OTHERS_CITABLE آسیب‌پذیری معابر در شهرهای لرزه‌خیز بر اساس مدل IHWP در ناحیه‌ی سه منطقه‌ی یک کلان‌شهر تبریز در شهرهای لرزه‌خیز، برنامه‌ریزی شهری ناگزیر از آسیب‌شناسی لرزه‌ای معابر است. این مقاله می‌کوشد ضریب و الگوی آسیب‌پذیری لرزه‌ای معابر شهری را با دیدگاه برنامه‌ریزی پیشگیری در ناحیه‌ی سه کلان‌شهر تبریز ارزیابی کند. در این پژوهش، داده‌ها و لایه‌‌های اطلاعاتی با روش اسنادی تهیه و با روش دلفی رتبه‌بندی و امتیازدهی و با استفاده از روش IHWP در محیط GIS پردازش شده‌اند. جامعه‌ی آماری شبکه‌ی معابر ناحیه‌ی سه‌ی منطقه‌ی یک کلان‌شهر تبریز است. نتایج نشان می‌دهد درجه‌ی محصور‌بودن بالا، افزایش سطح سرویس ترافیک، تراکم جمعیت و نظام ویژه‌ی کاربری زمین به‌صورت تمرکز کاربری‌های تجاری، تفریحی و فرامنطقه‌ای دلایل اصلی آسیب‌پذیری معابر هستند. در معابر کم عرض  (8 تا 10 متر)، درجه‌ی محصور‌بودن بر ضریب آسیب‌پذیری لرزه‌ای در معابر شریانی شاخص ترافیک و نظام کاربری افزوده‌‌اند. الگوی فضایی آسیب‌پذیری معابر از شرق به غرب و از شمال به جنوب روندی افزایشی دارد. کانون شدت فضایی آسیب‌پذیری معابر در مرکز ناحیه قرار دارد و بر خیابان‌های ولی‌عصر، شریعتی، عارف و رازی منطبق است. بدین‌‌ترتیب، به‌لحاظ زمین‌لرزه‌ای، معابر کارآمد و پایدار در شرق ناحیه واقع هستند. http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2407-fa.pdf 2016-03-11 1 16 10.18869/acadpub.jsaeh.2.1.1 آسیب‌پذیری لرزه‌ای‌ شبکه‌ی معابر روشIHWP ناحیه‌ی سه تبریز Streets Vulnerability in the Seismic Cities Based on IHWP Model In the 3rd District, Tabriz City Urban planning has to perform seismic pathology of urban streets in seismic cities. Streets and roads are the most important spaces and urban elements in the cities which should be considered not only in space occupation and connecting spaces and urban activities but also in seismic vulnerability and on this basis it is planned to reduce environmental hazards and on top of earthquake-related. Many physical and functional characteristics of urban spaces and the distribution and concentration of the urban population take shape to comply with the location, capacity and function of the city streets network. Therefore, one of the most essential and the most important topics in the study of seismic cities is understanding of the relation between seismicity and urban streets through seismic vulnerability studies. This paper aims to assess factors and patterns of seismic vulnerability of urban networks with a prevention planning view in the 3rd district of Tabriz City.     This research has descriptive-analytic method and the statistical population is street network of 3rd district of Tabriz city. Data and layers of information have been prepared by documentary method and have been processed using the Delphi method and the method of ranking and rating IHWP in GIS. The main factors and indicators influencing streets vulnerability have been selected based on the eight indicators. These indicators include distance and proximity to faults, quality of buildings, the degree of closeness (width of the wall), building density, population density, the traffic service or traffic volume toward roads capacity, access to health centers and services and the land use system. The final map of seismic vulnerability has been produced by combining eight layers of information related to above mentioned indicatorsand based on it the seismic vulnerability levels and factors of the street network has been analyzed.     The final results of the seismic vulnerability of streets have been categorized in the 5 classes of vulnerability including very low, low, medium, high and very high. From total area 18.4% is estimated very low, 29.37% low, 31.77% medium, 14.21% high and 6.22% very high. Thus, taking into account the streets with medium, high and very high degree as vulnerable axes, it is concluded that 52.2% or more than half of the streets are seismic vulnerable and other half are relatively stable.     Within the vulnerable and unstable network, more than 20% of the streets are in high and very high vulnerable classes. Street network with high and very high vulnerability are mainly arterial streets with commercial and service land uses in the scale of trans-regional or secondary roads leading to artery of trans-regional which have high population density. These streets compose a high degree of closeness, increase in traffic service level, population density and land use system with the concentration of commercial, recreational and trans-regional land uses are the main causes of vulnerability. But, in the narrow streets (8 to 10 meters), the degree of closeness of arterial streets, traffic parameters and user system have increased the seismic vulnerability index. Spatial pattern of streets vulnerability has an increasing trend from East to West and from North to south. The results show Spatial intensity of vulnerable streets is located at the center of the district and on Vali Asr, Shariati, Aref  and Razi Streets. Thus, the efficient and sustainable streets are located in the East of the under studied district.     