OTHERS_CITABLE شناسایی و تحلیل تاثیر متغیرها و شاخص‌های تاب‌آوری: شواهدی از شمال و شمال‌شرقی تهران غیرقابل پیش‌بینی بودن آسیب‌پذیری سیستم‌های اجتماعی و فنی، عدم اطلاع از زمان، محل و نحوه وقوع سوانح، تاب‌آوری را تبدیل به هدفی اجتناب‌ناپذیر ساخته است. این مطالعه با توجه به این عوامل و با هدف تحلیل متغیرها و شاخص‌ها تاب‌آوری در قالب یک سیستم، با روش پیمایش میدانی به ارزیابی عوامل تاثیرگذار، تاثیرپذیر، کلیدی و استراتژیک بر سیستم و پایداری یا ناپایداری آن پرداخته است. با مرور مبانی نظری، متغیرها در چهار گروه اجتماعی، اقتصادی، نهادی و فیزیکی- کالبدی با شاخص‌ها مرتبط طبقه‌بندی و با روش تحلیل تاثیرات متقابل تاثیرگذاری و تاثیرپذیری متغیرها و شاخص‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار میک‌مک تحلیل شدند. در ماتریس تاثیرات مستقیم، تاثیرگذاری متغیرهای اجتماعی، اقتصادی و نهادی بیش از تاثیرپذیری آن‌ها و تاثیرگذاری متغیر کالبدی- فیزیکی بسیار کمتر از تاثیرپذیری آن می‌باشد. ماتریس تاثیرات متقابل غیرمستقیم نیز حاکی از اختلاف دو متغیر نهادی و اجتماعی در مقایسه با دو متغیر دیگر در میزان تاثیرگذاری و تاثیرپذیری است. به بیان دیگر، دو متغیر نهادی و اجتماعی تاثیرگذارترین متغیرها در تاب‌آوری جامعه خواهند بودند. با توجه به نتایج حاصل از ماتریس تاثیرات مستقیم دو شاخص مشارکت و همکاری، کمک و ارتباط متقابل از گروه متغیر اجتماعی و شاخص آمادگی از گروه متغیر نهادی و در ماتریس تاثیرات غیرمستقیم شاخص‌های مشارکت و همکاری، کمک و ارتباط متقابل، هویت اجتماعی از گروه متغیر اجتماعی و شاخص آمادگی از گروه متغیر نهادی شاخص‌های استراتژیک و کلیدی محسوب می‌شوند. آنچه از نحوه پراکنش شاخص‌های در محورهای تاثیرگذاری- تاثیرپذیری مستقیم و غیرمستقیم پیداست، ناپایداری سیستم می‌باشد. http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2557-fa.pdf 2016-11-01 1 22 10.18869/acadpub.jsaeh.3.2.1 تاب‌آوری تاثیرات مستقیم تاثیرات غیرمستقیم پایداری یا ناپایداری سیستم. Identifying and Analyzing the Impact Resilience Indicators in the Rural Areas of North and Northeast Tehran Human communities are affected by hazards, disasters and catastrophic events throughout history, including natural disasters (such as: earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, tornadoes) man-made disasters (such as: nuclear accidents, explosions, socio or political crisis, economic disturbances). Therefore, catastrophic events can have human or natural causes. These conditions show that human communities not only ever been stable, but they are continuously unstable and are exposed to disarranging events. Godschalk knows resiliency an important goal for two reasons. “First, because the vulnerability of technological and social systems cannot be predicted completely, resilience –the ability to accommodate change gracefully and without catastrophic failure- is critical in times of disaster. If we knew exactly when, where, and how disasters would occur in the future, we could engineer our systems to resist them. Since hazard planners must cope with uncertainty, it is necessary to design communities that can cope effectively with contingencies. Second, people and property should fare better in resilient communities struck by disasters than in less flexible and adaptive places faced with uncommon stress. In resilient communities, fewer building should collapse. Fewer power outages should occur. Fewer households and business should be put at risk. Fewer deaths and injuries should occur. Fewer communications and coordination breakdowns should take placeStructural analysis is first of all a tool of structuring the ideas. It gives the possibility to describe a system with the help of a matrix connecting all its components. By studying these relations, the method gives the possibility to reveal the variables essential to the evolution of the system. It is possible to use it alone (as a helps for reflection and/or decision making), or as part of a more complex forecasting activity. This method has 3 phases. Phase 1: considering the variables: The first stage consists in considering all the variables characterizing the studied system (external as well as internal variables); it is good at this point to be the most comprehensive possible and not to exclude, a priori, any possible path of research. Phase 2: description of the relations between the variables: In a systemic vision, a variable doesn’t exist other than as part of the relational web with the other variables. Also, structural analysis allows to connect the variables in a two-entries table (direct relations). Phase 3: identification of the key variables: This last phase consists in identifying the key variables; first, by a direct classification (easy to realize), then by an indirect classification. Direct classification:  The total of the connections in a row indicates the importance of the influence of a variable on the whole system (level of direct motricity). The total in a column indicates the degree of dependence of a variable (level of direct dependence). Indirect classification: One detects the hidden variables thanks to a program of matrix multiplication applied to an indirect classification. The structural analysis method seeks to highlight key variables, hidden or not, in order to ask the right questions and encourage participants to think about counter-intuitive aspects or behavior within the system. The direct influences of each variable on the set of other variables are illustrated in matrix form. Each element of the matrix represents an influence (0 = no direct relationship of influence on the two variables considered; 1 = a direct relationship of influence). We also took into account the level of influence between two variables. The following convention was used: 1 = low relationship; 2 = average; 3 = strong; P = potential relationship.. P levels were also given 0-3 ratings. By reading the matrix, we can classify the variables by their -level of direct influence: importance of influence of a variable on the whole system, obtained through the total of links created per line; - level