OTHERS_CITABLE استفاده از نرم‌افزار ComMIT در پهنه‌بندی خطر سونامی در سواحل جاسک دریای عمان به واسطه وجود منطقه‌ی فرو‌رانش در نزدیکی ساحل ایران در صورت وقوع زلزله‌ای با بزرگی بالا در بستر دریا، سونامی، خسارات شدیدی به تأسیسات ساحلی و مسکونی وارد خواهد آورد. در سونامی ششم دی ماه 1383، با وجودی که بین کانون زمین‌لرزه اقیانوس هند و شهرهای ساحلی ایران در کنار دریای عمان فاصله‌ی زیادی وجود داشت، موج‌های سونامی در شهر چابهار خسارت‌های اندکی بر جای گذاشت. این به آن معنا است که اگر کانون ‌زمین‌لرزه به ساحل ایران نزدیک‌تر باشد، شهرهای ساحلی ایران نیز با خطر جدی روبه‌رو می‌شوند. با توجه به این‌که ایران در کمربند زلزله‌خیز جهان قرار دارد، وقوع سونامی در دریای عمان امری دور از ذهن نخواهد بود. از این رو، ضرورت مطالعه‌ی جامع درباره‌ی سونامی در دریای عمان احساس می‌شود. در این مقاله سعی شده است که علاوه بر مطالعه‌ی زمین‌شناسی مکران به بررسی تاریخچه‌ی وقوع سونامی در سواحل دریای عمان پرداخته شد. علاوه بر این، با استفاده از داده‌های حاصل شده درGIS  و مدل‌سازی در نرم‌افزار ComMIT وقوع سونامی در سواحل دریای عمان مدل‌سازی و بر روی تصاویر ماهواره‌ای نشان داده شد. شهر جاسک به دلیل موقعیت راهبردی خود در دریای عمان و تمرکز تأسیسات نظامی و بندری و برنامه‌ریزی‌های بلند‌مدتی که برای توسعه‌ی این بندر در دست اجرا است اهمیت بسیار فراوانی در دریای عمان دارد. از این رو، مدل‌سازی وقوع سونامی با دقت بسیار در این منطقه اجرا شد. نتایج به دست آمده نشان می‌دهد که میزان تأثیر‌پذیری این منطقه از سونامی، با توجه به بزرگی زلزله به وقوع پیوسته و موقعیت جغرافیایی سواحل این شهر، گوناگون است و در شدیدترین زلزله بخش مهمی از تأسیسات ساحلی آسیب جدی خواهد دید http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2449-fa.pdf 2016-05-27 1 13 سونامی دریای عمان مدل‌سازی جاسک ComMIT Application of ComMIT Software in Tsunami Hazard Zoning in the coast of Jask In the Tsunami of Dec. 26, 2004, although there was a large distance between the earthquake center of Indian Ocean and coastal cities of Iran, the Tsunami waves brought some damages in Chabahar coast. This means that if the earthquake center was closer to Iran, Iran’s coastal regions would have confronted serious danger... In the present study, we used ComMIT software (Community Model Interface for Tsunami) as a research tool, Inundation modeling was done for the Jask coastal area in order to assess the potential and find out the impact of tsunami from any future Makran Subduction Zone earthquake.     Computer modellings programs help analyze sea-level data to generate forecasts of tsunami wave height and the expected inundation for specific coastal areas. In this research we use ComMIT software. For modeling the wave, the assumption for 10*100 Km blocks is applied. In this formulation, the approximate for wave behavior is represented for coastal regions. In this modeling, three steps of gridding with different preciseness are used. By assuming an earthquake by magnitude of 8.6 Richter and movement of 6 blocks mentioned in the subduction area close to Jask, each block rises about 16 m. the first impact by coast by a wave of 2 m height knocks up the coast at 26 minutes.      According to the performed modeling, the first change after Tsunami is reduction in sea level and this procedure continues till 11 minutes after that. In this time, the maximum amount of water regress from coastal line for 2 m is observed. After this time, the first wave attacks Jask. The first wave impacts Jask headland and then affects the whole eastern coast of Jask. The wave height in this region in 26 minutes after Tsunami reaches to 2 m and starts approaching in the coast. This process occurs in the western coast of Jask by a 10-minute delay. The first tall wave impacts western coast at 36 minutes after Tsunami and regresses for about 2.5 Meter. The second wave is ready to attack the western coast and 40 minutes after Tsunami the second wave attacks eastern coast. The height of this wave in its maximum is about 2.5 Meter.     According to investigation of existing models concerning influence of Jask city by Tsunami is divided to three sections: A) eastern coast of Jask, B) Jask headland, C: western coast. The eastern coast us the first region that is confronting attack of the greatest waves and the maximum rate of wave march in the coast (about 1 Km) is in this region. In this area the slope is about 1% and concerning topography, it provides an appropriate condition for wave on the coast. In eastern coast of Jask, there is an intense concentration of governmental offices and military centers including Jask airport and Admiral Force’s quay. In the first waves caused by Tsunami, these installations would be damaged severely and in second and third waves this process continues. http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2449-en.pdf 2016-05-27 1 13 Tsunami Oman Sea Modeling jask ComMIT Ebrahim Moghimi 1 AUTHOR Alireza Salehipour Milani 2 AUTHOR Mehdi Chakeri 3 AUTHOR Mostafa Moghimi 4 AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE تشدید مخاطرات محیطی روستای ماکلوان به دلیل ارتقای موقعیت سیاسی آن در سال‌‌های اخیر، برخی سکونتگاه‌‌های روستایی کشور تحولاتی را از نظر کالبدی ـ فضایی تجربه کرده و به شهر تبدیل شده است. روند تبدیل روستا به شهر، به تبعیت از رویکردهای نظری در باب توسعه‌ی فضایی یا بنابر ملاحظات سیاسی و جریان انتخابات، روندی در حال افزایش بوده است. این تحولات چشم‌انداز ناموزونی را به سکونتگاه‌‌ها تحمیل کرده است و منشأ ظهور بحران و مخاطرات محیط‌زیستی، اقتصادی، اجتماعی و مدیریتی بوده است. سؤال اساسی تحقیق این است که تحول «ماکلوان» بر اساس برنامه‌ریزی روستایی و بنابر ملاحظات سیاسی و تبدیل آن به شهر از سال 1392 به چه پیامد‌‌های محیطی منجر شده است؟ ناحیه‌ی تحقیق ماکلوان در شهرستان فومن استان گیلان است. داده‌‌های مورد نیاز با اسناد کتاب‌خانه‌ای، عکس‌‌های ماهواره‌ای، بازدید محلی و تکمیل پرسش‌نامه جمع آوری شده است. داده‌‌های مزبور با بررسی توزیع فراوانی‌‌ها و رویکرد مکانی- فضایی تجزیه و تحلیل شده است. نتیجه‌ی تحقیق نشان می‌دهد که روند توسعه‌ی جاری ماکلوان شرایطی به وجود آورده که وقوع و بروز مخاطرات محیطی، از جمله اتلاف خاک زراعی، تخریب جنگل، تشدید آلایندگی منابع آب، تضعیف بنیان‌‌های تولید سنتی، حذف معماری بومی هم‌ساز با اقلیم و آشفتگی کالبدی، را تقویت کرده است. از این رو، توسعه‌ی فضایی متوازن به تبعیت از رویکرد قطب رشد و ملاحظات سیاسی میسر نبوده و مستلزم استفاده از شیوه‌‌های جدید برنامه‌ریزی توسعه‌ی فضایی است.  http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2450-fa.pdf 2016-05-27 15 28 ملاحظات سیاسی رویکرد قطب رشد تبدیل روستا به شهر مخاطرات محیطی ماکلوان. Intensification of Environmental Disasters in Maklevan village due to the Promotion of its Political Situation. Settlement's Systems are evolving as any other systemic phenomenon. Multitudinous and different factors are involved in settlements evolution and shaping. One of the effective factors on settlement system evolution is society public power intervention and planning based on approaches which had been approved as predominant paradigm on its time.     Creation and reinforcement of growth poles was considered as national economic growth instrument in developing country, till 1970. It was supposed that growth pole effect will cause surrounding area's prosperity. The theory of Perroux growth pole was one of these theories in regional planning. During recent years, some rural settlements of country have experienced physical-spatial changes and have transformed to Towns. These processes have been rising based on theoretical approaches related to spatial development or according to political consideration and election requirements. This trend imposed inconsistency landscape to settlements, and has been the source of crises and economic, social, management and environmental disasters.      The main question in this research is "what has been the environmental subsequent of Maklevan evolution based on rural planning and also political consideration, and alteration it into town from 2013? Study area of research is Maklevan in Fuman county, Guilan province, Iran. Required data are collected from documents, Satellite images, and field study and questionnaire fulfillment. Collected data has analyzed based on variable frequencies distribution and locational-spatial approaches. Documents show that Maklevan development trend was done without passing any gradual organic process and only inspired from growth pole theory. Assignment the role of service center (services including health, education, agricultural, post, bank, administrative, business services, and Saturdays week local market), creation of main big avenue and concentration of investment (although limited) with the purpose of hinterland development and population centralization, are some of these evidences. That outcome of current development trend in Maklevan is creation a situation which has reinforces incidence and prevalence of environmental hazards including: Destruction and loss of agricultural soil, the soil of Maklevan was very rich for rice cultivation, because it is provided from alluvial of Masuleh Rudkhan River. Deficiency of arable soil is considerable, therefore arable soil elimination could result to food insecurity, unemployment, extension of unofficial jobs in the region and urban fringes. Research depicted that the area of paddy lands were reduced from 1.27 square kilometers to 0.8 square kilometers during 5 years (2010-2015), which means that 46 percent of rich paddy lands has been reduced. Agricultural lands and forest has been destructed by establishment of unnecessary roads and villas. Due to above mentioned changes the area of Maklenan (constructed area) was increased from 6.12 square kilometers to 12.11square kilometers during last five years (2010-2015). Destruction of forest and flood extension risk, regarding to climate situation of area, topography and kind of soil, the probability of flood risk and landfall has been increased. The evidence of land destruction, housing and bridge by the flood obviously can be seen in the point of bridge between Maklevan and Kondesar. As the experience of Masuleh shows, concentration of population in a location such as Maklevan will intensify the pollution of water resources especially Masuleh Rudhan River, because of the drainage of all wastewater are into this River. Undermining the foundations of traditional production and its subsidiary production, elimination of handicraft production and vernacular architecture resulted into the attenuation of area tourism foundation. Extension of Tourism activities was one of the main goals of Maklevan development. Due to Physical disturbance, functionally Maklevan has become a space that is urban space nor rural. Livelihood system shows the coexistence of agricultural, animal husbandry, service and business activities. Modern buildings are seen besides the cottages.      