The results also show that high vulnerable streets has less distance to fault and more distance from medical centers. In addition, they have high traffic and lower quality buildings and high risk land uses (electric and gas infrastructure) are located there. Since the wide streets are more often subject to less obstruction, this characteristic in seismic time cause to transfer the traffic of narrow passage to the main streets. Grid pattern of streets and frequency of intersections by slowing down the speed of the vehicle increase the volume of traffic and lead to an increase in seismic vulnerability. http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2407-en.pdf 2016-03-11 1 16 10.18869/acadpub.jsaeh.2.1.1 3rd District of Tabriz city IHWP Method Road Network Seismic Vulnerability. Esmaeil Ali Akbari aliakbariesmaeil@yahoo. com 1 AUTHOR Nafiseh Saadat Miraii 2 AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE آسیب‌پذیری سکونتگاه‌های روستایی از ماسه ‌های روان بستر خشک تالاب بین‌المللی هامون در شهرستان هیرمند هجوم ماسه‏های روان و آثار تخریبی آن بلای طبیعی است و خطر عمده‏ای در زندگی بشر محسوب می‌شود. متأسفانه، با شروع خشک‌سالی و با خشک‌شدن تالاب بین‌المللی هامون در منطقه‌ی سیستان، شکل‌گیری ماسه‌‏های روان و هجوم آن‌ها به سکونتگاه‏های روستایی همراه با بادهای 120 روزه حاکم بر منطقه آغاز می‏‌شود که بروز این پدیده‏ مسائل متعددی را در زندگی روستاییان شهرستان هیرمند به وجود می‌آورد. بر‌این‌اساس، شناسایی و تحلیل آسیب‌پذیری سکونتگاه‌های روسـتایی در برابر مخاطرات ناشی از هجوم ماسه‏های روان در سطح روستاهای این شهرستان برای مقابله با آن اهمیت فراوانی دارد. روش تحقیق حاضر توصیفی‌ ـ تحلیلی و مبتنی بر بررسی منابع اسنادی، بررسی‏های میدانی و تکمیل پرسشنامه‌های روستا و خانوار است. در اجرای تحقیق، ابتدا ضمن مصاحبه با کارشناسان بنیاد مسکن انقلاب اسـلامی، دهیاران، اعضای شـوراها و خبرگان محلی، از بین 303 روستای واقع در شهرستان هیرمند (جامعه‌ی آماری تحقیق)، 56 روسـتای دارای مشکل ماسه‌های‌ روان شناسایی گردید. در جمع‌آوری داده‌ها، متناسب با گستره‌ی جغرافیایی محدوده‌ی مطالعه و شرایط حاکم بر روستاهای این شهرستان به طیف گسترده‌ای از شاخص‏ها برای بررسی شدت آسیب‌پذیری سکونتگاه‌های روستایی از ماسه‏های روان حاصل از فرسایش بادی توجه شد. همچنین، در تجزیه‌و‌تحلیل اطلاعات، مدل تحلیل سلسله‌مراتبی (AHP)، تحلیل‏های آماری و تحلیل‌های فضایی (برای مقایسه‌ی توأمان اطلاعات مکانی و داده های توصیفی روستاها) و نرم‌افزارهای Choice Expert، SPSS و ArcGIS استفاده گردید. بر‌اساس یافته‌های پژوهش، سطح آسیب‌پذیری روستاهای مورد مطالعه در 38/30 درصد از روستاها شدید یا بسیار شدید است که بخش عمده آن‌ها در قسمت‌های شمالی محدوده‌ی مطالعه و در دهستان‌های مجاور تالاب خشک هامون واقع شده‌اند. از طرف دیگر، نتایج تحقیق مؤید آن است که آثار تخریبی ماسه‌های روان در اراضی کشاورزی و شبکه‌های‌ آبرسانی بیشتر از سایر بخش‌هاست. http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2408-fa.pdf 2016-03-11 17 30 10.18869/acadpub.jsaeh.2.1.17 تالاب هامون ماسه‌ های‌روان سکونتگاه‌های روستایی شهرستان هیرمند Vulnerability of Rural settlements to Moving Sands Formed by Wind Erosion in the Dried bed of Hamoon International Wetland in Hirmand township Every year, natural hazards happen severely around the world. Iran is included in the first 10 countries in the world susceptible to natural hazards, and has experienced 30 hazards out of total 35 hitherto. In this connection, moving sands, as a natural hazard, creates changes to ecological conditions which cause a rupture in the lives of people. The aforementioned hazards leave adverse effects on human habitations and impose wide environmental and socio-economic damages upon societies. Moreover, the sand mass covers arable lands and residential areas, generates air pollution, brings in destruction of topsoil, harms animals, and brings about many losses. This eases desertification and causes damages. Therefore, taking areas subject to moving sand into consideration is very significant in rural planning. Hirmand township in north of Sistan and Balouchestan province is an area open to moving sand onrush. Unfortunately, due to Sistan drought and Hamoon international wetland dryness as a result of the dominant120-day winds in the area, moving sands have come to affect rural settlements. This has put the villagers of Hirmand township to so much trouble. Hence, an investigation and analysis of rural settlements vulnerability to moving sand damages in the villages of Hirmand township is of great significance as a step toward better control of the problem.       The present study is a descriptive-analytic survey containing documentary sources, field studies, as well as village and household questionnaires.  The statistical population consists 303 villages in Hirmand township, from which a total of 56 were selected as the sample of the study based on advice given by experts at Housing Foundation of Islamic Revolution, rural administrators and local council members. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP), statistical analyses, spatial analyses, and the software Expert Choice, SPSS, and ArcGIS were used in data analysis. This study, hence, attempts to identify vulnerable habitations and categorize them by employing 54 indexes and assessing and putting them together in different levels.       According to the findings of this study, from the total villages subject to moving sand problem, 55.35 % are found with low or very low vulnerability and 30.38 % are placed in high or very high vulnerability ranges. The investigation of distribution of the villages under study given the vulnerability intensity to moving sand storm revealed that the villages of low or very low vulnerability are situated in the central and western parts of the area under study. These villages enjoy low vulnerability due to water resources, Tamarix hispida trees planted by state-run entities in the moving sand paths, and being away from dry bed of Hamoun Wetlands. On the other hand, the villages of high and very high vulnerability are placed mostly in the northern part of the area under study and adjacent to Hamoun Wetlands.    