of direct dependence: degree of dependence of a variable, obtained by the total of links created per column. The direct and indirect influences of the variable represent the system the most realistically. Highlighted are the determining factors (main determinants) of the situation under investigation. The input variables and result or output variables help participants understand the organization and structuring of the system under the microscopeBased on the results of direct influence matrix, social, economic and institutional variables are effectiveness in comparison to others. They have a great impact on system but physical variable effectiveness is much less than its impact. Among of mentioned variables, institutional variable had a significant numerical difference. Indirect cross-impact matrix showed significant differences in the institutional and social variables compared to other variables in the effectiveness and affected. The results indicate the high impact of these two variables on the system. In other words, institutional and social variables were influential factors in their community resilience. According to the results of direct influence matrix, strategic and key factors are including participation, assistance and interactions from social variables, readiness from intuitional variable and in indirect influence matrix; these factors are including participation, social identity, assistance and interactions from social variables and readiness from intuitional variable. Distribution of factors in axis influences of direct and indirect suggests that this system is unstable. http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2557-en.pdf 2016-11-01 1 22 10.18869/acadpub.jsaeh.3.2.1 Resilience Direct influences Indirect influences Stability or instability of system. Mohamad Salmani 1 AUTHOR Nasrin Kazemi Sani Ataallah 2 AUTHOR Badri S. Ali 3 AUTHOR Sharif Motavaf 4 AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE بررسی فضایی انعطاف پذیری مناطق شهری پس از زلزله با استفاده از روش OWA در منطقه 12 تهران افزایش حوادث طبیعی تعمیق آنمتاثر از فعالیتهای انسانی، خسارتهای متعددی را  مخصوصاَ در کشورهای در حال توسعه اموجب شده است.خسارت های مالی و جانی ناشی از حوادث طبیعی در جهان و مخصوصا در کشورهای کمتر توسعه یافته، متاثر از زیرساخت های ضعیف اجتماعی و اقتصادی، روز به روز در حال افزایش می باشد. در میان حوادث طبیعی،  زلزله،  به دلیل غیرقابل پیش بینی بودن، یکی از مخربترین این حوادث به شمار می رود.ایران یکی از زلزله خیزترین کشورهای جهان است و شهرهای آن بر اثر این پدیده بسیار آسیب دیده اند. در بین شهرهای ایران، تهران به عنوان کلانشهر اول کشوربا توجه به جمعیت متراکم، توسعه فیزیکی نامناسب، تراکم سازه ای،  و عدم رعایت استانداردها، با خطر جدی تری روبه رو است.هدف از این پژوهش، بررسی فضایی انعطاف پذیری منطقه 12 تهران پس از زلزله می باشد. در این مطالعه، ابتدا  داده ها ی منطقه 12تهرانآماده و استانداردسازی گردید. سپس با استفاده از روشAHP، میزان ریسک پذیری  منطقه 12 تهران تحلیل شد. در نهایت با توجه به نقشه میزان ریسک پذیری منطقه،  به کمک روش  OWAنقشه نهایی میزان انعطاف پذیری آن پس از زلزله حاصل گردید. نتایج به دست آمده نشان داد که محلات شماره 2و12 (بهارستان و دروازه غار شوش) کمترین انعطاف پذیری را پس از زلزله دارند. http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2558-fa.pdf 2016-11-01 23 34 10.18869/acadpub.jsaeh.3.2.23 زلزله انعطاف پذیری منطقه 12 تهران روش AHP OWA Urban Spatial Resilience Zonation after Earthquake in part of Tehran Metropolis (district 12) , Using OWA Algorithm. Resilience are concepts that are finding increasing currency in several fields of research as well as in various policy and practitioner communities engaged in global environmental change science, climate change, sustainability science, disaster risk-reduction and famine interventions (Vogel, et.al, 2007). Where the risk is a probability of damage, injury, liability, loss, or any other negative occurrence that is caused by external or internal vulnerabilities, and that may be avoided through preemptive action (Benson, et.al, 2004). Among natural disasters, earthquakes, due to the unpredictable nature of these events, are one of the most destructive. Iran is one of the most earthquake-prone countries in the world that its cities most affected by this phenomenon. Among the cities of Iran, Tehran, as the country's first metropolis, due to dense population, poor physical development, structural density, and lack of standards, is potentially facing a serious threat. The purpose of this study is to investigate the spatial flexibility of Tehran over the region 12 after the earthquake incidence. The present study is dealt with the data preparing and analysis using geospatial methods. The several geospatial data such as Peak Ground Acceleration (AGA) map, urban structure, infrastructure and population collected from Tehran Disaster Management Center were provided and analysis based some GIS known algorithms. In other to urban spatial resilience zonation the AHP (analytical Hierarchy Process) was implemented to generation risk map. Finally OWA (Ordered Weighted Average) method was implemented in order to Production spatial flexibility map of earthquake incidence over the District 12 of Tehran. AHP model uses of priorities straight experts, but OWA provides of control the level of compensation and risk-taking in a decision. Using the conceptual of fuzzy quantifier with OWA makes the qualitative data analysis enter to decision.     