As a conclusion it can be said that growth pole theory is not suitable approach for settlements development in the country, or at least in the studied area. Since land use control and management should be in accordance with existing local reality. Land use planning process should be responsible of three fundamental questions: where are we? Where are we going? How can we arrive there? Rational decision making, different situation flexible approaches, emphasis on conservation of sustainability, harmony with nature, can prevent from adverse consequences of interference in nature. Therefore, abrupt town creation without gradual processes and using indigenous knowledge and people participation doesn't lead to creation of sustainable cities, but its outcome will irreparable harm to people and natural resources. http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2450-en.pdf 2016-05-27 15 28 Political consideration Growth pole approach Conversation of village to Town Environmental disasters Political Situation Maklevan. Hassan Afrakhteh 1 AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE تعیین گستره‌ی سیل رودخانه‌ی مرغک در محیط HEC-GeoRAS در حال حاضر، تکنولوژی به آن درجه از تکامل نرسیده است که از بروز سیلاب‌های زیان‌بار جلوگیری و در عوامل و عناصر جوی تغییری ایجاد کند. بنابراین، هرگونه راه‌ حل اصولی و چاره‌ساز را باید در روی زمین و خصوصاً در عرصه‌ی حوضه‌های آبخیز جستجو کرد. در این ‌باره اولین اقدامی که برای کاهش خطر سیل مطرح می‌شود مهار سیل در سرمنشأ آن، یعنی زیر حوضه‌های آبخیز، است. به این جهت شناسایی مناطق سیل‌خیز در داخل حوضه دارای اهمیت فراوانی است. از این رو، باید مناطقی که پتانسیل بالایی در تولید سیل دارند شناسایی شوند تا امکان بهینه‌سازی عملیات اجرایی در سطوح کوچک‌ و خطرساز فراهم شود و از هزینه‌های اضافی طرح‌های کنترل سیل جلوگیری گردد. هدف از این تحقیق نیز ارائه‌ی روشی است تا با استفاده از آن بتوان ضمن در نظر گرفتن آثار متقابل عوامل مؤثر بر سیل‌خیزی مناطق خطرساز و سیل‌خیز را در داخل حوضه تعیین کرد. محدوه‌ی مطالعه این تحقیق بازه‌ای از رودخانه‌ی مرغک در حوضه‌ی تالاب انزلیِ استان گیلان بین دو ایستگاه هیدرومتری امام‌زاده شفیع و کتمجان به طول سی کیلومتر است. در این پژوهش، هدف معرفی یکی از روش‌های پهنه‌بندی سیل با استفاده از تلفیق نرم‌افزارهایARCVIEW  وHEC-RAS  و الحاقیه HEC-GEORAS-431 است تا ضمن تعیین حریم سیل در قسمتی از رودخانه‌ی مرغک جدیدترین، باصرفه‌ترین و کوتاه‌ترین روش پهنه‌بندی سیل از نظر اقتصادی و زمانی معرفی و مزایا و توانایی‌های آن بررسی شود. از این رو، مقاطعی از بازه‌ی رودخانه که بیشترین عرض و گستره‌ی سیل را با دوره‌ی بازگشت 25 ساله دارد مشخص شده است. نتایج حاصل از تحقیق نشان می‌دهد که این مقاطع در پایین‌دست رودخانه حد فاصل جاده‌ی اصلی فومن به پونل تا بازه‌ی انتهایی رودخانه (ورودی به تالاب انزلی) در هشت کیلومتر پایانی از مجموع حدود سی کیلومتر بازه‌ی رودخانه قراردارد. http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2451-fa.pdf 2016-05-27 29 45 حوضه‌ی مرغک پهنه‌بندی سیل مدل هیدرولیکیHEC-RAS الحاقیهHEC-GeoRAS-431 . Determining the Flood Prone areas of Morghak river Using HEC-GeoRAS Flood pron areas of rivers are generally hazardous. Regionalizing these hazardous areas in terms of the degree of hazard they produce is very important for regional flood management, insurance companies and land users. Therefore, this research has tried to regionalize the potential hazard of the flood prone areas of the Morghak River using HEC-GeoRAS model as an example for all flood plains of Gillan province.     In order to develop the hydrolic model of the river, the following data were prepared. The river profile, roughness index of the river channel and flood plain and river bank conditions were obtained from 1:2000 TIN maps. The data were entered into the HEC-RAS model. Then the data of the river banks and flood discharge amounts were entered and hydraulic computations were carried out. The model results were entered into the GIS. After the requested processing in the extension of HEC-GeoRas431, the final maps of depth of river, water movement velocity, shear velocity and the flow intensity along the river channel were produced. The maps were moved into the Google Earth and the flood area with different return periods were plotted.     The results showed the areal expansion of the 25-year return period floods of the river basin. This plain is narrow in the upper areas of the river and widens in the lower areas of the area. In the areas that there are constructions, the basin gets wider and its higher discharges causes severe hazards in the settlements around the river. The widest part of the flood plain is over the lowlands around Anzali swamp. In these lowlands the flood spreads over the vast area and making problems for the farmers and dwellers.     