There are several factors playing key roles in vulnerability of rural areas including environmental elements such as stopping of incoming water flow into Hamoun Wetlands, winds of 120 days, wide geomorphological functions of moving sands, and high reduction in the density of vegetation and trees around and in the villages due to drought. In addition to the above factors, inconsistency of physical context of villages with the movement direction of moving sands has caused accumulation of sands in villages which is effective in vulnerability intensification of many rural areas.     Ruin of houses and cut of communicative roads by moving sands cause disruption in normal lives within the aforementioned villages. In addition to taking damages by moving sands into consideration, the evident role of state services is very significant in decreasing of the damages in all parts of Hirmand. In this connection, belt-like flood preventives built around the international Hamoun Wetlands has made moving sands accumulated behind them and this has decreased intensification of the damages and probable threats from sand onrush to the lower latitude regions.         Accordingly, the results of affecting level comparison of different factors in appearance or intensification of the moving sand’s effects in the villages under study revealed that the effects of weather factors and water restrictions sprung from hydrological droughts in which the incoming flow of Hirmand River into the area under study is cut or decreased remarkably, along with summer winds (winds of 120-days) and severe winter winds are more clear and stronger in intensification of soil erosion and formation of moving sands than other factors.        On the other hand, the results of impressionability level comparison of different contextual-spatial factors in the villages under study demonstrated that sand affects arable lands and water supply networks more than other factors.      However, given that reduction or stop of incoming water flow of Hirmand River into Sistan region over the recent years has caused successive droughts, some factors like drying of Hamoun Wetlands, intensification of environmental dryness, reduction of vegetation and increase of soil erosion along with Sistan’s winds of 120-days have paved the way for increasing of dust storms and movement of sands toward the villages of the region. http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2408-en.pdf 2016-03-11 17 30 10.18869/acadpub.jsaeh.2.1.17 Hamoon wetland Moving sands Rural settlements Hirmand Township Sadegh Asghari Lafmejani Asghari2750@yahoo.com 1 AUTHOR Mahdi Naderian far 2 AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE بررسی سطح ایستابی آب زیرزمینی دشت اردبیل آب‌های زیرزمینی منبع بسیار مهمی برای تأمین آب مصرفی در بخش‌های کشاورزی، صنعت و شرب دشت اردبیل است. از‌این‌رو، بررسی تغییرات منابع آب زیرزمینی در برنامه‌ریزی و مدیریت پایدار این منابع اهمیت فراوانی دارد. در این پژوهش، هدف سطح‌بندی وضعیت دهستان‌های موجود در دشت اردبیل به‌لحاظ بحران آب زیرزمینی و تغییرات آن طی سال‌های 1360 و 1391 است. بنابراین، از اطلاعات 39 چاه پیزومتری موجود در سطح دشت اردبیل (اخذ‌شده از سازمان آب منطقه‌ای) استفاده شد. با استفاده از تکنیک وزن‌دهی جمعی ساده‌ی فازی و روش‌های درون‌یابی، سطح ایستابی پیزومترها درون‌یابی و نحوه‌ی تغییرات سطح ایستابی آن‌ها طی این دو دوره نمایش داده شدند. سپس، نقشه‌ی نهایی فازی‌شده و وزن‌دار از دو نقشه‌ی سال 60 و سال 91 تهیه گردید. نتایج تحلیل، کاهش تقریباً 47 درصدی سطح ایستابی را در سال 1391 نسبت‌به سال 1360 نشان می‌دهد. سرانجام، با استفاده از اطلاعات به‌دست آمده می‌توان گفت که دهستان‌های شرقی، ویلکیج مرکزی و فولادلوی شمالی بیشترین تغییرات را به‌لحاظ افت سطح آب زیرزمینی داشته‌اند که قسمت شرق و جنوب شرق دشت را شامل می‌شوند. همچنین، دهستان‌های شمالی دشت نیز به سمت بحران پیش می‌روند که، با توجه به نقشه‌ی سطح کشت و تراکم چاه عمیق، برداشت بیش از حد از منابع آب زیرزمینی را در این ناحیه می‌توان عامل اصلی بحران قلمداد کرد. http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2409-fa.pdf 2016-03-11 31 42 10.18869/acadpub.jsaeh.2.1.31 تصمیم‌گیری چند معیاری فازی آب زیرزمینی سطح ایستابی تحلیل فضایی دشت اردبیل. Evaluation of the groundwater table using multi-criteria decision making and spatial analysis, case study: Ardebil Plain Groundwater resources are important sources for the supply of water in agriculture, industry and drinking in Ardabil plain, therefore underground water resources planning and sustainable management of these resources are important. The purpose of this study is grading the villages in the plain of Ardabil in underground water crisis and changes during the years 1360-1391. The information obtained from 39 wells, piezometers in plain of Ardabil. Using simple techniques and fuzzy cumulative weighting and interpolation methods, the piezometers interpolation of shallow water table and how it changes during the period is showd. Introduction      Groundwater is one of the main sources of drinking water supply for many people around the world, especially in rural areas. Groundwater can be contaminated by natural or human activities are numerous. All activities including residential, municipal, commercial, industrial