According to flexibility of the final map with fuzzy operator (All) equivalent to the operator MIN, the worst result Was obtained and resulting the highest risk and lowest flexibility respectively (Districts Nos. 2,12,7,8 and 11).By taking all the criteria of a criterion without compensation by other criteria as "non-risk" is obtained . Map obtained with fuzzy operator (Half) has the high potential to provide suitable options,  because in addition to integration criteria the importance of each parameter based on the weight given to the criteria are considered. In this map Districts Nos.2.6 and 8 (Baharestan, Emamzadeyahya and Sanglajedarkhangah) respectively were most Risk to earthquakes and therefore less flexibility to the earthquake. The map obtained with the fuzzy operator "Atleast one" is equivalent to MAX operator districts Nos. 2,12,7 and 8 (Baharestan ,DarvazehGhar of Shush,Abshardardar and Sanglajedarkhangah)  respectively were most Risk to earthquakes and therefore less flexibility to the earthquake. The fuzzy conceptual map quantifier showed that districts Nos. 2 and 12 (Baharestan and DarvazehGhar of Shush) were most vulnerable and therefore less flexibility to the earthquake as final results. http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2558-en.pdf 2016-11-01 23 34 10.18869/acadpub.jsaeh.3.2.23 Earthquake Resilience AHP OWA method Area12 Tehran Jalal Karami jl.karami@modares.ac.ir 1 AUTHOR Aminah Mohamadi 2 AUTHOR Mohammad SharifiKia 3 AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE پهنه‌بندی گذرگاه‌های بهمن خیزاستان‌کردستان یکی از مخاطرات تهدیدکننده نواحی کوهستانی، بهمن برفی است. این مقاله باهدف پهنه­بندی این نواحی در استان کردستان تدوین‌شده است. ابتدا از گذرگاه‌های بهمن خیز بازدید میدانی به عمل آمد و مختصات آن‌ها برداشت گردید. معیارهای زمینی شامل شیب، جهت شیب، ارتفاع، تحدب و تقعر، فاصله از جاده و کاربری اراضی بر اساس پیشینه مطالعات انتخاب شدند. با استفاده از سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی لایه لازم برای هر معیار تهیه شد. مقایسه زوجی بر روی معیارها انجام گرفت و وزن آن‌ها به دست آمد. وزن به‌دست‌آمده برای همپوشانی لایه­ها از دو روش‌ فرایند تحلیل سلسله مراتبی (AHP) و فرایند تحلیل شبکه‌ای (ANP) به دست آمد. نتایج نشان داد که به‌طورکلی مدل‌های فوق در پهنه‌بندی مناطق مستعد پدیده بهمن موفق بودند. بر اساس نقشه‌ حاصل از سلسله مراتبی 13 دامنه از 30 دامنه بازدید شده در منطقه بسیار پرخطر قرار گرفتند و 17 دامنه در منطقه پرخطر واقع شدند. بر اساس نقشه‌ حاصل از فرایند تحلیل شبکه‌ای 12 دامنه از 30 دامنه بازدید شده در منطقه بسیار پرخطر قرار گرفتند و 18 دامنه در منطقه پرخطر واقع شدند. در مدل سلسله مراتبی تعداد 198 آبادی در پهنه کم خطر و 20 آبادی در پهنه بسیار خطرناک واقع شدند. همچنین در مدل شبکه ای تعداد 184 آبادی در پهنه کم خطر و 23 آبادی در پهنه بسیار خطرناک قرارگرفتند. http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2560-fa.pdf 2016-11-02 35 50 10.18869/acadpub.jsaeh.3.2.35 خطر بهمن معیار زمینی گذرگاه تحلیل سلسله مراتبی تحلیل شبکه ای کردستان Zonation of Avalanche Pathways of Kurdistan Province Risk is an inevitable part of life, every day people are somehow at risk. Different risks in various forms and perspectives have different functions. Kurdistan province, with various heights and relatively good rainfall, It results the country's cold spots. Since most of seasonal rainfall occurs in winter, Snow cover is often the domain and passes it hillsides. One of the concerns of people in the mountainous area is a snow avalanche phenomenon. Sudden loss of massive snow is avalanche snow that may include rocks, soil, plants or ice. It seems that the name of the snow avalanche adopted from the eleventh month of the solar year. The possibility of snow in mountainous areas during this month of year is more than other months. Snow avalanches every year around the world, especially in alpine impose huge human and financial losses. Statistics and local evidence also show that the province of Kurdistan expect or accept to soil erosion and destruction of infrastructure and natural resources had a casualty. Actually, this is the most vital reason why zoning area danger avalanche was conducted in this study.  First, avalanche pathways was recognised and selected as a field visit by department of urban development The purpose of the visit was to extract the geography’s coordinates of the avalanche. The Background of the study shows some of the land criteria are more important than others. For this purpose we performed a literature survey to explore indicators that had a significant impact on avalanche snow like such as; slope, aspect, elevation, convexity and concavity, distance to roads and land. To facilitate greater accuracy, all criteria were used in geographic information system (GIS) for mapping. Thereafter, produced map can be categorised into four classes of low, moderate, high and very high. In the next step. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and Analytic Network Process (ANP) model were used for weighting and ranking all criteria (slope, aspect, elevation, convexity and concavity, distance to roads and land use) by using pairwise comparisons with judgments that represent the dominance of one element over another with respect to a property that they share. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a method for decision making which includes qualitative factors. In this method, ratio scales are obtained from ordinal scales which are derived from individual judgments for qualitative factors using the pairwise comparison matrix. The Analytic Network Process (ANP) is a more general form and extension of Analytical Hierarchy Process also uses a pairwise comparison matrix to obtain ratio scales. The difference between these two methods appears in modelling the problem and computing the final priorities for the criteria from ratio scales previously obtained. The ANP feedback approach replaces hierarchies with networks, and emphasizes interdependent relationships among all decision criteria were used in this study).  