According to the results of this research some adaptation measures are needed in the areas where people have moved to the river channel and have built some structures. Some of these measures include vegetation planting, cement and rocky barriers and cleaning all extra wastes. The results of the study also indicate that in most of the branches the building of the channel has narrowed the channel and caused flood in the settled areas. The physiographic parameters of the river have seriously been changed and caused the severe floods in the river especially in the lower areas. The flow speed of the river changes from 4.1 m/s in the maximum discharge to .2 m/s in the very low discharge. The width of the channel has also changed from 281 meters in the maximum to 11 meters at the low discharge period. The discharge stress was between .3 to 357 newtons the overall results of the research indicate that the human interference in the river basin has caused all these hazards. And the only solution is that the humans should go out of the risky areas of the river basin. The continuation of this process in this river or in the other rivers will worsen the present hazards, http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2451-en.pdf 2016-05-27 29 45 Flood Prone Hydrolic Model HEC-GeoRAS Model Arcview Morghak Area parviz rezai Email:Rezaei@iaurasht.ac.ir 1 AUTHOR Khosrov Tajdari 2 AUTHOR Seyed Esmaeil Mirghasemi 3 AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE پهنه‌بندی روزهای شرجی در نیمه جنوبی ایران در حاشیه دریاهای گرم، بر اثر افزایش دما و رطوبت نسبی پدیده‌ی اقلیمی ‌شرجی رخ می‌دهد که سبب سلب آسایش و بروز مشکلاتی در زندگی روزمره‌ی انسان می‌شود. در این مطالعه، طبقه‌بندی روزهای شرجی در نیمه‌ی جنوبی ایران بررسی شد و پهنه‌بندی ویژگی‌های آماری روزهای شرجی با استفاده از سامانه‌ی اطلاعات جغرافیایی صورت گرفت. برای دستیابی به این اهداف، داده‌‌های ساعتی و روزانه فشار جزئی بخار آب برای یک دوره ی 15 ساله (2009 - 1995) مربوط به 13 ایستگاه منتخب از سازمان هواشناسی کشور اخذ گردید. سپس، روزهای شرجی براساس آستانه‌ی فشار جزئی بخار آب 8/18 هکتوپاسکال استخراج و در قالب هشت طبقه‌ی جداگانه تقسیم شد و پهنه‌بندی ویژگی‌های آماری روزهای شرجی با روش میانیابی کریجینگ صورت گرفت. نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که بیشترین روزهای شرجی در مقیاس ماهانه در دو ماه ژوئن و ژولای و کمترین آن در ماه ژانویه اتفاق می‌افتد. در مقیاس فصلی، نیز بیشترین تعداد روزهای شرجی متعلق به فصل تابستان و کمترین آن مربوط به فصل زمستان است. از لحاظ مکانی نیز جنوب شرق ایران در مقایسه با جنوب غرب بیشترین تعداد روزهای شرجی را دارد. طبقه‌بندی روزهای شرجی نیز نشان داد که ایستگاه چابهار با بیشترین تعداد روزهای شرجی طبقه‌ی هشت (کل 24 ساعت شبانه‌روز دارای شرایط شرجی) حادترین ایستگاه در بین ایستگاه‌های مورد مطالعه بوده و ایستگاه‌هایی همچون کرمان، زاهدان و شیراز با داشتن کمترین روز شرجی طبقه‌ی هشت بهترین شرایط را دارا بوده اند. http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2453-fa.pdf 2016-05-27 47 63 شرجی فشار بخار آب کریجینگ GIS جنوب ایران Spatial Classification of the Sultry Days in the Southern Half of Iran Hot, humid weather causes to the sultry feel. Sultry condition is usually accompanied with loss of physical ability and human respiratory and it has an adverse effect on peoples who have circulatory or other heart problems and this feeling is more than others. Sultry feel is a feeling like any other sensitive reflections of mental state. And this state apparently can’t be measured by special instruments. With this description, there are a lot of efforts has been done to identify this phenomenon by meteorologists and climatologists. And a series of psychological climate tests show that we can examine the creation and incidence of this sense based on empirical studies as a scientific and objective attitude. Therefore, this study aims to classify the sultry days in the southern half of Iran based on sultry continuous hours. And the obtained results are presented as a form of zoning maps.      The studied zone in this research is selected stations in the southern half of the country located in the province of Sistan & Baluchestan, Kerman, Hormozgan, Fars, Bushehr and Khuzestan. This area is located between two latitude 25 and 35 north and length of 47 to 63 east degrees. To achieve this goal, hourly partial pressure of water vapor of 13 selected stations were obtained for a period of 15 years (1995-2009) from Meteorological agency. After obtaining data and creating the database, to separate sultry conditions from non-sultry conditions, threshold of partial pressure of water vapor of Scharlou which was equivalent to 8.18 Hpa were used.     Based on these data, the hours and days that the partial pressure of water vapor was equal or greater than 8.18 hpa will have sultry conditions and otherwise, they have non-sultry conditions. Then, based on this threshold, sultry days were divided into eight categories. The basis of this classification is that if in a particular day among eight branches of observation, one station, only in one observation record a pressure equal to or greater than 8.18 hpa was observed, it will be placed in first class and if only two observed records a value equal or greater than defined value, it will be placed in second catagory and finally, if all eight observations amounts equal to or greater than 8.18 had been recorded, it will be placed in eight class. After placing the sultry days in one of eight branches of classes, long-term averages of monthly, quarterly, quarterly and annual were calculated and mapped.     