and agriculture can affect groundwater quality. Groundwater contamination can result, such as the loss of a source of water supply, high cost of clearing the high cost of alternative water supply or cause potential health problems. Given the importance of determining the results of the plains of the country, the aim of this study was to determine changes in aquifer storage of Ardabil using statistics and analysis on multi-criteria decision-making and evaluation of groundwater is a crisis situation. Data and Methods      In this study, the data of piezometers wells in of Ardabil plain scattered through the city of Ardabil Regional Water Authority have been prepared. Also, the surface layers and point to the plains of Ardabil, political divisions and the location of wells, piezometers villages for final maps have been used. The data of deep wells, as well as cultivation of four major product with a high water requirement of wheat, barley, potatoes and forage to determine the relationship between ground water and water harvesting has been a drop in water table. The study area      Plain study area is located in the north-west of Iran in Ardabil province (Figure 2 and Figure 3).  The average height is about 1360 meters above sea level  It covers an area of approximately 820 square kilometers and is located in the Gharasoo watershed. Inverse Distance Weight; Global Polynomial Interpolation; Local Polynomial Interpolation; Radial Basis Functions; Straight Ranking; Fuzzy Normalized; Fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making; FSAW.    The first step is to evaluate each process and required hydrological data collection, and the coordinatingits location. The geostatistical methods of IDW, GPI, LPI, and RBF in the ArcGIS software were used for  interpolating all existing data and a drop in water table in the area of standards for grades 10 class (raster) within restricted fields of Ardebil were determined.     Finally, using simple collective weight, weight-bearing layers and layers of loss data water table for the years 60 and 90 is obtained. To get the final map of water table drops, the two layers are deducted and the final map of Ardabil plain water table drop that phase is obtained.      Analysis showed the reduction of water table almost 47 percent in 1391 compared to 1360. As can be seen in Figures 12 and 13, maximum of 45 meters water table wells, piezometers in 1360 to more than 70 m in 1390 has come to reveal the deterioration of the aquifer Ardabil.     Pholadloo_e_Shomali district with the highest concentration of deep wells in the near future to continue the removal of existing deep wells, groundwater resources will go into sharp decline.     Sharghi Village goes to the crisis and in the meantime, the central Vilkij district includes the eastern part of the plain, the drop in water table aquifer at greatest risk to the two villages in East and Central Vilkij. • Due to the limitations of traditional agricultural development potential ground water; • Increase the efficiency of irrigation, changing crop patterns of water needed to fill low-power consumption; • Efficient use of water resources and prevent unauthorized digging deep wells to exploit the nutritional front, especially in the East and Southeast plains. http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2409-en.pdf 2016-03-11 31 42 10.18869/acadpub.jsaeh.2.1.31 fuzzy multi-criteria decision groundwater water table spatial analysis Ardabil plain. Hashem Rostamzadeh 1 AUTHOR Esmaeil Asadi 2 AUTHOR Jafar Jararzadeh jjafar1364@gmail.com 3 AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE مدل‎سازی مکانی ـ زمانی سه‎بعدی پراکنش آلاینده‌ی اکسید های ازت هوا ناشی از ترافیک در تقاطع خیابان ولی‌عصر ـ فاطمی شهر تهران یکی از مشکلات اصلی شهرها افزایش سریع آلودگی هواست که ترافیک وسایل نقلیه یکی از مهم ترین عوامل آن به‌شمار می‎رود. مدیریت هدفمند این عامل آلوده‌کننده نیازمند اطلاعات صحیح و دقیق از نحوه‌ی انتشار آلاینده‎ها در شرایط گوناگون مکانی و زمانی است. در‌این‌باره، پژوهش حاضر نحوه‌ی انتشار سه‎بعدی آلودگی حاصل از اکسیدهای نیتروژن (NOx) را در مقیاس میکرو بررسی و با استفاده از مدل GRAL [1] محدوده‌ی تقاطع ولی‌عصر ـ فاطمی شهر تهران را در فصل زمستان مطالعه می‌کند. با توجه به این، خودروها به‌منزله‌ی مهم‎ترین عامل آلاینده به مدل معرفی شد و فرآیند مدل‌سازی در نُه ارتفاع متفاوت (از 7/1 تا 5/52 متری) انجام گردید. برای بررسی ویژگی‎های فضایی و زمانی داده‎های میزان غلظت آلاینده‌ی NOx از روش‎های خودهم‌بستگی فضایی عمومی و محلی موران استفاده گردید. میزان شاخص موران معادل 7/0 تا 9/0 در حالت دوبعدی و معادل 22/0 در حالت سه‌بعدی در نتایج حاصل نشان‌دهنده‌ی وجود سطح بالایی از خود‌هم‌بستگی فضایی مثبت معنادار است که گواه صحت عملکرد شبیه‎سازی صورت گرفته است. تحلیل شاخص موران محلی/انسلین نشان‌دهنده‌ی‎ غلبه‌ی نقاط بالا‌ـ‌بالا در ارتفاعات پایین تا متوسط و افزایش نقاط پایین‌ـ‌پایین در ارتفاع‌های بالاتر است. همچنین، وجود خوشه‎های آلودگی نسبتاً پایدارتر در ارتفاع‎های مختلف در تقاطع‎ها و ناپایداری وضعیت خوشه‎بندی آلودگی هوا در نزدیکی ساختمان‎ها در نتایج حاصل مشهود است.   [1].Graz Lagrangian Model - GRAL http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2410-fa.pdf 2016-03-11 43 62 10.18869/acadpub.jsaeh.2.1.43 مدل اولرین لاگرانژین (GRAL) ترافیک وسایط نقلیه آلاینده‌ی NOx شهر تهران خودهم‌بستگی فضایی 3D Spatio-Temporal Modeling of NOx Air Pollution of Vehicular Traffic in Vali-e-Asr and Fatemi Streets Intersection, Tehran City Air pollution has become one of the main problems of cities. Among the sources of air pollution, vehicular traffic plays an important role. Planning for efficient management and control of the air pollution caused by vehicular traffic requires accurate information on spatio-temporal dispersion of the pollutions. This research studies 3D spatio-temporal dispersion of NOx pollution caused by vehicular traffic at Valieasr-Fatemi intersection resides in Tehran, Iran. It is selected for being crowded and having the required meteorological and pollution data sensed by the Air Quality Control Corp. of Tehran Municipality. This study uses GRAL that is a local micro-scale air dispersion model defined based on Euleran-Lagrangian dispersion models. It investigates the level of spatio-temporal autocorrelation generated by GRAL simulations at both 2D and 3D modes and discusses how it adapts with the reality. Adopting the GRAL air pollution dispersion model, streets are defined as the linear source of pollution of NOx caused by vehicular traffic. The traffic rate is estimated based on street areas and directions, the designed average traffic velocity, traffic volume and car passage counting at the intersection. The 3D geometry of the buildings is also added to the model. All the required data that were available for winter of 2007 are gathered and introduced into the model. The model is executed at 9 heights vary from 1.7 m to 52.5 m. These heights are defined covering a range from an average human level height to average building height and above. These levels are considered both separately in 2D mode and integrated into a 3D mode. The formation of NOx clusters is investigated analyzing their autocorrelation using Moran Index at global and local scale. The calculated Moran-I at global scale at each 9 levels of heights, varies from 0.7 to 0.9 that depicts the validity of the GRAL model adopted to simulate the expected autocorrelation of pollution density affected by spatial issues. The Moran-I increases at higher levels as less air turbulence happens. However the result show that the turbulence increases temporarily at about 10m to 15m which are the average building heights. At local scale, the Moran-I/Anselin shows that HH clusters dominate at lower levels, around streets central areas that are farther from the buildings, and around the intersections. At higher levels, esp. higher than buildings average height, the LL clusters dominate. However the HH clusters formed around intersections, while are shrank, are still visible at high levels. The turbulence caused by building fronts and their down wash effect is also shown in the result as no definite cluster is formed near the buildings front and back. The autocorrelation analysis is also carried for an integrated 3D model consists of all the 9 levels of heights. Considering the weight matrix for a 20m 2D neighborhood and 1m/s dispersion of the pollution vertically, the global calculated Moran-I equals 0.229 which shows existence of a spatio-temporal autocorrelation of the results generated by GRAL. At local scale the results show that the HH clusters have higher temporal dispersion rate than LL clusters. http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2410-en.pdf 2016-03-11 43 62 10.18869/acadpub.jsaeh.2.1.43 GRAL Model Vehicular Traffic Nox Pollutant Tehran City Spatial Autocorrelation. Farimah Bakhshizadeh 1 AUTHOR Hani Rezayan 2 AUTHOR Mehry Akbary MehryAkbary@Khu.ac.ir 3 AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE رابطه‌ی پراکندگی فضایی بارش‌های سنگین و الگوهای فشار در گیلان هدف از این مطالعه‌ شناخت حرکت و الگوهای خوشه‏ای فضایی بارش‌های سنگین استان گیلان است. بدین‌منظور از داده‏های بارش روزانه‌ی سال‌های 1979 تا 2010 استفاده شد. با استفاده از شاخص صدک نودو‌پنجم بارش‏های سنگین فراگیر استخراج و با اعمال تحلیل عاملی و خوشه‏ای بر فشار تراز سطح دریای متناظر با این بارش‏ها سه الگو استخراج گردید. برای مطالعه‌ی تغییرات خوشه‏ای فضایی الگوها، از روش‏های زمین‌آمار کریجینگ و شاخص موران محلی، شاخص گتیس ارد و بیضی استاندارد استفاده شد. الگوی اول یک پرفشار قوی در شمال دریای سیاه با بیش‏ترین درصد پراش، الگوی دوم پرفشار ضعیف دریای سیاه و الگوی سوم پرفشار سیبری با کم‏ترین درصد پراش است.      نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که خوشه‏های بیشینه‌ی بارش هر سه الگو در منطقه‌ی ساحل و تا حدودی به طرف مرکز استان دیده می‏شوند. الگوهای پرفشارهای غربی تا حدودی به داخل استان نفوذ می‏کند، اما بارش‏های الگوی پرفشار سیبری فقط در خط ساحل و در نواحی شرقی استان مشاهده می‏شود. بیش‏تر بارش‏های سنگین را پرفشارهای مهاجر سبب می‌شود و سهم پرفشار سیبری بسیار ناچیز است. با توجه به آرایش مکانی بیضی استاندارد بیشتر بارش‌های سنگین در راستای شرقی ـ غربی نایک‌نواختی و یا ضریب تغییر‌پذیری مکانی بیشتر دارند. در صورتی که در راستای برعکس بارش‏ها متمرکز‌تر و یکنواخت‏تر هستند. دلیل این آرایش ورود رطوبت دریای خزر به صورت جریانی نسبتاً متمرکز از طرف شرق یا شمال شرق است.                                                                                                                                                     http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2412-fa.pdf 2016-03-13 63 73 10.18869/acadpub.jsaeh.2.1.63 لکه داغ خودهم‌بستگی فضایی بارش سنگین موران محلی کریجینگ. The Relationship between Spatial Distribution of Heavy Precipitation and Pressure Patterns in Guilan Province Precipitation is one of the important aspects of the Earth’s climate that has both spatial and temporal variations. Understanding the behavior of this element and analyzing its spatial and temporal variation is importantwhich can lead to a comprehensive and detailed planning for water resource management and agriculture. Geostatistical techniques and spatial autocorrelation analysis are the most widely used techniques in the field of the spatial continuity. Spatial autocorrelation analysis is applied to help researchers understand the spatial patterns in the area.       