Based on the resultant Maps, AHP and ANP had a good overlap with visited points and with high accuracy lay in areas of high risk and very high risk. According to the map provided by Analytic Hierarchy Process from the total number of 30 hillsides, thirteen of them lay in very high risk and seventeen of them in the area of high risk. Thereafter, resultant maps of Analytic network Process shows from the total number of 30 hillsides twelve of them lay in very high risk area and eighteen of them in the high risk area. The results of (AHP) indicates that from the total area of Kurdistan province, about 1049.7 square kilometres is classified in the low risk area, 11.392 square kilometres in moderate, 14.341 in the high risk area and 2009.1 square kilometres in very high risk area, respectively . In view of the process of the network as map about 978 square kilometres is in low risk area, 10245 square kilometres in moderate risk area, 15410 square kilometres in the high danger area and 2158 square kilometres is located in very high danger area. Therefore, we can use ground data for snow avalanche zoning areas along with Analytic Hierarchy Process and Analytic Network in zoning areas avalanche risk which is applicable. Weather parameters like snow, wind and temperature have an important role in terms of snow avalanche. Decreasing rainfall from west to east of study area. The number of freezing and snowing days indicates the critical situation for snow avalanche in the highlands and the pathways. More prevailing wind direction in the cities are in the Southern west, Southern and in area with high elevation blowing from western direction. Looking at the range of high and very high can be seen, mostly in the North and South and North East which show the impact of prevailing wind upon snow and putting snow in hillsides that can produce snow avalanches . The hillsides show most of avalanche dangers are at west, northwest and south of Kurdistan thus they are compatible with rainy areas. To build any recreation centred including, winter sports, road construction and expansion, snow avalanche risk areas should be considered. Now pathways don’t have any risk signs warning about avalanches. The warning signs of avalanche at the pathways are essential.In the hierarchical model 198 villages lay at low-risk areas and 20 villages in the area were extremely dangerous. Also in the network model 184 villages in low-risk areas and 23 villages in the area were very dangerous. http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2560-en.pdf 2016-11-02 35 50 10.18869/acadpub.jsaeh.3.2.35 Risk Avalanche land criteria Passway Analytic hierarchy process Analytic Network Process kurdistan Hadi Nayyeri nayyerihadi@yahoo.com 1 AUTHOR Mohammadreza Karami 2 AUTHOR Bahram Charehkhah 3 AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE بررسی تغییرات ارتفاع و ضخامت لایه مرزی در شرایط گردوغباری شهر اهواز ارتفاع لایه مرزی، یکی از مهمترین مولفه های تعیین کننده، وسعت آمیزش آلاینده‌ها و کیفیت هوای لایه نزدیک به سطح زمین می‌باشد. هدف اساسی این تحقیق مطالعه تغییرات و ارتفاع و ضخامت لایه مرزی استان خوزستان در شرایط گردوغبار شدید میباشد. در این تحقیق طی یک دوره 7 روزه (27ژانویه 2015 تا 1 فوریه 2015) که یک رخداد حاد گردوغبار در استان خوزستان رخ داد ارتفاع لایه مرزی در همان روزها از داده های دقت بالای پایگاه میان برد اروپایی(ECMWF) اخذ گردید، داده های مربوط به غلظت گردوغبار نیز از سنجش های میدانی سازمان محیط زیست بدست آمد در نهایت با تحلیل سینوپتیک و تحلیل فراوانی ارتفاع لایه مرزی و غلظت گردوغبار شرایط لایه مرزی مورد بررسی قرار میگیرد. نتایج نشان داد ارتباط مستقیم و معنی درای بین شدت گرد وغبار و ارتفاع و ضخامت لایه مرزی در استان خوزستان وجود دارد که با در نظر گیری کم فشاری که در منطقه مورد مطالعه در همان روزها در سطوح میانی جو مستقر شده و باعث شده منطقه مورد مطالعه در جلوی فرود حاصله از این سامانه کم فشاری  قرار گرفته بگیرد توجیه میشود. بر خلاف آلودگی هوا که غالبا منشا محلی دارند و در شرایطی ایجاد میشوند که شرایط پایداری شدید حاکم بوده و کم بودن ارتفاع لایه مرزی مانع تلاطم و گسترش آلاینده شده و تمرکز آن را در نزدیکی سطح زمین ایجاد میکند، گردو غبار خوزستان در شرایطی ایجاد و تشدید میشود که شرایط ناپایداری برقرار بود این رفتار گردوغبار به این دلیل است که برخلاف آلودگی هوا، گردوغبار منشاء خارجی داشته و توسط سامانه های کم فشار و شرایط سینوپتیک ناپایدار که موجب افزایش ارتفاع لایه مرزی میشوند، وارد منطقه میشود. http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2561-fa.pdf 2016-11-02 51 64 10.18869/acadpub.jsaeh.3.2.51 گردوغبار لایه مرزی نمودار Skew-T کم فشار اهواز Studding the Condition of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height of Khuzestan in the Dusty Days One of the most important components of the extent of pollutants mixing and air quality at near the Earth's surface is the height of boundary layer. Many variables involved in determining the height of the boundary layer of atmosphere. Although all of the troposphere (the lower ~10km of the atmosphere) is affected by surface conditions, most of it has a relatively slow response time. The lower part of the troposphere that is affected on a shorter time scale is commonly defined as the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL). The depth of the mixed layer has a significant effect on the concentration of air pollution, which itself is dependent on the intensity and duration of solar radiation and wind speed. According to Stull, one can describe the planetary boundary layer as “that part of the troposphere that is directly influenced by the presence of the earth’s surface, and responds to surface forcing with a timescale of about an hour or less.”  Surface temperature has a strong relationship with height of the PBL. As the surface cycles between daytime radiation and nighttime cooling the amount of convection taking place changes. When the temperature gradient is steep, more convection takes place to dissipate thermal energy in the most efficient manner. In other words, the greater the temperature difference between the surface and the lower troposphere, the higher convective eddies must reach to alleviate the gradient. Relating this to Stull’s definition of turbulence, it can be concluded that the height of the PBL varies with surface temperature. In fact, the spatial range of the PBL can vary from less than one hundred meters to several kilometers. The strong relationship between convective turbulence and height of the PBL is sometimes used to define the boundary layer and call it the Convective Boundary Layer (CBL). Analogous to the Stull’s definition but focusing on turbulence, Lloyd et all describe CBL as “a layer of air typically of order 1km in depth, well mixed by turbulence maintained by buoyancy due to heating at the ground. It is bounded above by stably stratified, no turbulent air and grows through the day.  