Based on defined thresholds, sultry days were separated from non-sultry days, then sultry days were extracted and it was placed in first to eighth classes. The results of this classification showed that on monthly scale, January has the fewest sultry days in twelve months of the year. In this month, only two stations of Chabahar and Bandar Abbas had the sultry days of eighth classes. It means that 24 hours, they were in sultry conditions. Other stations that have a sultry day in this month, often their sultry days are from first to fourth classes and it means that they had maximum 3 to 12 hours of sultry conditions during the day. Most sultry days can be seen in two June and July months. So, in these two months, all studied stations have at least one sultry day,Specially  in three stations of Chabahar, Bandar Abbas and Bushehr. And all 61 days, they have sultry conditions. In terms of classification of sultry days, all 61 days of Chabarhar station are part of sultry days of eighth class. In two stations of Bandar Abbas and Bushehr, except few days that are from sixth and seventh classes, other days are from eightth class, other stations experienced one of the eightth classes of sultry days with different ratios. , and at the seasonal scale, winter has the lowest days of sultry and summer has the most days of sultry days. In term of classification of sultry days in seasonal scale, there are conditions as monthly scale. The interesting point in summer season is that sultry days on two stations of Zabul (35 days) and Iranshahr (51 days) are considered due to their Geographical locations. In Zabul station, the reason of these sultry days can be due to the neighborhood of this station with Hamoon Lake. But it should be mentioned about Iranshahr stationthat the reason of its sultry condition is entrance of monsoon low pressure and moisture transfer by the system on the south-east of Iran an especially Iranshahr. On an annual basis, it was also observed that always in south east of Iran (Especially Chabahar station), the number of sultry days is much more than south west of Iran, also occurring sultry days with eighth, seventh and sixth classes in this zone is so different from south-west of Iran. The reason of these differences in number of sultry days and sultry classes  related to the latitude of south east of Iran which is lower that south west and in other words, we can say that climate of south East of Iran is more similar to tropical climate than subtropical climate.  http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2453-en.pdf 2016-05-27 47 63 Sultry Vapour Pressure Kriging GIS the southern half of Iran. Peyman Mahmoudi 1 AUTHOR Taghi Tavosi 2 AUTHOR Daneshmand Hojjat 3 AUTHOR Abdolmajid Shabab Moghadam 4 AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE تخلفات ساختمانی و تغییرات فضایی-کالبدی در مناطق کلان‌شهر تهران وقوع تخلفات ساختمانی یکی از مهم‌ترین آسیب‌های توسعه‌ی فضایی-کالبدی کلان‌شهر تهران در دو دهه‌ی اخیر بوده است. این پژوهش در پاسخ به این سؤال اساسی صورت گرفت که وضعیت و زمینه‌های وقوع تخلفات ساختمانی و تغییرات فضایی-کالبدی در مناطق کلان‌شهر تهران در دهه‌های 1370 و 1380 چه بوده است؟ این پژوهش از نوع شناختی است که به روش کیفی و تفسیری انجام شده است. هدف پژوهش شناخت، توصیف و تفسیر وضعیت و زمینه‌های وقوع تخلفات ساختمانی و تغییرات فضایی-کالبدی در مناطق کلان‌شهر تهران است. جامعه‌ی آماری این پژوهش، کل ساخت و سازها در محدوده‌ی مناطق بیست و دوگانه کلان‌شهر تهران است. داده‌ها و اطلاعات مورد نیاز این پژوهش به روش مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای و اسنادی جمع‌آوری شده‌ است. برای توصیف و تفسیر داده‌ها و اطلاعات این پژوهش از آمار توصیفی و برای نمایش یافته‌های آن از سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی (GIS) استفاده شده است. بر اساس یافته‌های این پژوهش، تخلفات ساختمانی بسیاری در دهه‌های 1370 و 1380 در کلان‌شهر تهران به‌وقوع پیوسته است، به طوری ‌که به ‌ازای هر پروانه‌ ساختمانی صادره در این کلان‌شهر در سال‌های 1376 تا 1387، حدود 5/3 مورد تخلف ساختمانی در دبیرخانه‌ی کمیسیون‌های ماده‌ی صد قانون شهرداری به ثبت رسیده است. بیشترین حجم (مساحت) این تخلفات در این دوره در مناطق یک تا پنج کلان‌شهر تهران رخ داده است که ارزش و تراکم مازاد ساختمانی بیشتر دارد. کسب درآمد و فروش تراکم مازاد ساختمانی مهم‌ترین زمینه‌های ارتکاب این تخلفات در این کلان‌شهر است. مغایرت گسترش سطح و سرانه بنای مسکونی و کاربری‌های تجاری و نظامی و تعداد جمعیت با طرح جامع از مهم‌ترین تغییرات فضایی-کالبدی در مناطق کلان‌شهر تهران در این دوره است. http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2454-fa.pdf 2016-05-27 65 76 شهر تهران تخلفات ساختمانی تغییرات فضایی-کالبدی. Building Violations and Spatial-Physical Changes in Districts of Tehran Metropolis Illegal sale of extra building density (footages) and building violations all are being considered as the most important measures regarding urban management rent issues in Tehran, between 1991-2001. This in turn, intensifies the occurrence of building violations and instability regarding to Tehran’s spatial organization during