The purpose of this study is to identify the heavy precipitation spatial patterns in Guilan Province. For this purpose, the 6- hourly sea level pressure of the network from  0 to 120 Easter longitude and 0 to 80 Northern latitude with 2.5×2.5 degrees spatial resolution were obtained from the National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) for the period 1979-2010. The daily precipitation data of 21 stations were obtained from the Islamic Republic of Iran Meteorological Organization and Ministry of Energy.       Guilan province is one of the most humid regions in the country. The heavy rain days were selected as days when more than 30 percent of the all stations had daily rain amount more the 95th percentile. As a result, 321 days were selected as heavy and widespread rainy days. By using principal component analysis these 321 days were reduced to 9 factors. These factors then were subject to cluster analysis with Ward method and resulted in three surface pressure patterns of heavy rainy days. Within the resulted pressure patterns by using local geostatistical techniques we identified the heavy rain spots and their spatial orientation. These spatial methods include Kriging,  Geostatistical Analysis, and Anselin local Moran index. According to the results of this research, the first pattern was characterized with a high pressure over northern part of the Black Sea causing the highest Variance of heavy rainfalls. The second pattern is identified as a low pressure on the Black Sea. But the third pattern showed a precipitation distribution with low variation caused by the Siberian high-pressure. The results of Spatial Statistics techniques indicated that heavy rains were clustered in all there patterns. The clusters of heavy rains were localized mostly over the coastal areas and some over the central regions. The clusters of the western high-pressure patterns penetrated somewhat inside the province, while clusters of the Siberian high pressures was located on the shoreline of the province. The precipitation of western migratory high-pressures was heavier than of the Siberian high-pressure. The results of the standard deviation ellipse showed that heavy rain clusters were oriented in the east-west direction and were nonhomogeneous. While the ones oriented in the south east direction were more homogeneous and clustered. Because of this arrangement, the entry of moisture from the Caspian Sea is relatively concentrated on the East or North East. Because of the concentration of heavy rains in the central areas of the coast, the risks of floods and soil erosion is very high in these areas. This study showed that contrary to the popular belief, the heavy rains of Guilan were produced by western systems and the role of the Siberian high pressure is less important and is limited only to the coastline. http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2412-en.pdf 2016-03-13 63 73 10.18869/acadpub.jsaeh.2.1.63 Heavy Rain Spatial Autocorrelation Guillan Province Local Moran Kriging Spatial Analysis of Precipitation Standard Deviation Ellipse. Fatemeh Sotodeh fsotoudeh@yahoo.com 1 AUTHOR Bohloul Alijani 2 AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE واکاوی همدید موج‌های سرمای بهاره‌ی استان آذربایجان غربی در سال‌های 1382 و 1384 موج‌های سرما و یخبندان از جمله پدیده‌های جوی هستند که هر سال خسارت‌های جبران‌ناپذیری بر بخش‌های گوناگون وارد می‌سازند. رخداد یخبندان‌های ناگهانی و دیرهنگام در فصل بهار مشکلات فراوانی در بخش کشاورزی و حمل‌و‌نقل جاده‌ای به‌همراه دارد. فروردین ماه سال‎های 1382 و 1384 موج سرما و یخبندانی به‌مدت دو روز متوالی منطقه‌ی شمال غرب ایران فرا گرفت. در این تحقیق، به‌منظور تحلیل همدید این دوره‎ها، نقشه‌های فشار تراز دریا، نقشه‌های ترکیبی ارتفاع ژئوپتانسیل و تاوایی و وزش دمایی در ترازهای 1000 تا 500 هکتوپاسکال با استفاده از داده‌های سایت NECP/NCAR و با استفاده از نرم‌افزار GRADS ترسیم و واکاوی شد. آرایش همدیدی این موج سرما نشان می‌دهد که چنین سرمایی از نوع فرارفتی است و در هر دو موج سرمای مورد واکاوی عامل اصلی وقوع سرما در منطقه قرارگیری منطقه‌ی شمال غرب در الگوی پرفشار مهاجر نیمه‌ی شرقی اروپا است. این پرفشارِ هسته‌ی سرد با استقرار در شرق و شمال دریای سیاه و گسترش آن از شمال غرب ایران، موج‌های سرمای مخاطره‌آمیز را بر استان آذربایجان غربی تحمیل می‌کند. بررسی نقشه‌های ارتفاع ژئوپتانسیل در سطوح 1000 و 850 هکتوپاسکال نیز نشان می‌دهد بسته‌شدن پرارتفاعی در شمال شرق دریای سیاه و شمال غرب کشور هوای سرد عرض‌های بالا را به سمت استان آذربایجان غربی هدایت می‌کند. همچنین، در سطوح 700 و 500 هکتوپاسکال قرارگیری پشت ناوه‌ی عمیقِ شمال دریاچه‌ی آرال با راستای شمال غرب به جنوب شرق بر روی پرفشار سرد سطوح زیرین سبب هدایت هوای سرد به استان از عرض‌های بالاست. واکاوی نقشه‌های وزش دمایی نیز منطبق بر ارتفاع ژئوپتانسیل است، به‌نحوی‌که همه‌ی ترازهای مورد بررسی از شمالی و شمال غرب‌‌‌بودن وزش‌های سرد از سمت نیمه‌ی شرقی اروپا و شمال