In this study we aimed to analysis the status of ABL in 3 dust period days in Khuzestan province of Iran. The Data were used in this study includes: The Daily data of dust concentration during 27Jan to 1 Feb 2015, the daily height of ABL also were used. The daily data of ABL were given from ECMWF with 1/8 degree spatial resolution. We used the Pearson correlation and synoptic analysis to assessment the condition of boundary layer at the mentioned days. For analysis the characteristic of ABL the climatic data of Wyoming University were used to assessment the thermodynamics of atmosphere. The spatial distribution of ABL height at the dusty day also were used for 12 UTC. The results indicated there is the direct relationship between the ABL height and the concentration of dust in the mentioned days. So that in the days that the concentration of dust reaches maximum we fund that the height of ABL reaches maximum simultaneously and vis versa. The spatial distribution of ABL height shown that the height of ABL in the 29Jan reaches maximum that the maximum concentration of dust related to this day. And also the minimum concentration of dust observed in 27Jan and 1Feb that the in this day the height of ABL was minimum. The synoptic analysis also reveals that locating the low pressure system at the 500hp level that the Khuzestan province has been locating at the front of this system lead to transport the dust to study area. In this study we reveal that the height of ABL in the dust days of Khuzestan has a totally revers behavior in compare to the air pollution days in Tehran. In the pollution days in Tehran the lowing of ABL height and inversion lead to intensify the concentration of pollution while in the dust days of Khuzestan the height of ABL were increased in compared with non-dusty days. http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2561-en.pdf 2016-11-02 51 64 10.18869/acadpub.jsaeh.3.2.51 dust boundary layer chart Skew-T Low pressure Ahwaz Behroz Nasiri zzarei29@gmail.com 1 AUTHOR Zahra Zareei Chaghabalaki 2 AUTHOR Mansour Halimi 3 AUTHOR Mohammad Rostami Fath Abadi 4 AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE تحلیل فضایی ظرفیت سازگاری سکونتگاه های روستایی شهرستان روانسر در مواجهه با خشکسالی شناسایی سطح کلی ظرفیت سازگاری سکونتگاه های روستای نسبت به خشکسالی، به منظور مدیریت اثربخش روستاها از اهمیت و جایگاه خاصی برخوردار است، چرا که با شناسایی و رتبه بندی توان سازگاری دهستان ها، اتخاذ استراتژی های مدیریتی متناسب جهت کاهش آسیب های ناشی از خشکسالی میسر می گردد. در این راستا، هدف کلی پژوهش حاضر اولویت بندی سطح ظرفیت سازگاری نسبت خشکسالی در بین چهار دهستان بخش مرکزی شهرستان روانسر در استان کرمانشاه است. به این منظور در تحقیق کمّی حاضر، پنج شاخص موثر و مهم سنجش ظرفیت سازگاری نسبت به خشکسالی یعنی میزان دانش سازگاری، به کارگیری استراتژی های سازگاری، وجود منابع و نهاده های لازم برای سازگاری، دسترسی به منابع و نهاده های لازم برای سازگاری و میزان مشاوره دریافتی در رابطه با روش های سازگاری، براساس بررسی ادبیات تحقیق، انتخاب گردید. سپس با استفاده از آزمون T تک نمونه ای یک طرفه، میزان تاثیرگذاری هر یک از شاخص های فوق الذکر بر ظرفیت سازگاری روستاییان از دیدگاه دهیاران بخش مرکزی شهرستان روانسر (N=48) که  به روش سرشماری انتخاب شدند، بررسی و تایید گردید، در مرحله ی بعد برای تعیین وزن شاخص‌های مذکور،‌ با استفاده از تکنیک گلوله برفی و روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند، 10 نفر از  خبره‌گان و کارشناسان جهاد کشاورزی شهرستان روانسر انتخاب و از نظرات آنان بهره گرفته شد. نتایج پژوهش با استفاده از تکنیک TOPSIS براساس شاخص های مذکور، نشان داد که مناطق روستایی دهستان های حسن آباد و زالواب در شهرستان روانسر استان‌ کرمانشاه بیشترین ظرفیت سازگاری را نسبت به خشکسالی داشتند، در حالی که دهستان های بدر و دولت آباد به ترتیب ظرفیت سازگاری کمتری را نسبت به خشکسالی دارا بودند. یافته های این پژوهش می تواند توصیه هایی برای برنامه ریزان روستایی جهت مدیریت موثر بحران خشکسالی به منظور کاهش آسیب پذیری و ارتقای تاب آوری روستاییان داشته باشد. http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2562-fa.pdf 2016-11-03 65 78 10.18869/acadpub.jsaeh.3.2.65 ظرفیت سازگاری خشکسالی انطباق شهرستان روانسر. Assessing the Level of Adaptive Capacity in Rural Districts of Rawansar City to drought The latest report of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change (IPCC) on climate and global warming Indicates that climate change and global warming in particular is one of the most important challenges of the world and drought, as a consequence of climate change around the world, has always influenced the many countries, including Iran. However, it seems that the climate changes, particularly in the West and Iran, especially among farmers and rural communities vulnerable to the effects of economic, social and environmental impacts that are more significant. In other words, Continuous droughts are faced villagers and farmers with various problems and challenges, In this regard, villagers Choose the local and specific strategies in the face of this creeping disaster that improve them adaptive capacity to drought. Nowadays, special emphasis is put on the notion of adaptive capacity instead of vulnerability. So the need to have research in rural levels obvious, especially in Iran where there has not yet been any deep and encompassing study on the concept of adaptive capacity in rural level. adaptive capacity to climate change is the ability of a system or an individual to adjust to climate change or climate