the mentioned decade. This study aims to investigate the type, rate and spatial distribution of building violations and spatial-physical changes in districts of Tehran metropolis. The objective of this paper is to identify and explain the types of urban management functions and their resulting consequences in Tehran metropolis. The distribution pattern of building violations and some of their impacts are the major outcome of this research. This research based on its objective, possesses applied nature at strategic level. This study is based on spatial-structural and analytical approach. The under study area are all constructions in 22 districts of Tehran metropolis. It further supports the application of documentation. Data analysis demands descriptive statistic as well as GIS technique. This study suggests that 59% of all the issued construction permissions are associated with zone 1-5 followed by 67% which pertains to zones 1-7 between 1993-2002. These northern zones possess large holdings, good location, comparative advantage and very beneficial vertical density. About 117028 building licenses contain extra building footage problems. Total area of these violations occurrences has been amounted up to 32710210 meters. The distribution of the extra building footages associated with different zones represents a sharp but regular gradient with north-south direction. Moreover, this study suggests most of the governmental institutions committed violations associated with illegal land possessions as well as construction of illegal land uses in the area of public lands during 1990 decade. In addition, 249 illegal constructions pertaining to public institutions were identified by 2002 out of which 137 (55%) were visited by Tehran's municipalities.      The statistics associated with Tehran's building violations which referred to variance number 1 of 100 municipality law represents a high magnitude and level of violations occurrence during 2000 decade. The total area deal with these building violations inspected by these commissions has been amounted to be 2810559 and 1565644 square meters in 2001 and 2008 respectively. However, some of these types of violations informally resolved without ever referred to this corresponding municipality commissions. Most of these violations are associated with land use changes (56.98%). This is followed by violations pertaining to extra density footages. It is argued that 3.5 violation cases registered against each issued construction license between 1997-2008 in Tehran metropolis. Generally, the issuances of building permits and sale of extra construction density and footages were dealt with market demand and geared toward gaining its resulting rents. These measures and actions were contradicted with Tehran's master plan principles. These violations possess a sharp gradient with north-south directions in Tehran's south and north economic-social basins. These activities are harmful to public interests and simultaneously very beneficial to very small inclusive private group which possess capital and lands. This in turn, is associated with lack of a master plan and subsequent spatial equalization, imbalanced land uses per capita and services and cons equally. Tehran's unsustainable physical development, For instance, Tehran's residential per capita in 1991, 1996, and 2001 has been amounted to be 20.35, 22.51 and 23.88 square meters respectively. This amount is associated with 17.37% growth rate unit during 1990 decade. However, Tehran's residential per capita in 1996 and 2001 have been underestimated and amounted to be 17.8 and 12.8% respectively compared with 1995 estimation (27.39 square meters). Tehran's existing commercial per capita in 2001 (2.05 square meters) compared with previous estimation of 1996 (0.87 square meters) shows 136.44% growth. This has been resulted from change in existing residential unit in central part of Tehran. Tehran's military per capita land use in 2001 (7.50 square meters) compared with the previous estimation of 2006 (1.5 square meters) shows 400.87% growth as well. http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2454-en.pdf 2016-05-27 65 76 building violations Spatial-Physical Changes Urban Management Tehran Metropolis. Moosa Kamanroodi Kojuri kamanroodi@yahoo.com 1 AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE برآورد پتانسیل فرسایش بادی و رسوبدهی با استفاده از روش IRIFR در منطقه میاندشت اسفراین فرسایش بادی در مناطقی با بارندگی کمتر از 150 میلی متر اهمیت ویژه ای دارد. فرسایش بادی به عنوان یکی از عوامل مهم بیابان زایی، همواره مورد توجه قرار گرفته است .