غرب روسیه حکایت دارد که سبب افت دما و وقوع یخبندان در منطقه‌ی شمال غرب ایران می‌شود. http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2413-fa.pdf 2016-03-13 75 91 10.18869/acadpub.jsaeh.2.1.75 موج سرما تحلیل همدید یخبندان فرارفت هوای سرد استان آذربایجان غربی Synoptic Analysis of the Hazard of Spring Chilling waves in Western Azarbayejan Province (Case study: cold springs of 1382 and 1384) The temperature as an indicator of heat intensity is one of the basic elements of knowing weather. The frost is a condition when the air temperature is less than 0 c Due to the geographical possition of Iran, spring is a season that plants resume a new life after leaving a pause in a periode of the growth. At the beginning of such a periode emerge of sudden cold cause loss bloom (in the case of openinig) or delay in a beginning of plant growth periode (Azizi,2002). Recentley with occuring climate chaos, one of the important climatic disasters which treats human and particularly different  areas of the country are cold waves and sever frosts that in some years covers large area of the country.     Surface data including minimum daily temperature of the days of 29 to 30 and 25 to 26 of march of 2003 and 2005 in 9 meteorological synoptic stations in the area of north west of Iran in  table (1) was collected  from meteorology organization then the days of cold waves in the above mentioned time periode, were analyzed. In ordet to analyse the synoptic patterns, using ncep/ncar data, maps of sea level pressure ,combined of  geopotential height and vorticity and temperature advection  using Grads were drawn and analysed in the levels of 1000 to 500 hpa.     As it mentioned, during the time period, 29 to 30 and 25 to 26 of the march in 2003 and 2005, 2 clod system  were located on the area of north west. In oeder to explain and analyze of  synoptic patterns of  mentioned period time, the absolute minimum temperature below 0 degrees celsius of stations in western Azarbayejan province were selected and maps of sea level pressure, combined of  geopotential height and vorticity and temperature advection  using Grads were drawed and analysed in the levels of 1000 to 500 HPA.      The results showed that in the time of occuring hazardous cold waves of  29 to 30 of march 2003 and 25 to 26 of march 2005 and analyzing the sea level map in the first day of cold wave with spreading the cold core high pressure  from the eastern Europe and its location on north and east north of the black sea and its pentration from north west corner of the country covered most of the areas of the country.     Analyzing the combined maps of geopotential height and vorticity in the levels of 1000 and 850 HPA in the first day of occurrence of  cold, generaly faced with huge anticyclonic development . But in the levels of 700 and 500 HPA , the under studied area was in the south trough of the obtained cold core of the low height locating in the cetral Asia. But on the day of cold peak, high pressure core was exactly located on the under the studied area . Also in the upper levels of atmosphere with locating the back of the trough cumulated  of cold air of upper width on the sea level high pressure centre while strengthening the lower levels anticyclonic flows, led to intensifying cold and frost in the west Azarbayejan province. Positive and negative vorticity maximum cells, also conformed the intensity cold circulation flows on the north half of the country in anticyclone and cyclone centers in order. Also analysing the temperature advection in the levels of 1000 to 500 HPA, direction and temperature intensity exactly followed geopotential height maps patterns.      Such that in the levels of 1000 hpA of the both cold wave analysed, the anticyclonic cold temperature adcection and northward is located on the north west of the Iran. In temperature advection maps of 29 and 30 march 2003 in 850 HPA in Azarbayejan province, the anticyclonic circulation is matches with sea level high pressure. But in the 2nd cold wave that’s occured on 25 and 26 march 2005, the north west area is between 2 antycyclonic circulation on Mediterranean and cyclon located on south of  Russia that the directions of temperature cold flows is completely north ward in this level.     In the temperature advection maps of 700 and 500 HPA, the Azarbayejan province is in the western edge of central Asia trough or south of Russia.     The results showed that with studying  atmospheric motions and synoptic systems which create cold flows, we can prevent of spring late  emergence cold wave destructive impact on agricultural products, energy consumption, and road accidentd by  forcasting of these atmospheric conditions. http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2413-en.pdf 2016-03-13 75 91 10.18869/acadpub.jsaeh.2.1.75 Cold waves Synoptic analysis Frost Cold air advection western Azarbayejan province. Hassan Lashgari dr_lashkari61@yahoo.com 1 AUTHOR Farshad pajoh 2 AUTHOR Mohammad Bitar 3 AUTHOR Farzaneh Jafari 4 AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE گستره‌‌های فضایی فقر شهری اراک گستره‌های فقر، نابرابری و تفاوت در الگوی زیست در کلان‌شهرهای بزرگ ماحصل اقتصاد دوگانه با حاکمیت سرمایه‌داری بازار آزاد است. گسترش شهرها با ساختار فضایی نامنسجم و ازهم‌گسیخته سبب تمرکز نامعقول امکانات و خدمات در بخش‌های گوناگون شهر و توسعه‌ی