variability so as to minimize the potential damages or cope with the consequences. Therefore, adaptive capacity is the ability to plan and use adaptation measures to moderate the effect of climate change. There is an increasing need to develop indicators of adaptive capacity to determine the robustness of response strategies over time and to understand better the underlying processes. Adaptive capacities of villagers depend on certain factors or attributes such as their knowledge on and number of times they use a particular adaptation strategy. Other factors are the availability and accessibility of the adaptation strategy. Also, the number of consultations that a villagers makes on a particular adaptation strategy affect whether the villagers will be lowly or moderately or highly adaptive to drought. Identifying the overall level of adaptive capacity to drought in rural areas, in order to Effective management is special importance, Because that by identifying and ranking of adaptive capacity in rural areas, adopt appropriate management strategies to reduce the damage caused by drought is possible. Therefore, the purpose of this study is assessing the adaptive capacity to drought of between four villages in the central part of the city Rawansar in Kermanshah province. For this purpose five most effective and important index to measure the  adaptive capacity to drought as follows:  Knowledge, Use, Availability , Accessibility and Consultation, according to the literature, were selected. Then by using one sample T-test, the effectiveness of each of the above-mentioned indicators on the villagers adaptive capacity were reviewed and approved from the point of view Village contributors of the central city Rawansar (N = 48) who were selected by census method. In the next step, to determine the index weight, using the snowball technique and purpose sampling, 10 experts in jahad  agricultural  office in Rawansar city were selected and their comments were used. The results by TOPSIS technique based on these indicators, showed that rural areas of Hasan Abad and Zalu Ab  in the Rawansar city, had the greatest adaptive capacity to drought, While  rural areas of Dawlat Abad and Badr had fewer adaptive capacity to drought. The Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) is a multi-criteria decision analysis method, which  is based on the concept that the chosen alternative should have the shortest geometric distance from the positive ideal solution (PIS)and the longest geometric distance from the negative ideal solution (NIS).It is a method of compensatory aggregation that compares a set of alternatives by identifying weights for each criterion, normalising scores for each criterion and calculating the geometric distance between each alternative and the ideal alternative, which is the best score in each criterion.The findings of this study could have recommendations for rural planners to effective crisis management in order to reduce vulnerability and enhance resilience villagers to drought. http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2562-en.pdf 2016-11-03 65 78 10.18869/acadpub.jsaeh.3.2.65 adaptive capacity drought adaptation Rawansar city. Adel Solimani adelsulaimany@gmail.com 1 AUTHOR hassan afrakhteh afrahkteh@khu.ac.ir 2 AUTHOR farhad azizpour azizpour@khu.ac.ir 3 AUTHOR asghar tahmasebi asghar @ khu.ac.ir 4 AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE تحلیل واستخراج الگوهای جوی منجر به بارش های سنگین روزانه منطقه شمالی خلیج فارس مورد مطالعه: حوضه های آبریز حله و مند بارشهای سنگین ازجمله مخاطرات طبیعی هستند که پیش آگاهی ازرخداد آنها کمک بسزایی جهت کاهش آسیب های احتمالی می نماید. بارشهای سنگین اغلب برروی مساحت کم یاقلمروهای کوچک و درمقیاس زمانی روز، هفته و کمتر رخ میدهند.به منظور بررسی و استخراج الگوهایجویمنجربهبارشهایسنگینروزانه،داده های 37 ایستگاه باران سنجی و سینوپتیک (حوضه های آبریز مند و حله) طی یک دوره آماری 20 ساله(1371-1390) مورد استفاده قرار گرفت.درادامه با استفاده از رویکرد محیطی به گردشی ارتباط بارش‌های سنگین منطقه شمالی خلیج‌فارس (حوضه‌های آبریز مند و حله) با الگوهای سینوپتیک موردبررسی و تحلیل قرار گرفت. در این راستا،با استفاده از روش صدک ها برای تعیین بارش های سنگین و روش همبستگی لوند برای طبقه بندی نقشه های فشار تراز دریا استفاده شد. در نهایت با استخراج الگو ها،نقشه های تراز دریا،نقشه سطوح میانی و فوقانی جو در سطوح 500 و 300هکتوپاسکال،نقشه چرخندگی و خطوط جریان،نقشه حرکت قائم هوا (امگا) بررسی شد. با اعمال روش همبستگی لوند،پنج الگو از بارش های سنگین منطقه مورد مطالعه استخراج شد.نتایج حاصل از این یافته ها حاکی استکهسامانه‌های تأثیرگذار بربارش سنگین حوضه های آبریز حله و مند در منطقه شمالی خلیج فارس،در الگوهای اول،سوم و چهارم روز بارش که به ترتیب مصادف23 مارس 1996 ، 24مارس 1995 و 17نوامبر 1994بوده، کم فشار شرق دریای مدیترانه، دریای سیاه و جنوب دریای خزر با تاوایی مثبت که ناشی از استقرار ناوه در سطوح میانی و بالایی در سطح500 و 300هکتوپاسکال در وردسپهر است، الگوهای بارشی را به خود اختصاص می‌دهند. همچنین  ایجاد یک الگوی دوقطبی از پرفشار عربستان با تاوایی منفی در انتقال رطوبت از آب‌های اطراف و منطقه سودان(اقیانوس هند،دریای سرخ،عرب، خلیج‌فارس و عمان) و همگرایی و همسویی باکم فشار شرق دریای مدیترانه و سیاه به‌عنوان عوامل صعود  از این مناطق باعث ریزش بارش در این روزهای بارشی بودند. همچنین مشخص شد که در روز بارش الگوی دوم در روز 29فوریه 1996، ناوه دو دامنه ای در انتقال رطوبت از منطقه سودان و کم فشار شرق مدیترانه باعث همگرائی و همسویی این سامانه ها شده است.