در این تحقیق بعد از جمع آوری اطلاعات و مطالعات پایه در منطقه و تهیه نقشه­های لازم از قبیل توپوگرافی، زمین­شناسی، ژئومرفولوژی، قابلیت اراضی، پوشش گیاهی و آگاهی از مطالعات هواشناسی و جهت بادهای غالب در منطقه به بازدید صحرایی پرداخته و فرم­های بیابانی و پرسشنامه مردمی در منطقه تکمیل شد و سپس واحدهای کاری به روش احمدی- اختصاصی تهیه، سپس مقدارفرسایش بادی براساس مدل تجربی اریفردرهریک از واحدهای کاری تعیین شد. همچنین نقشه حساسیت اراضی به فرسایش بادی با استفاده از اریفر تهیه شد و پتانسیل رسوبدهی نیز با استفاده از رابطه بین درجه رسوبدهی وتولیدرسوب به دست آمد. نتایج نشان داد کلاس فرسایشی I (فرسایش خیلی کم) با مساحتی در حدود 21/11287 هکتار بیشترین مساحت وکلاس فرسایشی IV (فرسایش زیاد) با مساحت45/6682 هکتار در رتبه دوم از نظر مساحت می باشد. دربین رخساره های ژئومرفولوژی رخساره های مسیل (5-3-2) و اراضی زراعی (2-3-2) دارای بیشترین مقادیررسوبدهی می باشند. وجود توپوگرافی مسطح و اراضی با شیب کم در بخشهای شرقی وشمالی حوزه که مستقیماً تحت تاثیر بادهای غالب منطقه می باشند، باعث شده تا باد از قدرت تخریبی بالاتری برخوردار باشد. یکی از راهکارهای مناسب به منظور مقابله با فرسایش بادی در حوزه میاندشت احداث بادشکن در اطراف مزارع داخل و خارج منطقه با توجه به گسترش اراضی کشاورزی در اطراف منطقه مورد مطالعه و در مسیر بادهای غالب محدوده در بخشهای شرق، شمال شرق می باشد. http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2455-fa.pdf 2016-05-27 77 92 اریفر؛ رسوب؛ رخساره های ژئومرفولوژی؛ فرسایش بادی؛ میاندشت اسفراین Estimation of the Potential of Wind Erosion and Deposition Using IRIFR Method in Miandasht Esfarayen Region Wind erosion is important in areas with less than 150 mm of rainfall Measuring the extent and severity of wind erosion in many countries, including Iran, there is no station to measure wind erosion sediments and so the deposition estimation methods rely on empirical models so that in many cases there are measurement errors. With estimates wind and water erosion and deposition potential compared using IRIFR EA and MPSIAC models in semi-arid Nematabad Bijar watershed concluded that the IRIFR model quantitatively and qualitatively accuracy and, due to a 22.6% wind erosion and 77.4 percent water erosion effective in reducing the fertility of soil (Ahmadi et al, 2006). This study estimates deposition and wind erosion potential using IRIFR method in esfarayen Miandasht region. In this study, the data collection and basic research in the area uses of maps such as topography, geology, geomorphology, land capability, vegetation, and include information and meteorological studies, field visits, and the prevailing wind direction in the form of desert and question naires were completed and work units to people in another way - specific preparation, IRIFR experimental model of wind erosion in each of the work units were defined the land to wind erosion susceptibility map was prepared using IRIFR and deposition potential temperature using the relationship between precipitation and sediment yield were obtained. After scoring each of the factors affecting wind erosion facies geomorphology (erosion) and the sum of given annual sediment production rates, the rate of erosion severity maps were produced in ArcGIS environment. Soil erosion severity and sedimentation of the area, were obtained nine factors affecting wind erosion scores are considered in five classes. The results showed erosion class I (very little) with an area of ​​about 11287.21 acres more land erosion. This erosion class is includes geomorphological facies 1-1-2 (water erosion on the erosion piedmont) and 1-2-2 (water erosion on the apandajz piedmont). and class IV (erosion) with an area of ​​6682.45 acres, is the second largest in the area. This erosional class also includes geomorphological facies detachement region - farm lands – fine desert pavement and the stream. Among stream geomorphologic facies (5-3-2) and arable land (2.3.2) have the most the highest amounts of precipitation. Wind erosion in the miandasht region,  include 8 erosional form and severity of erosion stream facies, etachement region, farm lands and fine desert pavement have high erosion rates. Topography is flat and low-slope land in the north eastern parts of the area where directly affected by the prevailing winds, led to the destructive power of wind improve. One of the best ways to combat wind erosion in the area around the farm and out carminative Miandasht construction area of agricultural land around the study area and the direction of the prevailing winds in parts of the east, the north east is. The study area of wind erosion control perspective is a set of constraints and capabilities. Fine tissue silt abundant salts in the soil and reduces adhesion of soil particle aggregate structure fragmentation and reduce the threshold velocity of wind erosion in the region and the area are prone to erosion. Existence drought resistant species such as Haloxylon prsicum Artimisia sp. in the region can be developed that will help to control wind erosion. http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2455-en.pdf 2016-05-27 77 92 IRIFR Deposition Facies of geomorphology Wind erosion Miandasht Esfarayen. Hamid alipour alipor.hamid@gmail.com 1 AUTHOR sayedenegar hasheminasab hasheminasab 2 AUTHOR Amir hossein hatefi 3 AUTHOR Azam Gholamnia 4 AUTHOR Yasser shahnavaz 5 AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE تحلیل تغییرات تابش فرابنفش در منطقه‌ی اصفهان برای بررسی تابش فرابنفش و تحلیل زمانی آن در سطح کشور، ایستگاه اصفهان، به لحاظ داشتن اتمسفری همگن، به منزله‌ی مدلی برای کل کشور انتخاب شد. برای تحلیل زمانی داده‌ها نیز، دوره‌ی آماری از سال‌های 1380 تا1390 تهیه گردید. بررسی داده‌ها به صورت چهار واحد زمانی متفاوت روزانه، ماهانه، فصلی و سالانه با استفاده از روش‌های آماری و آزمون من‌ کندال