اجتماعی ـ اقتصادی نابرابر در آن‌هاست. شهر اراک از جمله ‌شهرهایی است که فضای شهری آن دارای عدم‌تعادل اجتماعی ـ‌ اقتصادی و وجود گستره‌های فضایی فقر در حاشیه‌های شهر است. هدف پژوهش حاضر، شناسایی و سطح‌بندی گستره‌های فقر شهری در شهر اراک است. با توجه به ماهیتِ شناختی مسئله، روش انجام این پژوهش از نوع توصیفی ـ تحلیلی است که برای دستیابی به این هدف از مؤلفه‌های چندگانه‌ی اقتصادی، اجتماعی و کالبدی استفاده‌ شد. داده‌های پژوهش بر مطالعات اسنادی و پیمایش چندگانه (پرسش‌نامه، مصاحبه، مشاهده) محققان استوار است. به‌دلیل تفاوت در نوع داده‌ها و هدف تحقیق، از نرم‌افزار ARCGIS 10.2 برای شناسایی گستره‌های فقیر و از مدل‌های کمی ELECTRE و AHP در‌زمینه‌ی سطح‌بندی گستره‌های شناسایی‌شده استفاده گردید. نتایج پژوهش حاکی از آن است که با توجه به تلفیق شاخص‌های چندگانه اجتماعی و اقتصادی و کالبدی، هفت گستره‌ی اصلی در شهر شناسایی ‌شدند که، به‌جز بخش مرکزی، عمدتاَ در حاشیه شهر قرار دارند. نتایج سطح‌بندی گستره‌های شناسایی‌شده حاکی از آن است که به‌لحاظ برخورداری و شرایط مطلوب زیستی بخش مرکزی  در رتبه‌ی اول، محور 20 متری میقان و محله‌های رودکی و باغ‌خلج در رتبه‌ی دوم، محله‌ی داوران و کشتارگاه، محله‌ی فوتبال و کوی ولی‌عصر در رتبه‌ی سوم و، سرانجام، کوی قنات ناصری در رتبه‌ی چهارم قرار دارند. http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2414-fa.pdf 2016-03-13 93 107 10.18869/acadpub.jsaeh.2.1.93 شناسایی و سطح‌بندی گستره‌های فضایی فقر شهری شهر اراک. Spatial Extent of Urban Poverty in Arak City The extent of poverty, inequality and environmental differences patterns in large metropolises are the results of a dual economy with free market capitalism rule in these cities. Urban spatial structure expansion and incoherent, irrational focus on different parts of the city and its facilities and services, economic development, social inequality in them. Urban environments, complex systems with complex phenomena, relations and interactions between the components are different. Cities in the twenty-first century are undoubtedly one of the great challenges which are facing to them is their poverty focus. The physical differences reflect the existing inequalities in societies based on market economy. Undoubtedly, the developments in the past few decades have a large share in these settlements in the metropolises of the country. . Although the extent of urban poverty phenomenon is not new in urban planning literature, referred in ancient societies, such settlements are massive and complex phenomenon, which is entering its second phase of capitalism, the capitalist industrial and disturb Aboriginal settlement system is embodied in the geographic ranges. This astonishing growth in the South with the growth of the tertiary sector of the economy on the one hand and on the other hand, the recovery of the agricultural sector in rural areas occurred. Geographers look at the formation of the spatial extent of poverty regarding both humans and nature.      Poverty is caused by humans in the absence of proper mechanisms in human society develops. Arak urban space reflects the socio-economic imbalances and the spatial extent of poverty in the Border areas of the city.      This research aimed to identify and Rank urban poverty in the Arak city. According to recognition type of this problem, descriptive – analytical  methods are used in this research. The multiple components of economic, social and physical are studied.  ArcGIS is used to determine the Density factor () and the distribution of each indicator. Then, according to the purpose of the study, stratification between the known areas (including: the city center, 20-meter-Mighan, Davaran and Koshtargah, Roodaki and Bagh Khalaj, Footabal, Shahrake valiasr and Qanate Naseri) And the quantitative model and  AHP  & ELECTRE Regionalization are used. In this way ranking options instead of a new concept called "non-non Ranking” used. Multi-criteria problems to deal with a set of options, indices and values ​​expressed preference. In this way all options non-ordinal comparisons were evaluated using non-effective options and be removed from list. The results of this paper showed two spatial extent of urban poverty and Regionalization of the settlements with the use of multiple components classified. The results showed that due to the combination of multiple indicators of social, economic and physical, seven main ranges were identified that except for the central part, all extents located in the Border areas. According to the results, the central district (first), 20-meter-Mighan Street and Rudaki and Bagh Khalaj neighborhoods (second), Football neighborhood and Vali-e-Asr (third) and neighborhood of  Qanat-Naseri (fourth). Review the history of the formation and spatial differences in this field indicates the fact that different mechanisms are involved in creating them. These ranges are more vulnerable to poverty and poor economic conditions in the exodus of migrants entering and after industrialization city. It can be said that in order to identify the extent of poverty, systemic view of the external and internal mechanisms in terms of time - place is essential. http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2414-en.pdf 2016-03-13 93 107 10.18869/acadpub.jsaeh.2.1.93 Identification and Ranking spatial extent Urban poverty Arak city. Ahmad Zanganeh Zanganeh45@Yahoo.com 1 AUTHOR Hamidreza Talkhabi 2 AUTHOR Feredon Gazerani 3 AUTHOR Mohsen Yosefi Feshangi 4 AUTHOR