الگوی دو دامنه ای در بارش این روز تاییدی بر زبانه کم فشار شرق مدیترانه در همراهی با زبانه کم فشار شمال شرق و جنوب دریای خزر مهم ترین عامل ریزش بارش در این روز بوده، که با ناوه سطوح میانی(500) هکتوپاسکال و  بالائی (300)هکتو پاسکال همراه شده است. در الگوی پنجم یعنی روز 21 مارس  2001 کم‌فشار شرق پاکستان با تاوایی مثبت و یک مرکز تاوایی منفی در مرکز ایران باعث ایجاد گرادیان فشار و شرایط محلی برای رخداد بارش شده است. لذا بارش در این روز از سیستم فشار سیاره‌ای تبعیت نمی‌کند. از دستاوردهای این تحقیق می توان به نقش کلیدی و موثر کم فشارهای شرق،شمال و جنوب دریای خزر در بروز بارش سنگین حوضه های مورد مطالعه اشاره نمود. http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2563-fa.pdf 2016-11-05 79 98 10.18869/acadpub.jsaeh.3.2.79 تحلیل سینوپتیک روش لوند بارش سنیگن منطقه شمالی خلیج فارس حله و مند The Analysis and Extraction of Daily Heavy Rainfall Lead Atmospheric Patterns in Northern Portion of Persian Gulf (Helle and Mond Subbasin) The results of this study indicated that the synoptic patterns that lead to heavy rainfall in 22 March 1996, 24 mar 1995 and 17 November 1994 in the northern portion of FARS province includes: the low pressure that located in eastern part of Mediterranean and Black sea and southern part of Caspian Sea that created by trough that located at the middle level of atmosphere. In addition to this low pressure, the bipolar pattern in of Saudi Arabia  having negative vorticity that lead to transporting moisture from (India ocean, Red sea, Arab sea, Persian gulf and Oman Sea )   and also to be alignment with east Mediterranean sea and black sea low pressure as ascending agent lead to precipitate of rainfall in mentioned days . and also we found that in 29feb 1996 as second patterns rainy day, a strong deep trough transporting moisture from Soudan region and east Mediterranean  low pressure, cause alignment of this atmospheric systems. In fifth patterns (21 mar 2001), existing an low pressure and positive vorticity center in east of Pakistan simultaneously with existing negative vorticity center in central part of Iran, lead to high pressure gradient which cause rainfall events in study area. The main founding of this study were that reveals the role of low pressure of east, north and south of Caspean sea in heavy rainfall events in study area. Pre-warning of natural hazards events such as heavy rainfall has a significant effect in damage reducing. The analysis of synoptic-dynamic condition of atmospheric circulation patterns, has great importance in recognize affective agents in heavy rainfall events. Especially this heavy rainfall could lead to flash floods suddenly. This study's aim is to analysis and extraction of daily heavy Rainfall lead atmospheric patterns in northern portion of Persian gulf (Helle and Mond Subbasin). The study area, Helle and Mond basins, with about 21,274, 47653 km2 area,respectively are located in the south of Iran. The Helle basin approximately is between 28° 20'N and 30° 10'N latitudes and between 50° E and 52° 20'E longitudes and Mond basin is between 27° 20' and 29° 55' latitudes and between 51° 15' and 30° 27'E longitudes.These basins are located in sides of a massive sources of moisture, Persian Gulf. In this study we investigate the data of daily rainfall of 37 synoptic and meteorological station of study area during 1991 to 2011(20 years) to extraction the atmospheric patterns lead top heavy rainfall. In this study in order to archiving heavy rainfall days based on 95 percentile in study area, the data of sea level pressure, geopotantial high of 300 and 500 hp and also data of verticit and stream line and omega in the spatial framework of -10 to 100 longitude and 10 to 70 Latitude has been selected. Then we create the sea level pressure matrix as rainfall associated days, based on Lond method of Correlation to classify days. Our founding indicated that the main synoptic systems that lead to heavy rainfall is related to low pressure in eastern Mediterranean  and southern part of Caspian sea. So that in detected rainfalls patterns shown that the transporting moisture from nearby sea by high pressure of Saudi Arabia by associating eastern Mediterranean low pressure and deep strong trough in east and southern part of Caspian sea  cause heavy rainfall events in study area. So that the low pressure located in eastern and southern portion of Caspian sea could affect the study area. http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2563-en.pdf 2016-11-05 79 98 10.18869/acadpub.jsaeh.3.2.79 Helle and Mond Baisn heavy rainfall Lond Methods synoptic analysis. Saeed Balyani ybalyani52@yahoo.com 1 AUTHOR Mohammad saligheh 2 AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE تاثیر تغییر اقلیم بر شدت و دوره بازگشت خشکسالی های ایران امروزه معتبرترین ابزار جهت تولید سناریوهای اقلیمی، مدلهای AOGCM می‎باشد. از جمله مدلهایی که برای ریز مقیاس نمایی مبتنی بر روشهای آماری استفاده می‎کنند مدل LARS-WG می‎باشد، در این مطالعه بر اساس مدل HadCM3  و دو سناریوی A1B، A2 برای دوره پایه ( 1961- 1990) و دوره پیش بینی (2040- 2011) در مقیاس روزانه فرایند ریز مقیاس نمایی انجام شد. و داده های مقادیر مجموع بارش روزانه  برای ایستگاههای منتخب تولید شد. بعد از کالیبراسیون مدل و اطمینان از توانمندی مدل در ساخت سری های زمانی بارش که با مقایسه داده های شبیه سازی شده با مقادیر بارش در دوره پایه در سطح اطمینان 95 درصد صورت پذیرفت، جهت بررسی وضعیت خشکسالی، شاخص استاندارد شده بارش (SPI) بکار رفت. نتایج نشان داد که میزان بارش نسبت به دوره پایه طی دوره­های آینده نزدیک تحت خروجی های مدل گردش عمومی جو HadCM3 و دو سناریوی A1B، A2 تغییر معنی­داری در بیشتر مناطق کشور خواهد داشت. بیشترین درصد تغییر مربوط به جنوب شرقی کشور می باشد که برای هر سه تداوم زمانی 3، 12 و 24 ماهه افزایش خشکسالی را نشان میدهد بطوریکه برای برای تداوم زمانی 12 ماهه و 50 ساله شدت خشکسالی دوره پایه 82/13 بوده ولی در دوره آتی  سناریوی A2، 05/15 و در دوره آتی سناریوی A1B ، 39/18 را نشان میدهد. در غرب و شمال کشور نیز بطور مشابه در کلیه تداوم های زمانی شدت خشکسالی در دوره­های آتی بیشتر از دوره پایه است، بطوریکه در دوره 24 ماهه و دوره بازگشت 50 ساله شدت خشکسالی پایه 31/16 ولی در دوره آتی A2 ، 65/18 و در دوره آتی A1B، 55/19 را نشان میدهد. در مناطق جنوب، مرکز و شرق کشور مقادیر شدت خشکسالی پایه و آتی با تداوم زمانی 24 ماهه و در دوره برگشت 50 ساله همگی حدود 8/18 بوده و شدت خشکسالی تغییرات زیادی را نشان نمی­دهد. شدت خشکسالی در شمال غرب کشور و جنوب غرب کشور در هر سه تداوم زمانی 3، 12 و 24 ماهه در دوره­های آتی کمتر از دوره پایه خواهد بود