keywords = {Climate change, Climate smart agriculture, Theory of planned behavior, theory of norm activation.}, volume = {9}, Number = {4}, pages = {105-124}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3331-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3331-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Ahmadi, Mahmoud and karami, Jamal}, title = {Evaluation of CMIP5 models in seasonal anomalies of Iranian sea level pressure based on CORDEX dynamic microscale method under Radiative forcing induction scenarios of RCPs}, abstract ={One of the most important issues that has always affected the Iranian climate and has left many socio-economic consequences and financial losses climate change is. On the other hand  Sea level pressure is one of the most important climatic elements that can affect other climatic elements such as temperature, humidity and wind. The study aimed to evaluate CMIP5 models based on CORDEX and Verdai dynamics Seasonal pressure anomalies in Iran among CMIP5 models based on CORDEX project dynamic models BCC-CSM, HadGEM2-ES, GFDL and MIROC model HADGEM2-ES had a higher level of correlation and efficiency than other models. The data of 36 synoptic milestones during the statistical period (1960-2005), the data of the HadGEM2-ES model were applied by using the CORDEX model and the RCPs scenarios for the two historical periods (1960-2005) and predicted during Three periods of near future (2040-2011), middle future (2070-2041) and distant future (2099-2071) were used. Six methods R2, MAE, MBE RMSE, t-Jacovides and t-Jacovides / R2 ratio were used to evaluate the model performance. The results showed that the model has good performance in low altitude areas. Seasonal anomalies in all seasons, scenarios and time periods studied are positive and winter shows the maximum pressure anomalies between seasons. The maximum seasonal pressure anomaly of Iran in all seasons, scenarios and periods studied corresponds to the altitudes, including its epicenter in the Alborz and Zagros heights and high geographical offerings and the minimum pressure anomaly corresponding to low and low areas such as Khuzestan plain and The southern coast of the country.}, Keywords = {Pressure anomalies, CMIP5 models, CORDEX microdirection model, RCPs scenarios, Iran.}, volume = {9}, Number = {4}, pages = {125-142}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3284-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3284-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Salahi, Bromand and saber, Mahnaz and Mofidi, Abbas}, title = {Estimation of ETp in the southern part of Aras Basin based on the data of CORDEX dynamic downscale GFDL model}, abstract ={evapotranspiration is one of the most important components in water balance and management. In this research, to evaluate the effects of climate change on the amount of potential evapotranspiration in the southern part of the Aras River Basin using the downscaled data of the GFDL-ESM2M model in the CORDEX dynamic downscale under the RCP8.5 scenario during the period of 2021-2050 and its comparison. It is treated with the values ​​of the base period (1985-2005). Data with a horizontal resolution of 22 x 22 km from the GFDL-ESM2M model were used in this research. The findings of the research showed that the minimum and maximum temperature and, accordingly, the ETp of the future period will increase compared to the base period in all six studied stations of Aras Basin (Ardebil, Ahar, Jolfa, Khoi, Mako and Pars-Abad). The value of this minimum temperature increase is estimated between 1.4 and 3.8 ºC and for the maximum temperature between 1.7 and 2.2ºC. The range of annual ETp increase varies from 133 mm to 189 mm. In the monthly ETp scale of all stations from January to July with an increase between 3.9 and 1.64 mm and from August to December with a decrease of 0.7 to 38.2 mm. Estimating the increase of ETp in the future period in the basin, especially in the months of spring, which is very important in terms of water demand, requires special attention to the possibility of this estimated increase in the planning of the water and energy sector.  }, Keywords = {Aras, CMIP5, GFDL model, potential evapotranspiration, RCP8.5.}, volume = {9}, Number = {4}, pages = {143-158}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3349-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3349-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Mohammadi, Alireza and Maleki, Lotfollah and Fathi, Ghasem}, title = {A meta-analysis on the application of spatial analysis models in measuring urban hazards}, abstract ={Spatial analysis models provide a single model and solution to solve various problems in the field of study, one of the applications of these models is in measuring urban risks. In recent years, with the occurrence of various crises in urban communities, the urban management system and development plans are seeking access to models of prevention and dealing with these crises. The purpose of this research is to review the literature about the use of spatial analysis models in measuring urban risks in a meta-analytical way, so this research is conducted by reviewing and summarizing foreign articles (research statistical community) in relation to this issue in order to identify, analyze and Analyzing and summarizing the solutions of the investigated backgrounds. The statistical population is discussed with four standard criteria of spatial analysis, including description and identification of hazard dispersion, hazard dispersion argument, interpolation, and spatial planning. The statistical population is research, studies, and articles indexed in Sciencdirect, Willey, Web of Science databases in the period 2021-2000. Out of 99 articles, 78 articles have been selected and analyzed by screening method according to research objectives and indicators. The analysis was performed in two ways: descriptive statistics in SPSS software and inferential statistics in CMA2 comprehensive meta-analysis software. The results indicate that in the component of hazard dispersion descriptions, most of the researches in their used models have not been able to provide a tangible and appropriate general description, but in the three components of hazard dispersion, interpolation, and spatial planning of urban hazards based on score The average effect size, the applied models used in the research, have been able to provide a proper justification and tangible results with the applied model of spatial analysis in their studies.  }, Keywords = {The meta-analysis, Spatial analysis, Urban hazards, Analysis model, CMA2.}, volume = {9}, Number = {4}, pages = {159-178}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3295-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3295-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Shamsipour, Aliakbar and Sadeghi, Hadis and Mohammadi, Hosein and Karimi, Mostaf}, title = {Spatial relationship of climatic variables with rice and wheat yield (Case study: Southern Caspian shore)}, abstract ={Climate is one of the determining factors in the quantity and quality of agricultural products, therefore, in this study, the relationship between precipitation and temperature (as explanatory variables) with rice yield in 40 cities and wheat yield in 30 cities (as dependent variables) was investigated in the Caspian coastal area during 2000-2017. Spatial statistical analyses were performed with using the Moran autocorrelation test and geographically weighted regression. Based on the results (Moran index, z = 0.4342121 for rice and z = 0.719571 for wheat, respectively), it was revealed that the spatial distribution pattern of rice and wheat yield had a cluster pattern. The results of the geographic weighted regression analysis showed that the temperature increase was more desirable than the precipitation increase so the increasing temperature could lead to yield increases. In the eastern parts of the study area, the positive effect of precipitation on rice yield (with 0.020 to 0.540 regression coefficients) was remarkable; the results also revealed a negative relationship between temperature and rice yield in the southeast and eastern parts and a positive effect on rice yield in other areas. Also, the effect of precipitation on wheat yield was negative in the west and central parts of the study area (with -0.481 to -0.871 regression coefficients). According to the results, a negative relationship was dominant between temperature and wheat yield in the east and southeastern parts of the study area and a positive relationship was detected in other areas. Finally, the results indicated that in the western and central parts, due to heavy rainfall and a low number of sunny hours, an increase in temperature is more favourable than an increase in rainfall. In the eastern and southeastern regions of the region, where the amount of precipitation is lower than the threshold required for rice and wheat, an increase in precipitation is more desirable.}, Keywords = {Spatial statistics, Crop yield estimation, Geographical weight regression, Rice, Wheat.}, volume = {9}, Number = {4}, pages = {179-194}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3351-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3351-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {YousefiMobarhan, Ebrahim and Ghodrati, Mansor and Khosroshahi, Moham}, title = {Correlation analysis of temporal-spatial pattern of drought and dust storm index in arid regions (Semnan province, Iran)}, abstract ={In the study of the trend of dust storm index, the results showed that the study period of 2003-2007 in Semnan province has an increasing trend and has shown significant changes in the 95% confidence range, but the lack of significant changes in the last decade shows the effects of various events. In cross-cutting decisions in the field of dust in the region. The zoning of the DSI index changes in different regions of the province in a 15-year statistical period indicates that from the west to the east of the province due to the increase in the frequency of stormy days with moderate dust (MDS), dust has increased. The correlation between drought and DSI index in Semnan province showed that although DSI index increased during the period under analysis with increasing drought intensity and its correlation with drought during the 15-year period was not significant, but the pattern of DSI index is consistent with It is the pattern of the drought process. According to the results, it can be acknowledged that the dust situation has always been affected by climate, but the relationship between drought and the DSI index has always fluctuated with respect to droughts and wetlands. However, different climatic parameters are different and their impact is different. In addition to human activities, the main role of wind in the amount of dust or the existence of another source of dust should be considered.  }, Keywords = {Dust Storms, Wet and Drought, Climatic data, UNIP index, DSI index}, volume = {9}, Number = {4}, pages = {195-210}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3298-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3298-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {poorkarim, roya and Asakereh, hossein and faraji, abdollah and Khosravi, mahmoo}, title = {Trends analysis of changes in the number of the Mediterranean cyclones (1979-2018)}, abstract ={In the present study, the data of the ECMWF for a period of 1979 to 2018 was adopted to analyze the long term changes (trends) of the number of cyclones centers of the Mediterranean Sea.There are many methods (e.g. parametric and non- parametric)  for examining changes and trends in a given dataset. The linear regression method is of parametric category and the most common nonparametric method is Mann-Kendall test. By fitting the Mann-kendall model and the linear regression model, the frequency of the cyclone centers of the Mediterranean basin was evaluated in seasonal and annual time scales. Analyzing the trend of changes of the number of cyclone centers on a seasonal scale showed that the five-day duration have had a significant trend in spring, autumn and summer. Whilest on an annual scale, there was no significant trend in any of the duration. By fitting the regression model on seasonal and annual scale, one- and two-day duration have a positive regression line slop.}, Keywords = {Cyclone ,Mediterranean Sea ,Mann-Kendall test}, volume = {9}, Number = {4}, pages = {211-222}, publisher = {دانشگاه خوارزمی}, url = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3231-en.html}, eprint = {http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3231-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental hazarts}, issn = {2423-7892}, eissn = {2588-5146}, year = {2023} }