انجام گرفت. نتیجه‌ی بررسی‌ها در ایستگاه اصفهان، نشان داد که بیشترین شاخص تابش فرابنفش به مقدار 5/11 است که معمولاً در اواسط تابستان روی داده و کمترین آن به مقدار 5/0 در اواسط زمستان اتفاق افتاده است. همچنین، نتایج حاصل از برازش خط روند تغییرات فصلی برای دهه‌ی اخیر، نشان داد که مقدار تابش در بهار روندی افزایشی داشته و برای دیگر فصل‌ها این روند کاهشی بوده است. از طرفی نیز، بیشترین تابش آفتاب بین ساعت‌های 10 صبح تا 16 بعد از ظهر بوده و در بیشتر اوقات سال، شاخص از 3 بالاتر بوده است. در نتیجه‌ی این امر، مردم باید اقدامات پیشگیرانه را رعایت کنند تا از صدمات ناشی از آن در امان بمانند. http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2456-fa.pdf 2016-05-27 93 105 تابش فرابنفش ازن سنجی تغییرات زمانی روش من کندال مخاطرات آب و هوایی اصفهان Analyzing the Variations of Ultra Violet in Esfahan Area Ultra violet radiation has some useful effects and some harmful effects on human health an d create many diseases. Nowadays not only declined but the usefulness of the therapeutic effects of the Sun in the treatment of diseases such as rickets, psoriasis and eczema have been proved. But prolonged exposure to radiation of the Sun is not always beneficial and may cause acute and chronic effects on the health of the skin, eyes and immune system. Ultraviolet radiation of the Sun is one of the most destructive waves for life on Earth. So Ultraviolet radiation index and predict its rate (1 to +11) as well as the analysis of this indicator will help people to protect themselves against the Sun     Ozone station , global ozone measurement stations and only stratosphere in Isfahan, Iran, which is in the South and in the Northern geographical position latitude 32' 31 and 70 ' 51 is located over the East. The altitude of this station from sea is 1550 m. Also atmospheric parameters in this station which are measured daily include temperature, pressure, humidity, wind speed and direction and in the upper levels of the atmosphere at 12 GMT with the help of Joe's high temp radio instrument.     The first step to do this research was gathering of climatic data and the statistical and quantitative analysis in order to study on the subject. Ultraviolet radiation data on the same basis of assessment, ozone station during the period January 2001-December 2010 has been collected. The second batch of data information gathered from meteorological station of Isfahan climatic elements from 2001 to 2010. This data is based on monthly averages for analysis of solar UV radiations from meteorological solidarity with the country. Adjust the time series at the first step in the study and analysis of the data was done in order to equal intervals in these regular categories and methods of statistical analysis was carried out on them and the overall process of UV changes in the form of daily, monthly, quarterly and annually. Also part of the analysis that was carried out on the data, check how the sequence or they had over time; this way specify whether data periodically changes or trends have been or not. Once the data is based on the time of occurrence, sort and arrange the time series on them. Annually analysis of UV index showed the general variation is a common feature of studied years but in the spring season have high variation in compared with other season. The main reason of this variation may be related to sunlight angle that can be showed atmosphere effect on received radiation. Descriptive statistic result indicated that the highest mean of UV index is 6.52 and minimum were 4.8 that have very high variations and may be it has different harmful effects. Also seasonal analysis showed highest UV index created in hot summer related to highest temperature in this season. The computational modeling of UV index against years in different season indicates there do not exist a linear relation between two factors. The correlation analysis of UV index and some climatic factors showed there are a significant relation between temperature  with 0.8570 coefficient that  can be said in relation to increase of temperature, UV rate increased and vice versa and with cloud cover correlation coefficient is  -0.393 that have significant negative relation.     Results showed that the peak time period are output in the first half and the second half of the year, landing in the specified time series. As well as through a linear fit to all charts, increase or decrease of the radiation, changes the trend in recent years, showed that based on the ultraviolet radiation changes the average increase in the spring and summer and fall and winter shows a decline. Also according to the ultraviolet radiation in daily statistics review ozone assessment station in the studied period (2001-2011) maximum amounts of ultraviolet radiation index, (11.5) observed in the middle of the summer and the minimum amounts of radiation index (0.5) observed in mid-winter. http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2456-en.pdf 2016-05-27 93 105 Key words: ultraviolet radiation ozone Esfahan Iran ultraviolet radiation in Iran. Manuchehr Farajzadeh farajzam2000@yahoo.com 1 AUTHOR Yosef Ghavidel Rahimi 2 AUTHOR Mehdi ArdeshiriKalhor 3 AUTHOR