بطوریکه در تداوم زمانی 24 ماهه شدت خشکسالی با دوره برگشت 50 ساله پایه 23 ولی در دوره­های آتی 44/18 را نشان میدهد. در نهایت، اگرچه در پیش بینی­های بدست آمده از ریزمقیاس گردانی خروجی های مدل های اقلیمی عدم قطعیت هایی وجود دارد که این امر به علت ساختار مدل­های گردش عمومی جو، داده های مشاهداتی و ... می باشد اما از آنجایی که مدل های اقلیمی به عنوان معتبرترین ابزار تولید سناریوهای اقلیمی مطرح می باشند، ضروری است مدیران و تصمیم گیران بخش های مختلف منابع آب و کشاورزی نتایج حاصل از چنین پژوهش­هایی را نیز مد نظر قرار داده تا امکان برنامه ریزهای بلند مدت میسر شود. http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2564-fa.pdf 2016-11-05 99 120 10.18869/acadpub.jsaeh.3.2.99 HadCM3 LARS-WG خشکسالی SPI AOGCM The Intensity and Return Periods of Drought under Future Climate Change Scenarios in Iran Due to the growth of industries and factories, deforestation and other environmental degradation as well as greenhouse gases have been increasing on the Earth's surface in recent decades. This increase disturbs the climate of the Earth and is called climate change. An Increase in greenhouse gases in the future could exacerbate the climate change phenomenon and have several negative consequences on different systems, including water resources, agriculture, environment, health and industry. On the other hand to evaluate the destructive effects of climate change on different systems, it is necessary to initially study the area affected by climate change phenomena. One of the most important effects of climate change on water resource is Drought.  On the other hand, one of the most serious consequences of climate change is how it will affect droughts and water resources. Drought along with warmer temperature and less precipitation will threaten the water supplies for the crop irrigation, which will directly reduce the production of crops.The climate of the 21st century will very likely be quite different from the climate we observed in the past. The changes will continue to be large in the future period with increasing carbon dioxide emissions. Analyzing and quantifying the signal of climate change will be much in demand considering the above sectors, which are highly relating to the sustainability and human living. In the past several decades, global climate models have been used to estimate future projections of precipitation [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2007], and have led to future estimation of drought, to quantify the impact of climate change and comparing the duration  and intensity of droughts under future climate conditions with current climate by using Atmospheric-Ocean General Circulation Models AOGCMs to predict future Precipitation. Global circulation models namely, coupled Atmosphere-Ocean Global Climate Models (AOGCMs) are current state of the art in climate change research. in This study aims at investigating the impact of climate change on droughts conditions in Iran using the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI). The precipitation time series have been used for the estimation of Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) for three timescales, 3, 12 and 24 months, for the region. The outputs of HadCM3-A2 and A1B were applied for the assessment of climate change impact on droughts. One of the major problems in using the output of AOGCMs , is their low degree of resolution compared to the study area so to make them appropriate for use, downscaling methods are required. In this study we have used lars WG for downscaling monthly average of rainfall of AOGCM-HadCM3, and The HadCM3 outputs were downscaled statistically to the study area for a future period 2011-2040.then, was evaluated by the coefficient of determination (R2) between observed and downscaled data.  A method has been used for the estimation of annual cumulative drought severity-time scale-frequency curves. According to the rainfall results, in the 2011- 2040 period rainfall would decrease  to compared to baseline period in the study area. The SPI time series were estimated (2011-2040) and compared with the respective time series of the historical period 1961-1990. Results revealed that there are decreases in the frequency of severe and mild droughts for the three examined SPI time series while there are increases in the duration of moderate droughts. This implies that droughts will be a concern in the future during the growing season (for the dominant crop) which should be considered in water resources management. specially in the west station of Iran. Also, these frequency ratios were mapped by GIS on study area. Results showed that generally in the future periods, frequency of droughts ratio of three months drought time- scale will be increase in the North, North West and some parts of the south Alborz mountains and, The Ratio of long ( 24 months) drought for scenario A2 compare to the current climate shows increasing drought in the parts of the North khorasn, sistan and baluchestan and kerman provinces and parts of South West of Iran. scenario A1B shows increasing drought in the parts of the East of Mazandaran , Tehran , Horozgan and parts of Fars and Yazd  provinces. Finally ,further  more analysis of drought, AWCDS-Timescale-Return Periods computed. These curves integrate the drought severity and frequency for various types of drought. The AWCDS time series were estimated for basic period and 2011-2040 under scenarios A2 and A1B. The comparison indicated the three types of drought intensity increases for the three examined SPI time series in the South East of Iran. http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2564-en.pdf 2016-11-05 99 120 10.18869/acadpub.jsaeh.3.2.99 Climate change SPI Estimate Drought Iran. S. Reza Alvankar 1 AUTHOR Farzane nazari 2 Lar Consulting engineers AUTHOR Ebrahim Fattahi ebfat2002@yahoo.com 3 Faculty of Meteorological Institute AUTHOR